UIPM(08) Electricity

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Graduate Report - 2016

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

ELECTRICITY NETWORK

M. Tech. (Urban Planning) – I, Semester - II

Faculty Advisor Submitted By

Dr K. A. CHAUHAN Harsh Desai

(P15UP008)

Post Graduate Section in Urban Planning

Civil Engineering Department


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness toDr. K. A. CHAUHAN in Civil Engineering department, S.V.N.I.T, Surat for his

valuable guidance, useful comments and co-operation with kind and encouragingattitude at all stages of the experimental work for the successful completion ofthis work.

Harsh DesaiP15UP008


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Harsh Desai (P15UP008) , student of M. Tech. (UrbanPlanning) First Year (Semester - II) Department of Civil Engineering, has

successfully submitted the Graduate Report on " Electricity Network " , submitted in Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai NationalInstitute of Technology , Surat for the academic year 2015-2016.

Dr K. A. Chauhan

Associate Professor

CED

SVNIT


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CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Basic Terms and Definitions

3. Components of Electricity Distribution Network

4. Electricity System

5. Electrical Substation

6. Underground Transmission and Distribution

7. Power Distribution Reforms in Gujarat

8. The Franchisee Model in Electricity Distribution

9. References


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ELECTRICITY NETWORK HARSH DESAI (P15UP008)

P15UP008 Page 1

1. INTRODUCTION

National Development Goals directly or indirectly are linked to status physical infrastructure.Infrastructure is provided to raise the quality of life of vulnerable population of the world. The

planning and management of infrastructure shall be based on the hierarchy of urbandevelopment. URDPFI guidelines suggest the infrastructure planning norms for an Urban/Regional space; the norms are suggested under five categories, namely:

I. Transportation PlanningII. Physical Infrastructure

III. Social InfrastructureIV. Commercial InfrastructureV. Miscellaneous Infrastructure

Physical Infrastructure includes the following infrastructures mainly.

Municipal Core Infrastructures

i. Water Supply Networkii. Sewage Network

iii. Storm water Drainage Networkiv. Solid waste management System

Other Infrastructures

i. Electricityii. Energy

iii. Communicationiv. Fire Fighting Systemv. Milk Distribution Network

Social Infrastructure includes health and education.

This report focuses on the Electricity Infrastructure as an integral part of physicalinfrastructure, its components, Indian Scenario, Recent reforms in policies and Existingscenario of Surat.

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electriccharge. Electricity gives a wide variety of well-known effects, such as lightning, staticelectricity, electromagnetic induction and electrical current. In addition, electricity permits thecreation and reception of electromagnetic radiation such as radio wave

The role of urban planner is to provide space for different infrastructure required to setupefficient network services. And hence the detail study of each urban network services isrequired. The basic objectives of a planning of such networks are adequate supply, reliable

supply and satisfactory quality of supply at any point in present and future.


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2. BASIC TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

In electricity, charges produce electromagnetic fields which act on other charges. Electricity

occurs due to several types of physics:

I. Electric charge : a property of some subatomic particles, which determines

their electromagnetic interactions. Electrically charged matter is influenced by, and

produces, electromagnetic fields.

II. Electric field : an especially simple type of electromagnetic field produced by an

electric charge even when it is not moving (i.e., there is no electric current) . The electric

field produces a force on other charges in its vicinity.

III. Electric potential : the capacity of an electric field to do work on an electric charge, typically measured in volts.

IV. Electric current : a movement or flow of electrically charged particles, typically

measured in amperes.

V. Electromagnets : Moving charges produce a magnetic field. Electrical currents

generate magnetic fields, and changing magnetic fields generate electrical currents.

VI. Electric power: where electric current is used to energise equipment;

VII. Electronics: which deals with electrical circuits that involve active electricalcomponents such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and

associated passive interconnection technologies.

VIII. Voltage: is a push, which causes electrons to flow in a conductor. Higher the voltage

higher is the push. Voltage or kilo volt is the unit used for measuring voltage

IX. Watt (W): The basic unit of measure of electric power. The power dissipated by a

current of 1 ampere flowing across a resistance of 1 ohm.

X. Kilowatt (kW): A unit of power equal to 1,000 wattsXI. Kilowatt Hour (kWh): A unit by which residential and most business customers are

billed for monthly electric use. It represents the use of one kilowatt of electricity for

one hour. A 100-watt light bulb burning for 10 hours would use 1kilowatt-hour of

electricity.

XII. Megawatt (MW) — A unit of power equal to one million watts.

XIII. Megawatt Hour (MWh): The use of 1 million watts (or 1,000 kilowatts) of electricity

for one hour. This term is used most often for large-scale industrial facilities and large

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tubehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_potentialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_chargehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_field


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population centres. – The average U.S. household uses 11.3 MWh (11,327 kWh) of

electricity every year.

XIV. Power: (measured in Watts) equals its current (measured in Amps) time sits voltage

(measured in Volts) or Volts X Amps = Watts.

XV. Load factor : is the ratio between average demand and maximum demand is called a

load factor (l.f.) load factor = average demand / maximum demand.


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3. COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION NETWORK

There are mainly three components of Electricity distribution network as follows:

a. Electricity Generation

b. Electricity Transmission

c. Electricity Distribution

Fig.1 Electricity Network Components

All these components are discussed in details as following.

3.1 Electricity Generation is the process of generating electric power from other sources of

primary energy. Electricity is generated by the movement of a loop of wire, or disc of copper

between the poles of a magnet. Electricity is most often generated at a power station by

electromechanical generators, primarily driven by heat engines fuelled by chemical

combustion or nuclear fission but also by other means such as the kinetic energy of flowing

water and wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaics and geothermal power and

electrochemical batteries. Power Stations are usually of following types depending on the

source of energy.

Non – renewable power generation

A. Nuclear power plant

B. Thermal power plant

a. Coal or lignite base

b. Gas or liquid fuel basec. Diesel base


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Renewable power generation

A. Hydroelectric

B. Wind power

C. Solar power

Indian Scenario of Power Generation: Installed Capacity

Sector MW %age State Sector 97,951 34.0 Central Sector 74,807 26.0 Private Sector 115,248 40.0

Total 288,005

Fuel MW %age

Total Thermal 200,740 69.7 Coal 175,238 60.8 Gas 24,509 8.5 Oil 994 0.3

Hydro (Renewable) 42,663 14.8 Nuclear 5,780 2.0 RES** (MNRE) 38,822 13.5 Total 288,005

Indian Scenario of Power Generation: Consumption

Year Target Achievement % oftarget

% ofgrowth

2009-10 789.511 771.551 97.73 6.6

2010-11 830.757 811.143 97.64 5.56

2011-12 855.000 876.887 102.56 8.11

2012-13 930.000 912.056 98.07 4.01

2013-14 975.000 967.150 99.19 6.04 2014-15 1023.000 1048.673 102.51 8.43

2015-16* (Upto January2016)

947.166 921.862 97.33 4.62


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3.2 Electric Power Transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating

power plants to electrical substations located near demand centers. This is distinct from the

local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as

electric power distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become

transmission networks.

Electricity is transmitted at high voltages (115 kV or above) to reduce the energy losses in

long-distance transmission. Power is usually transmitted through overhead power lines.

Underground power transmission has a significantly higher installation cost and greater

operational limitations, but reduced maintenance costs. Underground transmission is

sometimes used in urban areas or environmentally sensitive locations.

The lack of electrical energy storage facilities in transmission systems (with minor exceptions)

leads to a key limitation of the systems: electrical energy must be generated at the same rate at

which it is consumed. A sophisticated control system is required to ensure that electric

generation very closely matches the demand. If the demand for power exceeds its supply, the

imbalance can cause generation plant and transmission equipment to automatically disconnect

and/or shut down to protect themselves. Electric transmission networks are interconnected into

regional, national, and even continent wide networks to reduce the risk of such a failure by

providing multiple redundant, alternative routes for power to flow should such shut downs

occur. Transmission companies conduct many analyses to determine the maximum reliable

capacity of each line (ordinarily less than its physical or thermal limit) to ensure that spare

capacity is available to absorb power demands from a failure in another part of the network.

Different Types of Transmission Towers


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The natural resources for electricity generation in India are unevenly dispersed and

concentrated in a few pockets. Hydro resources are located in the Himalayan foothills, North

Eastern Region (NER). Coal reserves are concentrated in Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal,

Chhattisgarh, parts of Madhya Pradesh, whereas lignite is located in Tamil Nadu and Gujarat.

Also lot of power station, generating from Gas and renewable energy sources like Solar, Wind

etc. have been installed in various parts of country.

POWERGRID a Central Transmission Utilities (CTU), is responsible for planning inter-state

transmission system (ISTS). Similarly, there are State Transmission Utilities (STU) (namely

State Transco/ SEBs) responsible for the development of Inter State Transmission System.

An extensive network of Transmission lines has been developed over the years for evacuating

power produced by different electricity generating stations and distributing the same to the

consumers. Depending upon the quantum of power and the distance involved, lines of

appropriate voltages are laid. The nominal Extra High Voltage lines in vogue are ± 800 kV

HVDC & 765kV, 400 kV, 230/220 kV, 110 kV and 66kV AC lines. These have been installed

by all the SEBs, and by Generation, Transmission & Distribution utilities including those in

Central Sector.

25,721 circuit kilometres (ckm) of transmission lines have been commissioned during 2015-16

(April- February’2016) against 17,780 ckm commissioned during the same period last year,

thus having a growth of 44.66%. This is 108.5% of the annual target of 23,712 ckm fixed for

2015-16 and also the highest ever during a single year. Similarly, the overall increase in the

transformation capacity has been 43,956 MVA during 2015-16 (April- February’2016)

constitutes 86.97 % of the target of 50,542 fixed for 2015-16.

The capacity of transmission system of 220 kV and above voltage levels, in the country as on

29th February’ 2016 was 3,39 ,158 km of transmission lines and 6,40,056 MVA of

transformation capacity of Substations.

As on 29th February’ 2016, the total transmission capacity of the inter -regional links is 57,450

MW, which is expected to be increased to 68,050 MW by the end of 12th plan i.e. 31st March,

2017.

The transmission lines are operated in accordance with Regulations/standards of Central

Electricity Authority (CEA) / Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) / State

Electricity Regulatory Commissions(SERC). However, in certain cases, the loading on

transmission lines may have to be restricted keeping in view the voltage stability, angular

stability, loop flows, load flow pattern and grid security. Power surplus States have been inter-


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alia, able to supply their surplus power to power deficit State Utilities across the country except

for some congestion in supply of power to Southern Region.

Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO), is managing the National and

Regional grid from National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) and its five Regional Load

Despatch Centres (RLDC) through state-of-the-art unified load dispatch & communication

facilities.

Central Transmission Utility(CTU): Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID)

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID, the 'Central Transmission Utility

(CTU)' of the country and a 'Nirvana' Company operating under Ministry of Power, is engaged

in power transmission business with the responsibility for planning, implementation, operation

and maintenance of Inter-State Transmission System(ISTS) and operation of National &

Regional Power Grids. POWERGRID is a listed Company, with 57.90% holding of

Government of India and balance by Institutional Investors & public.

POWERGRID, as on February 29, 2016, owns & operates around 1,28,201 ckm of Extra High

Voltage (EHV) transmission lines spread over the length and breadth of the country and 206

EHV AC & HVDC Sub-stations with transformation capacity of more than 2,49,579 MVA. Its

vast transmission network wheels about 46% of the total power generated in the country. The

availability of this huge transmission network is consistently maintained over 99% through

deployment of state-of-the-art operation & maintenance techniques at par with global

standards.

Integration of Renewable Energy Resources with conventional sources is a top priority

worldwide and special attention is being given in our country to harness the Green Energy.

CERC has provided a framework for trading in Green Certificates (Renewable Energy

Certificates or RECs) and National Load Despatch Centre (NDLC) of POSOCO has been

designated as the Central agency for this purpose.

POWERGRID has evolved the national grid in the country, which is one of the largest

synchronously operating electrical grids in the world with all its five electrical regions

interconnected synchronously. The present (as on 29.02.2015) inter-regional power transfer

capacity of the National Grid is about 57,450 MW. The inter-regional power transfer capacity

is envisaged to be augmented to about 72,250 MW by the end of the XII Plan (2016-17).

11 nos. of High Capacity Power Transmission Corridors (HCPTCs) have been finalized to meet

bulk power evacuation requirement of various Independent Power Producers (IPPs) mainly

coming up in resource rich and coastal areas such as Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh,


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Sikkim, Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. Implementation of these corridors has

been taken up in a phased manner matching with generation projects.

POWERGRID has planned a capital investment of more than Rs.1,10,000 crore for

development of inter-State transmission system during XII Plan. During the XII plan it has

been envisaged to include about 40,000 ckm of transmission line and about 1,00,000 MVA of

transformation capacity. POWERGRID has already made a capital expenditure of Rs. 65,651

crore in the first three years of the plan period.

The Company has an excellent credit rating with financial institutions, thereby, is placed in a

comfortable position in terms of resource mobilization. POWERGRID is also playing a major

role in facilitating grid interconnection of renewable generation across the country through

implementation of portion of ISTS part of Green Energy Corridors.

Conserving Right-of-Way (RoW), minimizing impact on natural resources, coordinated

development of cost effective transmission corridor, flexibility in upgradation of transfer

capacity of lines matching with power transfer requirement are major areas of concern in

development of transmission network in the country. In this direction, the Company has been

working on higher transmission voltages of ±800kV HVDC & 1200kV UHVAC. About 2,000

km long +800kV, 6000 MW HVDC Bi-pole line connecting Biswanath-Chariali in Assam to

Agra in Uttar Pradesh alongwith 1500 MW (Pole-I) of HVDC terminals at both ends has been

commissioned recently. Similarly, highest voltage level in the world, 1200 kV UHVAC Single

Circuit (S/c) and Double Circuit (D/c) test lines were successfully test charged along with one

1200 kV Bay at 1200kV UHVAC National Test Station at Bina, Madhya Pradesh and field

tests are currently undergoing.

To shore up its revenue and create value for its stakeholders, POWERGRID diversified into

telecom business, leveraging its Country wide transmission infrastructure. Company is

providing back-bone connectivity to all metros, major cities & towns including remote areas

of J&K & North-eastern States etc. Total network coverage is more than 36,000 kms and

numbers of Points of Presence (PoPs) locations are more than 350. Telecom Backbone

Availability for the year 2014-15 was 99.97%.

POWERGRID has successfully completed the prestigious NKN (National Knowledge

Network) project devised by Govt. of India, which connects all knowledge centres across the

Country such as Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institute of Sciences (IISCs)

etc., on a high speed connectivity Company has signed an agreement with Bharat Sanchar

Nigam Limited (BSNL) to improve the telecommunication connectivity with the North-EasternStates including Sikkim. It envisages the provisioning of bandwidth on optical fibre media laid


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over existing high tension electric transmission network. After completion of the proposed

connectivity, the reliability of the telecom services improves substantially in North-Eastern

region including Sikkim.

As a part of Government of India plan to connect 250,000 Gram Panchayats (GP) in the

Country, POWERGRID one of the implementing agencies for National Optical Fibre Network

(NOFN) project and has been entrusted with the task of development and maintenance of the

NOFN network in states, namely Telangana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Odisha.

Further, POWERGRID is playing a significant role in carrying forward the distribution reforms

through undertaking Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Integrated

Power Development Scheme (IPDS) works on behalf of the Govt. of India in various parts of

the country.

POWERGRID has emerged as a strong player in South Asia and is playing an active role in

formation of a strong SAARC grid for effective utilization of resources for mutual benefits.

Presently, various electrical interconnections exist between India & Bhutan, India & Nepal and

India & Bangladesh. Further, the interconnection between India & Bhutan and India & Nepal

are being strengthened for substantial exchange of power across the borders.

POWERGRID is offering consultancy services to various National clients & International

clients, including many South Asian, African, and Middle East countries.

In Smart transmission, POWERGRID has been implementing Synchrophasor Technology in

its Wide Area Measurement System (WAMS) Project through installation of PMUs (Phasor

Measurement Units) at different locations in all regions across the country, which facilitates

better visualization and situational awareness of the grid events such as grid robustness,

oscillations, angle/ voltage instability, system margin etc. as well as decision support tools.

POWERGRID also acts as 'nodal point' in prestigious "India Smart Grid Task Force"

Secretariat for Government's activities related to Smart Grid.


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Indian Electricity Grid

3.3 Electric Power Distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it

carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution

substations connect to the transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium

voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution

lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's

premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of

household appliances and typically feed several customers through secondary distribution lines

at this voltage. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the secondary

distribution lines through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power

may be connected directly to the primary distribution level or the sub transmission level.


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Different Types of Distribution Towers / Poles

Distribution is the most important link in the entire power sector value chain. As the only

interface between utilities and consumers, it is the cash register for the entire sector. Under the

Indian Constitution, power is a Concurrent subject and the responsibility for distribution and

supply of power to rural and urban consumer’s rests with the states.

Government of India provides assistance to states through various Central Sector / centrally

sponsored schemes for improving the distribution sector.

Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)

The objectives of scheme are:

Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks in the urban areas;

Metering of distribution transformers / feeders / consumers in the urban area. IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution network

Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)

The objectives of scheme are:

Separation of agriculture and non-agriculture feeders Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks in the rural areas;

Metering of distribution transformers / feeders / consumers in the rural area.


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Rural Electrification

National Electricity Fund (NEF)

To promote investment in the distribution sector, GoI has set up National Electricity Fund to

provide interest subsidy on loans disbursed to the Distribution Companies (DISCOMS) – both

in public and private sector, to improve the distribution network for areas not covered by

RGGVY and R-APDRP project areas. The preconditions for eligibility are linked to certain

reform measures taken by the States and the amount of interest subsidy is linked to the progress

achieved in reforms linked parameters.

Financial Restructuring Scheme

GoI has notified the scheme for Financial Restructuring of State Distribution Companies

(Discoms) in October 2012 for achieving their financial turnaround by restructuring their short

term liabilities with support through a Transitional Finance Mechanism from Central Govt.


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4. ELECTRICITY SYSTEM

Electricity is generated and leaves the power plant. Its voltage is incre ased at a “step -up”

substation. The energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed.

Once there, the voltage is decreased or “steppe d-down,” at another substation. A distribution

power line carries the electricity. Electricity reaches your home or business.

An understanding of the electrical supply system is the starting point for the design of the layout

of the network. Electricity is generated in a power station. 11 KV/132 KV transformer step up

the voltage before it leaves the power station to the transmission line. Then it is led into a

primary grid substation, which steps down the voltage from 132 KV to 33KV. From there it is

transported to secondary substations where it is further stepped down from 33 KV to 11 KV

and led down from 11 KV to 415 V/ 220 V low voltages (LV) distribution system. In heavy

loaded city areas advantages are claimed for L.V. networks system in which groups of 500

KVA transformers are supplied alternately from different high voltage leaders. First decision

to be taken is whether to employ an overhead or underground system. As far as relative cost is

considered underground network cost more than the overhead. Overhead line has chances of

fault occurrence due to insulator failure, salt deposits, lighting, and birds and so on.

Underground system can fail because of joint failure, bad workmanship, damage caused by

digging etc. Other consideration, which goes in favour of underground system, is busy centraldistrict. Security considerations and aesthetic consideration. It is most ideal to place electricity

network in a tunnel. But it is costly. With favourable soil conditions and topography,

underground networks can be placed in back filled open trenches, thus reducing construction

cost. Street pattern offers the limitation for laying out the low voltage electricity networks.

Several four-core distributor cables leave each secondary substation. Feeders are run either on

one side or on both sides of the road and the decision are influenced by other services, street

width and house spacing. For single carriageway street lighting, one can use a system ofstaggered, opposed, single sided or centrally suspended system of lighting. For dual

carriageway central twin bracket, combined twin bracket or opposed may be utilized. Cables

are laid underground on both sides of the road as required or are buried along the axis of the

central reservation. Cables are also laid under footpath. Cables laid in P.V.C. duct can facilitate

replacement but this arrangement is expensive. Since single carriageway may develop into a

dual carriageway in certain road sections, due consideration for such development should be

given at the initial planning stage for street lighting.


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Typical Loads for Dwelling Units and Plants


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5. ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.

Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other

important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow

through several substations at different voltage levels.

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned by a large

industrial or commercial customer. Generally, substations are unattended, relying on SCADA

for remote supervision and control.

A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission

voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission

voltages. The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a

grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were converted to

distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their

own generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the

generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that power station.

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side 1.Primary power lines 2. Groundwire 3. Overhead lines 4. Lightning arrester 5. Disconnect switch 6. Circuit breaker 7. Current

transformer 8. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 9. Main transformer 10.Control building 11. Security fence 12. Secondary power lines


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Special Standards for SubstationsSub Station Capacity Plot size Area in

sq m 220 KVA 305 x 244 74420

66 KVA

122 x 22

2684

33 KVA 76.5 x 46 3519

11 KVA 18.3 x 14 256.2

Switching Station 30.5 x 18.2 555.1

Kiosk 7.6 x 4.5 34.2


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6. UNDERGROUND TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

Undergrounding is the replacement of overhead cables providing electrical power or

telecommunications, with underground cables. This is typically performed for aesthetic

purposes, but also serves the additional significant purpose of making the power lines less

susceptible to outages during high wind thunderstorms or heavy snow or ice storms.

Undergrounding can increase the initial costs of electric power transmission and distribution

but may decrease operational costs over the lifetime of the cables.

The aerial cables that carry high-voltage electricity and are supported by large pylons are

generally considered an unattractive feature of the countryside. Underground cables can

transmit power across densely populated or areas where land is costly or environmentally or

aesthetically sensitive. Underground and underwater crossings may be a practical alternative

for crossing rivers.

Underground cable installation

Advantages

Less subject to damage from severe weather conditions (mainly lightning, wind and

freezing)

Reduced range of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emission, into the surrounding area. Underground cables need a narrower surrounding strip of about 1 – 10 meters to install

(up to 30 m for 400 kV cables during construction), whereas an overhead line requires

a surrounding strip of about 20 – 200 meters wide to be kept permanently clear for safety,

maintenance and repair.


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7. POWER DISTRIBUTION REFORMS IN GUJARAT

The Gujarat Electricity Board (GEB) was established along with the formation of Gujarat State

in the year 1960 under Section 5 of the Electricity (Supply) Act 1948. It commenced its

operations with generation capacity of 315 MW and a consumer base of 1.40 million

consumers. During 1970s and 80s, the major thrust was on the supply of electricity in the rural

areas. It was largely due to GEB’s unwavering focus on rural electrification that Gujarat

became the first state to achieve the landmark of ‘100% Electrification of Villages’. As per the

1991 Census, 17,940 out of 18,028 villages were electrified – which was notified as close to

100%1 . The impetus for reforms Over time, the emphasis of GEB on electrification

particularly in the rural areas, new connections and maintenance activities resulted in

divergence from concentrating on profitability. Recovery of revenue was then considered as a

secondary function. As a result, GEB faced minimum growth of revenue, rising arrears and

heavy financial losses. It was also a drain on public resources due to the state’s policy of

supplying electricity to agricultural consumers at extremely subsidized levels. As a result, GEB

faced recurring financial deficits and was unable to raise resources for investments.

The Government of Gujarat (GoG) initiated an ambitious policy of inviting private sector

participation (PSP) in the power sector. But the desired PSP did not materialize because the

revenues generated by the sector were insufficient to service the large inflow of capital thatwas required. Due to the drain on its resources caused by supporting an inefficient power sector,

the GoG was not able to increase spending on other important areas of infrastructure as well as

for social services. In view of the above, GoG decided to reform the power sector in the state

with a two-fold objective: I. Addressing the concerns of the investors II. Creating a business

environment conducive to improving the sector’s operational efficiency, financial viability, and

service to consumers GoG proposed to achieve its above mentioned objectives through a

number of reforms. Some of the important measures which GoG decided to take in order toachieve the targets were:

I. Greater competition at all levels of the sector wherever practicable

II. Corporatization and commercialization of existing sector entities

III. Private sector participation in the generation and distribution segments

IV. Tariffs enabling cost recovery as well as reasonable profits

V. An independent regulator

VI. Transparent, reasonable, direct, and quantified subsidies to vulnerable sections of

consumers.


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The promulgation of the Gujarat Electricity Industry (Reorganization and Regulation) Act in

2003 for reorganization of the electricity industry in Gujarat and for establishing an Electricity

Regulatory Commission in the state for regulation of the electricity sector paved the way for

the organizational restructuring of GEB. The vertically integrated GEB was unbundled into

seven companies one each for generation and transmission, four distribution companies

(Discoms) and a holding company known as Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL).

The generation, transmission and distribution companies have been structured as subsidiaries

of GUVNL. GUVNL acted as the planning and coordinating agency in the sector when reforms

were undertaken. It is now the single bulk buyer in the state as well as the bulk supplier to

distribution companies. It also carries out the function of power trading in the state. All

companies became fully operational from April 2005 and began conducting their activities

independently. Distribution in the cities of Ahmedabad and Surat has historically been with a

private sector entity viz. Torrent Power through its fully owned subsidiaries Ahmedabad

Electricity Company and Surat Electricity Company.

A noteworthy feature of reforms in Gujarat was inclusion of representatives of the unions and

associations of the staff in the restructuring process from the initial stage, i.e., from the time

decision was taken on reforming the sector. It convinced the staff that the GoG and GEB were

not pursuing any hidden agenda. It thus cultivated a high level of trust and confidence amongst

the staff about aims and objectives of reforms and the process proposed to be followed to

achieve them. This ensured full cooperation of the staff of GEB in the reform process. No case

of strikes/protests from employees of the erstwhile GEB was observed in Gujarat.


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One of the biggest achievements of GEB was its drive against power theft. GEB took stringent

measures to curb theft of power and dealt sternly with cases of theft and non-payment of bills

either by individuals or by companies. It appointed 500 retired army personnel to check power

offenders and set up a vigilance department headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Additional

Director General of Police on deputation from the Government of Gujarat. Further, introduced

a scheme of cash reward (based on the recovered amount due to submission of information) as

an incentive to encourage people to come forward and submit information on theft. For

eligibility for getting cash, the power theft informer had to submit detailed information on a

prescribed format. The name, address and amount paid to the informer were kept confidential.

Besides this, GEB formed 74 inspection squads under this vigilance department. 11 squads

were dedicated to checking HT installations and the remaining were required to check LT

industrial, commercial, residential installations. These squads conducted raids during odd

hours.

While many theft cases were disconnected immediately upon detection and reconnected only

after the violators paid their arrears, many violators were convicted by the court. For this

purpose, GEB appointed managers who were accountable to settle the case. GEB received

support from GoG in the form of five dedicated police stations at Surat, Baroda, Sabarmati,

Rajkot and Bhavnagar which were set up only to deal with cases of power and power property

theft. Officers of the rank of DSP, PI, PSI, and ASI from the state police department are

working on deputation to facilitate the functioning of these police stations. Some retired

officers from the state police department are also posted here as Officers on Special Duty.

Distribution Reforms in Gujarat and their Impact

The focus areas of distribution reforms in Gujarat have been as follows:

Reduction of distribution losses Commercial loss reduction

Improvement in revenues Improvement in customer services

Jyoti Gram Yojana

Though the villages in the state were largely electrified as per prescribed parameters, there was

a significant gap in the quality of power supplied to these villages. This was attributable to the

unauthorized use of power in these villages through illegal means resulting in frequent

transformer failures, poor voltage stability and poor reliability of supply. Further there was a

rapid increase in demand for power in the rural areas. In this backdrop, the GoG launched the


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P15UP008 Page 23

Jyoti Gram Yojana (JGY) as a pilot initiative in eight districts in September 2003 with the

objective of supplying reliable and quality power. This scheme was part of the bigger objective

of facilitating growth of the rural economy in the state. The pilot was successfully completed

in October 2004 and in November 2004 the scheme was extended to the entire state .

Initiatives for technical loss reduction Feeder Bifurcation Reduction of HT / LT ratio by use of HVDS Optimum loading of transformer

Initiatives for Commercial loss reduction Installation of new meters Improved cash collection services Insulated/Aerial bunch conductor


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8. THE FRANCHISEE MODEL IN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION

The reforms introduced to make the industry more efficient include unbundling of the vertically

integrated utilities and privatization. Focusing on the distribution sector of the electricity

industry, the paper outlines the various models which have evolved in the distribution sector

since the introduction of reforms in the industry in India. The Distribution Franchisee model is

one of them. Distribution Franchise business is one area which Torrent Power has been

aggressively pursuing as part of its expansion plans.

With an all-round experience in generation, transmission and distribution of power, and a

proven track record of implementing large power projects, Torrent Power is the most

experienced private sector player in Gujarat. The high points of Torrent’s foray into power

however were the acquisitions of two of the India’s oldest utilities – The Surat Electricity

Company Ltd and The Ahmedabad Electricity Company Ltd. Torrent turned them into first

rate power utilities comparable with the best, in terms of operational efficiencies and reliability

of power supply.

Torrent has a generation capacity of 3250 MW and distributes power to 2.87 million customers

annually in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat, Bhiwandi and Agra. Recently the company

implemented a 1200 MW gas based power project at Dahej in South Gujarat.

Torrent Power has an aggregate generating capacity of 3250 MW comprising: 1530 MW SUGEN gas based mega combined cycle power plant near Surat 1200 MW DGEN Mega Power Project 422 MW coal based Sabarmati Thermal Power Station at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad 50 MW solar plant at Charanka 49.6 MW wind plant at Jamnagar A unique mix of coal and gas based power plants that uses the latest power generation

technologies ensures high thermal efficiency. Torrent Power has set up a 400 kV transmission system for evacuating power generated

at its SUGEN plant to the various off take centers.

Transmission

Torrent Power is in the process of setting up a 400 KV transmission system for evacuating

power generated at its SUGEN plant to the various off take centers. The project being

implemented in a phased manner is nearing completion and is expected to be fully functional

during FY 2010-11.


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Distribution

Torrent Power transmits and distributes more than 12 billion units of power to around 2.2

million customers in the cities of Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Surat and Bhiwandi spanning an

area of 408 Sq. Km. and franchise area of 721 sq. km. These cities are major industrial and

commercial hubs.

For the citizens of Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar and Surat, disruption in life due to power failures

or outages are an unheard of phenomenon thanks to the outstanding operational efficiency of

Torrent Power. These cities also continue to stay insulated from electrical disturbances and

voltage fluctuations. The T&D losses in Gujarat at 7.6% is amongst the lowest in the country.

A testimony of Torrent Power’s operat ional efficiency is the drastic reduction in T&D losses

in Bhiwandi from a massive 48% in January 2007 to the present 19.33%.

Torrent Power has in the true sense, evolved to be the lifeline for the cities that it serves and

has become an integral part of its socio-economic fabric.


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9. REFERENCES

1) Scott M. Watson (2011) “A Brief Introduction to Electricity Transmission”, “Michgan bar

journal”

2) E. S. Robinson and C. Coruh, (1998) “Basic Exploration Geophysics”, NewYork

3) Tushaar Shah, Ashok Gulati, Hemant P. Ganga Shreedhar, R C jain, Economic & Political

Weekly, December 26 th 2009, “Secret of Gujarat’s Agarian Miracle after 2000”.

4) The Franchisee Model in Electricity Distribution: A case study of Torrent Power Limited

in Bhiwandi, Maharashtra. Sangita Kamdar

Webilography:

1) www.torrentpower.com

2) www.suratmunicipal.org

3) www.powermin.nic.in

4) www.dgvcl.com
http://www.torrentpower.com/http://www.suratmunicipal.org/http://www.suratmunicipal.org/http://www.powermin.nic.in/http://www.powermin.nic.in/http://www.dgvcl.com/http://www.dgvcl.com/http://www.dgvcl.com/http://www.powermin.nic.in/http://www.suratmunicipal.org/http://www.torrentpower.com/

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