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H.U.F.
26 May 2011
LONDON
Fuel & Traction SystemsObservatory - HYBRIDS
Arno KerkhofHead of Bus Division
Int. Association of Public Transport
FTSO
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
FTSO OBJECTIVES
FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
TO IMPROVE ENERGY EFFICIENCY, THE BESTSOLUTIONS ARE ELECTRIC DRIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
• PURE ELECTRIC FOR MINI – MIDI BUSES
• HYBRID TECHNOLOGY FOR LARGE BUSES
• FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY - FUTURE
FTSO MAIN CONCLUSIONS
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
Hybrid buses are becoming a player on marketplace
• NORTH AMERICAStarted serial introduction by the end of 90’s.Today several thousands in different cities.
•EUROPESome trials by the end of 90’s, not continued.Trying to develop the expansion all around.
•ASIA - PACIFICNot so much developed.Some manufacturers starting to propose models.
HYBRID BUSES MARKET DEVELOPMENT
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
NORTH AMERICAN COMMERCIAL OFFER
•Daimler ORION BusCummins ISB260 engineBAE Systems trans.Li-ion battery
•NEW FLYER-XcelsiorCummins ISB280 engineGM-Allison EP40 trans.
•GILLIG CorporationCummins ISB280 engineGM-Allison trans.NiMH battery
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
NORTH AMERICAN HYBRID FLEETS
CITY COMPANY BUS Model Dec.2009 Dec.2010
New York MTA Orion Bus 960 1.812Toronto TTC Orion Bus 525 950Washington WMA New Flyer 50 550Philadelphia SEP New Flyer 269 510Seattle KCD New Flyer 236 520Chicago CTA New Flyer 170 228Vancouver CMBC New Flyer 2 182Ottawa COT Orion Bus 2 177Honolulu CCH New Flyer 50 80Montreal STM Volvo (Tender 300) 8(test) 8Other cities 600 1.003
TOTAL (Diesel-electric) 2.872 6.020Others (Gasoline/GNC-electric) 160 300
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL OFFER
All major manufacturers are offering:
EVOBUS Serial Batteries 18 m.
SCANIA Serial Batteries 15 m.
VOLVO Parallel Batteries 12 m-DD
MAN Serial Ultracaps 12 m.
IRISBUS Serial Batteries 12-18 m.
SOLARIS Parallel Batteries 12-18 m.
VAN HOOL Serial Ultracaps 9-10-18-25 m
VDL Parallel Batteries 18-24 m.
DENNIS Serial Batteries 9-10,7-DD
WHRIGHT Serial Batteries 12 m-DD
HESS Serial Ultracaps 18-25 m.
TATA HISPANO Serial Batteries 12 m.
CASTROSUA Serial Batteries 9,6-11,5 m.
TYPE ENER.STG. SIZE
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETSCOUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011
U.K. LONDON Total 56 196Wright Bus 23A.Dennis 17
Manchester A.Dennis -- 116Oxford A.Dennis -- 26Other cities 312
TOTAL 56 650
GERMANY Leipzig Evobus 1 19Dresden MAN 1 18Bochum Solaris 1 13Köln -- 12Other cities
TOTAL 17 171
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
Figures 2011 to be
updated
COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011
FRANCE PARIS (RATP) Several 6 (test) 1 - 2Transdev Solaris 5 5Poitiers Heuliez -- 1Beauvais VanHool -- 1
NETHERLAND Dordrecht Volvo -- 27Zuid Holland VanHool 10 24Rotterdam Evobus+Citea 2 4Enschede Citea -- 2Apeldoorn Volvo 5 5Eindhoven VDL Phileas 12 12Utrecht (Tender 2012-failed?) -- 211??
BELGIUM Flanders Van Hool 57 136Wallonnia Retrofit Irisbus 1 (proto) 1
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
EUROPEAN HYBRID FLEETS
COUNTRY CITY/COMP. BUS Model < 2010 < 2011
ITALY Italy has run a quantity of 1st. Generation Hybrid buses A total of more than 220 units run since 1995
Manufacturers : ALTRA – Breda – Cacciamali – CAM
MILAN Several 4 40FLORENCE Under Tender -- 18
SWITZERLAND Test in several cities HESS -- 2Luzern Volvo 6
SPAIN Barcelona MAN+Castrosua 4 4 (+22)Madrid Several 4 (test) -- (+24)Valladolid MAN -- 1San Sebastian MAN -- 1Barcelona Area MAN+Castrosua -- 8Barcelona TMB Retrofit 1 50Madrid EMT Retrofit -- 16
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ASIA - PACIFIC COMMERCIAL OFFER
Several manufacturers (4-5)
The main proposals are:
MITSUBISHI
TATA – CNG Hybrid
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ELECTRIC BUSES
THE ELECTRIC BUS DOES EXIST = TROLLEYBUS
THE PROBLEM FOR AUTONOMOUS BUS
ENERGY STORAGE
NORMAL CITY BUS SERVICE15 h/day or 180 km
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ELECTRIC BUS ELECTRIC BUS -- BATTERIESBATTERIES
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
MINIBUS without A/C 7 kW.h x 15 h. = 105 kW.h
with A/C 10 kW.h x 15 h. = 150 kW.h
LARGE BUS without A/C 24 kW.h x 15 h. = 360 kW.h
with A/C 30 kW.h x 15 h. = 450 kW.h
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ELECTRIC BUS ELECTRIC BUS -- BATTERIESBATTERIES
ENERGY NEEDED
MINIBUS without A/C 105 kW.h / 80% = 131 kW.hwith A/C 150 kW.h / 80% = 188 kW.h
LARGE BUS without A/C 360 kW.h / 80% = 450 kW.hwith A/C 450 kW.h / 80% = 560 kW.h
BATTERY CAPACITY (Li-ion)
CURRENT 85 W.h/kgDEVELOPMENT (3 years) 170 W.h/kg
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ELECTRIC BUS ELECTRIC BUS -- BATTERIESBATTERIES
BATTERY WHEIGHTCURRENT FUTURE
MINIBUS 131 kW.h 1.540 kg 770 kg188 kW.h 2.200 kg 1.100 kg
LARGE BUS 450 kW.h 5.290 kg 2.650 kg560 kW.h 6.590 kg 3.290 kg
PASSENGERS CAPACITY
MINIBUS w/o A/C 22 25w A/C 12 25
LARGE BUS w/o A/C 15 50w A/C 0 40
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ELECTRIC BUS ELECTRIC BUS -- EUROPEEUROPE
ZEUS -Bredamenarini bus
Lenght = 5,9 m.Passen. = 23Batty Li-ion 58 kWhAutonom. = 120 km
GULLIVER TECNOBUS
OREOS 2X GRUAU-PVI
ONLY SMALL ELECTRIC BUSES
Lenght = 5,0 m.Passen. = 19Batty Zebra 40 kWhAutonom. = 130 km
Lenght = 7,2 m.Passen. = 22Batty Li-ion 85 kWhAutonom. = 120 km
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
ELECTRIC BUSELECTRIC BUSBUT : CHINESE MANUFACTURERS ARE
OFFERING 12 m. ELECTRIC BUSES
DELTA ELECTRONICSFOTONBUILD your DREAMSZONDABONLUCKHENGTONG
Lenght = 12,0 m.Passen. = 65 - 70
Rangekm.180
180500!!180
WHO IS LYING?
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
• Hybrid buses at current prices don’t justify the higher investment, in an scenario of fuel price stability.
• Nevertheless, they can approach the market if manufacturers achieve cost reductions, or fuel prices increase.
• In the current situation, some help from Public
Administrations will be needed to introduce the technology.
• In the case of introducing in the Economic Balance the environmental factors (evaluation of pollutants and CO2 cost), the results will change dramatically.
• Electric buses can only be possible in a scenario of new batteries development.
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Fuel &Traction System Observatory
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
with acknowledgement to
FTSO (UITP Bus Committee)F. Gonzalez (tmb) and FTSO members
Fuel &Traction System Observatory