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UK Biomass Carbon

Calculator

User manual for the Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon

Calculator

Version 1.3

October 2011

UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator – User manual v1.3 i

Contents

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................... 1

1 GETTING STARTED ..................................................................................................... 2

1.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Information on calculation methodology and reporting requirements ......... 3

1.3 General information screen ................................................................................................. 4

1.3.1 Saving company information ................................................................................................. 5

1.3.2 Protecting files with passwords............................................................................................. 5

1.4 Adding new years and months ........................................................................................... 6

1.4.1 Adding a new year ..................................................................................................................... 6

1.4.2 Adding a new month ................................................................................................................. 7

2 ADDING A NEW FUEL CHAIN .............................................................................. 9

2.1 Loading a default fuel chain and adding actual data .............................................. 9

2.2 Adding or removing modules from an existing fuel chain .................................. 11

2.3 Constructing a completely new fuel chain ................................................................. 13

3 ENTERING ACTUAL DATA .................................................................................... 17

3.1 Entering values ........................................................................................................................ 17

3.2 Co-product treatment rules ............................................................................................... 18

3.2.1 General rules.............................................................................................................................. 18

3.2.2 Co-products from anaerobic digestion ............................................................................. 19

3.3 Compulsory linkages ............................................................................................................. 22

3.4 Conservative factor for processing steps ................................................................... 23

3.5 Land use change emission calculations ....................................................................... 24

3.6 Entering links to verification evidence ......................................................................... 26

4 INTERPRETING THE RESULTS ......................................................................... 27

4.1 Module results .......................................................................................................................... 27

4.2 Fuel chain results .................................................................................................................... 27

5 PREPARING REPORTS ............................................................................................ 29

5.1 Module reports (pdf format) ............................................................................................. 29

5.2 Project reports (pdf format) ............................................................................................. 31

5.3 Annual reports (xls format) ............................................................................................... 33

6 UPDATES TO SOFTWARE AND DEFAULT VALUES ............................. 36

UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator – User manual v1.3 ii

7 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS ..................................................................................... 37

7.1 Units used in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator ............ 37

7.2 Fuel chain – Electricity ......................................................................................................... 37

7.3 Fuel chain – Heat .................................................................................................................... 39

7.4 Fuel chain – Gas....................................................................................................................... 41

7.5 Crop production ....................................................................................................................... 43

7.6 Harvesting, extraction and roadside processing ..................................................... 47

7.7 Drying and storage ................................................................................................................. 48

7.8 Feedstock transport ............................................................................................................... 50

7.9 Gas transport ............................................................................................................................ 52

7.10 Biomass processing (chipping, briquetting, pelleting) ........................................ 53

7.11 Conversion of biomass feedstock to biogas .............................................................. 56

7.12 Biogas upgrading .................................................................................................................... 59

7.13 Electricity production ............................................................................................................ 61

7.14 Heat production ....................................................................................................................... 63

7.15 Gas injection to the national natural gas grid .......................................................... 64

8 GLOSSARY ....................................................................................................................... 67

8.1 Feedstock types ....................................................................................................................... 67

8.2 Biomass forms .......................................................................................................................... 69

8.3 Process types ............................................................................................................................ 71

UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator – User manual v1.3 1

Foreword

This document is the User Manual for version 1.1 of the UK Solid and

Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator for operators generating

electricity, heat and biomethane for grid injection from biomass.

The UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator contains a

series of UK-defined default values for a large number of solid and

gaseous biomass supply chains to electricity, heat and biomethane

generators in the UK. This calculator should only be used for the

“actual value” method for calculating the carbon intensity of

electricity from biomass.

Furthermore, it is possible to amend these default supply chains

using actual data or to calculate the carbon intensity of electricity,

heat and biomethane based on entirely new chains created by the

user. The Calculator also offers additional functionality such as

showing how the total calculated emissions are split between the

different supply-chain steps, helping to indicate where further cost-

effective GHG reductions might be made. Finally, it is also possible to

prepare summary reports that should help electricity generators in

preparing their submission to Ofgem and for internal records.

Generators who want to use the “default value” method for the

calculating carbon intensity of their biomass electricity, should not

use this Calculator, but instead refer to Ofgem‟s guidance on

sustainability criteria for solid and gaseous biomass. The Ofgem

guidance includes details of the alternative „default value‟ calculation

process and the EU default values for certain whole biomass

pathways as set out in the Renewables Obligation Order.


1 Getting started

1.1 Introduction

The UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator software is

designed to help companies calculate the carbon intensity of the

electricity, heat or biomethane produced from solid biomass and

supplied to the UK grid under the Renewable Obligation Order. It can

also produce annual reporting tables, which should help electricity

generators report the carbon intensity of their electricity to Ofgem on

an annual basis.

The primary aim of the software is to facilitate the use of actual data

collected directly from the supply chain.

The information required for calculating the carbon intensity of a

consignment of fuel is entered using a graphical representation of a

biomass to energy supply chain.

These graphical supply chains are made up of a set of pre-defined

modules which contain all of the data needed to assess the GHG

emissions from this step of the chain.

If several types of fuels are used during a monthly reporting period,

a supply chain should be added for every consignment of fuel about

which you want to assess the carbon intensity.

A single UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator project file

can be used to calculate the carbon intensity of fuels used in different

months and years. If that is the case, you will see the list of months

and years included in the project file on the left hand side panel. If

you click on a month, the supply chains that were imported to that

month are then visible on the main fuel chain screen, as in the

screenshot below.


Version 1.1 of the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator

contains the UK-defined default values for solid and gaseous biomass

chains that can be used for electricity, heat and biomethane injection

to the national grid. Please note that carbon intensity reporting is

only mandatory for electricity – the inclusion of heat and biomethane

injection in the tool is for information purposes only.

1.2 Information on calculation methodology and reporting

requirements

The UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator implements

the life cycle calculation methodology set out in the Renewables

Obligation Order and in the Guidance on Solid and Gaseous Biomass

Sustainability Requirements from Ofgem. Furthermore, consistency

with EC-calculated biofuels and bioliquids default values has been

ensured through:

the use of the conservative factor for the processing step (see

Section 3.4)

the use of the same emission factors1 and standard values2

whenever possible

1 Emission factors refer to the life cycle GHG emissions associated with the production

and transport of products and energy carriers that enter into the production of solid and

gaseous biomass.


Two examples of waste feedstocks (MSW and waste wood) are

included in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator for

illustrative purposes; it provides information on potential

opportunities for further reductions in GHG emissions in the

particular case of these waste-to-energy chains. It should be noted

that, consistently with the EC life cycle methodology, the UK Solid

and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator does not include avoided

methane emissions, which can for some waste-to-energy supply-

chains reduce the GHG emissions to below zero.

Report creation functions have also been included in the UK Solid and

Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator. They are available for all energy

types (i.e. electricity, heat and grid injection), although reporting on

carbon intensity is only required for electricity generated from solid

and gaseous biomass. The following report creation functions are

available in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator:

Project reports containing information on the fuels used, their

characteristics (feedstock type, feedstock country of origin,

previous land use and the carbon intensity), and an overview of

the actual data input to the chains.

Module report that provide an overview of all the data used in a

module.

Annual reports, which are designed to allow direct submission to

Ofgem. Please note that these reports contain more information

than the minimum Ofgem requirements.

1.3 General information screen

The first screen you see when you open the UK Solid and Gaseous

Biomass Carbon Calculator is the General information screen. Generic

information about the company you are calculating the carbon

intensities for can be entered here. Most of the fields on this page are

optional. The only piece of information that must be provided in order

to continue to the next page is the Energy type.

Note: you can return to this screen at any time by clicking on

„General information‟ at the top of the left hand panel.

Key information which can be entered on this screen includes:

2 Standard values refer to data that reflect some characteristics of the products and

energy carriers that enter into the production of solid and gaseous biomass, such as

their lower heating value, density, etc.


Project name – a short description of the information can be

entered in this file.

Project description – can include more detailed information

relating to this file (e.g. the scope of biomass types covered,

whether the file is current or no longer being used etc.).

Default fuel type used – select the type of biomass which you are

likely to use most often within the software (you will still be able

to assess the carbon intensity of other fuels).

Default country of origin – select the country from which most of

your biomass feedstock comes (e.g., the United Kingdom) or, if

you receive feedstock from a wide range of countries or regions,

select „Unknown‟.

Energy type – you must choose whether you want to calculate

the carbon intensity of electricity, heat or biomethane for grid

injection, as this will influence the information you will need to

provide to the tool.

Company data – general contact details (you can save this data

and reload it in other files by clicking the „Save company data‟

button).

1.3.1 Saving company information

You may save the company information provided in the General

information screen by clicking „Save company data‟. The data will

then automatically appear every time you open the UK Solid and

Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator. Please note that you can only

save one set of company information at a time.

1.3.2 Protecting files with passwords

An individual file can be protected with a password, by enabling this

option within the General information screen. The following steps will

enable password protection of a file. This will mean that anyone who

tries to open this file will be forced to enter the password you specify

before they can view or change any of the information within it. It

also means that the file itself is compressed and encrypted so it

cannot be read by any other software.

Step 1 Click on „General information‟ in the left hand panel.

Step 2 Click on the button „Protect this file with a password‟.

Step 3 Select „Protect this project with a password‟.


Step 4 Enter the same password twice (the format of the password is up to

you) and click „OK‟.

1.4 Adding new years and months

1.4.1 Adding a new year

An individual file can be used to calculate carbon intensities of fuels

used in different months and years.

It is important to use the correct year and month because the default

values used are linked to the date of the report and may changed in

the future. For example, the default crop yield for wheat might be

6.60 tonnes per hectare for year 2011, but for next year this may

have been updated to 7 tonnes per hectare. Both default values

would in such case be retained within the software so that if you

want to check your results from 2011 they are exactly the same as

when you calculated them (e.g., 6.60 t/ha for wheat). However, if

you unintentionally calculated the carbon intensity of a fuel in year

2011 in the software but for submission in 2012, the software may

use the wrong default values.

To add a new year, follow the steps below.

Step 1 Click the „Create a new year‟ button on the toolbar OR select „New year‟

from the File menu OR right click on the left hand panel and select „New

year‟.

OR


OR

Step 2 Select the year for which you would like to calculate carbon intensities.

Step 3 Enter a description for the year if you require it.

Step 4 Select the first month for which you would like to calculate the carbon

intensities within this year and click the „Create‟ button.

1.4.2 Adding a new month

To add a new month within an existing year, follow the steps below.

Step 1 Ensure you have the year in which you would like to add a new month

selected, then click the „Create a new month‟ button on the toolbar OR

select „New month‟ from the File menu OR right click on the left hand

panel and select „New month‟.

OR

OR


Step 2 Select the month for which you would like to calculate carbon intensities

and click the „Create‟ button.


2 Adding a new fuel chain

The information required to calculate the carbon intensity of a new

type of biomass is entered using a graphical representation of a

biomass supply chain.

These graphical fuel chains are made up of a set of pre-defined

modules which contain all of the data needed to assess the GHG

emissions from this step of the chain. When the tool is used for

reporting purposes, a chain must be added for every consignment of

biomass reported to Ofgem.

These chains can be expanded and/or reduced by clicking on the „+‟ /

„-‟ sign as detailed below.

On the right side of a module in the Calculator, you can see a small

square containing either the sign „-‟ or „+‟, as is shown on the picture

below.

The „-‟ sign means that the chain is expanded – i.e. you can see all

the modules contained in the chain after the specific module.

The „+‟ sign means that the chain is reduced – i.e. you cannot see

any modules after the specific module. However these modules have

not been deleted – they will reappear if you click on the „+‟ – they

have been condensed into one single module.

2.1 Loading a default fuel chain and adding actual data

When loading a default fuel chain, the approach should be to start

from one of the default fuel chains already included in the UK Solid

and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator database.


To import such a chain, follow the steps below.

Step 1 Click the „import default fuel chain‟ button on the toolbar

Step 2 Select the form of biomass used in the power plant (e.g., charcoal, wood

pellets, straw bales, etc)3, the type of feedstock from which that biomass

form has been produced, (e.g., forestry residues, wheat, sugar cane,

etc.), the type of process (e.g., natural drying, bulk drying, continuous

drying) and the country/region of origin. Then click „Load‟.

If you cannot select the combination of fuel type, feedstock, and

drying process that you require, it is because there is no default

fuel chain currently defined for this supply chain. If this is the

case, it is possible to create a new fuel chain from scratch (see

section 2.3).

If the structure of the default fuel chain for the combination you

have selected does not represent your chain, it is possible to load

a similar fuel chain and then adapt it using the different elements

at the top of the tool bar (see section 2.2).

A list of definitions of the terms used in the fuel chains is available

by clicking „Definitions‟. 4

3 If you are calculating the carbon intensity of biomethane for injection to the national

grid, you will only have one choice of feedstock form, i.e. biomethane.

4 The definitions spreadsheet also indicates whether feedstock types are considered to be

wastes or residues [W/R] or co-products [C].


Step 3 Select the relevant module and enter the actual data for this supply

chain. See Section 3 for more details on entering actual data.

2.2 Adding or removing modules from an existing fuel chain

In some situations you may wish to add or remove a module from an

existing fuel chain, for example:

A default fuel chain might only include one module for feedstock

transport (e.g., by truck); however, your fuel chain might involve

two transport steps: firstly a short distance by truck, then a

longer distance by rail.

A default fuel chain might include a drying step that is not

required in your fuel chain, and therefore needs to be removed.

The following steps present how to add or remove a module from an

existing fuel chain.

Step 1 Click the „import default fuel chain‟ button on the toolbar.

Step 2 Select the form of biomass used, the feedstock from which the biomass

has been produced, the type of drying process and the country/region

of origin. Then click „Load‟.

If you want to delete a module:

Step 3 Select the module you want to delete by clicking on it once. Delete it

either by using the „Delete‟ key on your keyboard OR by right clicking

on the module and selecting „Delete selected modules‟. Click „yes‟ when

asked if you really want to delete the selected elements.


Step 4 The fuel chain will now be broken – i.e. there will be two modules which

are not connected by a small black arrow. You can reconnect these two

modules in two ways:

by clicking on the small X (the „connector‟) in the middle of the right

hand side of the first module and, holding the mouse button down,

drag the arrow to the connector on the second module to which you

wish to connect.

by selecting the two modules you wish to connect, right clicking on

one of the modules and selecting the options “Link the 2 selected

modules”.

The connector will have an arrowhead if it is correctly formed. If no

arrowhead appears, it is either because you have not dragged the line

precisely to the connector on the second module, or because these two

types of module are not allowed to connect (see Table in Section 2.3 for

connection rules) – check that the fuel chain you are building is

accurate and permitted.

Correct:

Incorrect:

Step 5 Check all downstream modules, particularly those of the same type to

ensure that the default values provided are still representative of your

chain. For example, transport modes and distances, countries in which

conversion steps take place, etc.

If you want to add a new module:

Step 3 Create some space for the new module (e.g., by selecting and dragging

to the right the modules which will be on the right of the new module).

Step 4 Delete the arrow which connects the two modules in between which you

wish to insert a new module.


Step 5 On the toolbar, click once on the type of module you wish to add to the

fuel chain (e.g., „Feedstock transport‟) then click the main screen where

you want the new module to appear.

Step 6 Connect the new module to the remaining parts of the fuel chain. You

can connect two modules in several ways:

by clicking the small X (the „connector‟) on the right hand side of

the first module and, holding the mouse button down, dragging the

arrow to the connector on the second module to which you wish to

connect.

by selecting the two modules you wish to connect, right clicking on

one of the modules and selecting the options “Link the 2 selected

modules”.

The line will have an arrowhead if it is correctly formed. If no

arrowhead appears, it is either because you have not dragged the line

precisely to the connector on the second module, or because these two

types of module are not allowed to connect (see Table in Section 2.3 for

connection rules) – check that the fuel chain you are drawing is

accurate.

Correct:

Incorrect:

Step 7 Enter the actual data you have for this module.

Step 8 Check all downstream modules, particularly those of the same type to

ensure that the default values provided are still representative of your

chain. For example, transport modes and distances, countries in which

conversion steps take place, etc.

2.3 Constructing a completely new fuel chain

The software can be used to construct an entirely new fuel chain

(e.g., for a new type of biomass), although it is almost always easier

to edit an existing default fuel chain. This is because most of the data

in the fuel chain would need to be provided from actual data sources,

rather than default values (emissions factors for fertilisers, fuels,

electricity and chemicals are some exceptions).

There are some rules which must be followed when adding

completely new fuel chains:


Each fuel chain must start with the „Fuel Chain – Electricity‟, „Fuel

Chain – Heat‟ or „Fuel Chain – Gas‟ Module. For a new type of

biomass not included in the Calculator, “other” should be selected

for feedstock type and/or form in the fuel chain module.

The modules must be mapped, from left to right in the same

sequence as the different processing steps occur – e.g., starting

with “crop production”, followed by “harvesting, extraction and

roadside processing”, then feedstock transport, etc.

All modules must be connected with a small black arrow. If these

arrows are not present, the software will not be able to calculate

the carbon intensity of the fuel chain.

It is not possible to have two parallel streams in a fuel chain, you

could, however, represent this situation with two separate fuel

chains.

Incorrect:

Correct:

Not all modules can be connected to each other. This ensures

simple errors cannot be made when building new fuel chains. The

table below indicates which modules can be connected – when

the module in column 1 is the first of two modules (i.e. the first in

a sequence when reading from left to right) it can be connected

to all of the modules listed in column 2.

First module… …can be connected to these modules

Fuel chain –

Electricity

Crop production, Harvesting, Drying and storage, Feedstock

transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas, Power plant

Fuel chain – Heat Crop production, Harvesting, Drying and storage, Feedstock transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas,


Power plant

Fuel chain – Gas Crop production, Harvesting, Feedstock transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas

Crop production Harvesting, Drying and storage, Feedstock transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas, Power plant

Harvesting Drying and storage, Feedstock transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas, Power Plant

Drying and storage

Feedstock transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas, Power plant

Feedstock transport

Drying and storage, Feedstock transport, Biomass processing, Biomass processing to gas, Power plant

Gas transport Gas transport, Gas processing, Grid injection, Power plant

Biomass

processing

Drying and storage, Feedstock transport, Biomass

processing, Biomass processing to gas, Power plant

Biomass

processing to gas

Gas processing, Gas transport, Grid injection, Power plant

Gas processing Gas processing, Gas transport, Grid injection, Power plant

Grid injection

Power Plant

To add a new module to the screen, follow the steps below.

Step 1 On the toolbar, click once on the type of module you wish to add to the

fuel chain (e.g., „Feedstock transport‟).

Step 2 Click the main screen where you want the new module to appear.

To connect two modules, follow the steps below.

Step 1 Click the small X (the „connector‟) on the right hand side of the first

module and, holding the mouse button down, drag the arrow to the

connector on the second module to which you wish to connect.

OR

Select the two modules you wish to connect, right click on one of the

modules and select the options “Link the 2 selected modules”.

Step 2 Check to see that the line you have added has an arrowhead. If no

arrowhead appears it is either because you have not dragged the line

precisely to the connector on the second module (try Step 1 again) or

because you have tried to connect two modules which not allowed to be

connected (see Table above) – check that the fuel chain you are

drawing up is accurate.

Correct:


Incorrect:

Step 3 Once you have defined the whole fuel chain, you can begin entering

actual data – see Section 3.


3 Entering actual data

3.1 Entering values

Once you have loaded a fuel chain (see Section 2) you can begin

entering actual data. See Section 7 for descriptions of the fields in

each module.

In addition to the simple steps below, please also refer to the

information given in Sections 3.2 to 3.5.

Step 1 Double click on the module in which you want to enter actual data.

Step 2 Click the field in which you want to enter actual data.

Step 3 Replace the default value with your actual data (changing the units, if

appropriate, by selecting the new units from the units drop down box).

Step 4 Enter any other actual data for this module and then click „Close‟ to

return to the main fuel chain screen.

Points to note about entering actual data:

Tables of data such as the fertiliser inputs, fuel inputs, chemical

inputs, etc. can be edited using the same process as outlined

above. However, if you wish to add or delete a row, you will need

to use the buttons which appear above the table (the green plus

symbol adds a new row, and the red cross deletes the selected

row).

If a warning symbol appears after you have entered some actual

data, hover the mouse over it to see the warning message. The

message may say „The input you have provided is different from

the default value by more than xx%. Please check that your value

is correct‟ (where xx is a number), which is an indication that the

value you have entered is smaller or larger than what might

normally be expected. This does not lead to any program error –

i.e. the program will still perform the usual calculations. However,

you may want to double check the value entered is correct.

The message may also say „please also provide actual data for

[name of another field]‟ – this is known as a compulsory linkage,

see Section 3.2 for further details.

You can reset a field to the default value by right clicking on the

field and selecting „Reset to default value‟. If you want to reset a

table to its original default value, use the circular arrow button

above the table. Note that you can only reset the whole table, not


an individual row. You can reset all data in a module by clicking

on the „Reset‟ button which appears at the bottom of each

module.

Actual data stored in a module is shown in bold text.

3.2 Co-product treatment rules

3.2.1 General rules

The Commission Report on sustainability requirements for the use of

solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling,

and the Renewable Obligation Order set out the life cycle GHG

emission calculation methodology that should be followed when

assessing the GHG emissions of electricity and heat under the ROO.

This methodology defines, among other rules, how to allocate

emissions when a process is producing several co-products. The

allocation method depends on the type of co-products and is set out

in the following paragraphs. For more information, please refer to the

documents above and to the Ofgem guidance on solid and gaseous

biomass for electricity production.

If one of the co-products is useful heat, then the emissions should be

allocated between the different products by taking into account the

energy content of all the co-products and the temperature of the

useful heat based on the following formula:

Where: Ai = Allocated GHG emissions at allocation point to co-

product, i

E = Total GHG emissions up to allocation point

ηi = The fraction of co-product, measured in energy

content, defined as the annual amount of co-

product produced divided by the annual energy

input

ηh = The fraction of heat produced together with other

co-products, defined as the annual useful heat

output divided by the annual energy input

Ci = Fraction of exergy in the energy carrier (else than

heat), equal to 1

Ch = Carnot efficiency (fraction of exergy in the useful

heat)

The Carnot efficiency, Ch, is calculated as follows:


Where: Th = temperature of the useful heat, measures in Kelvin

at point of delivery

T0 = Temperature of surroundings, set at 273 Kelvin.

For Th < 150°C, Ch is set to 0.3546.

If none of the co-products are useful heat, the emissions up to the

point of allocation should be divided between the co-products based

on their respective energy content, as shown in the following

formula.

Where: Ai = Allocated GHG emissions at allocation point to co-

product i

E = Total GHG emissions up to allocation point

ηi = The fraction of co-product i, measured in energy


product i produced divided by the annual product

input measured in energy content

ηj = The fraction co-product j, measured in energy


product j produced divided by the annual product

input measured in energy content

3.2.2 Co-products from anaerobic digestion

When biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion (AD), part of the

biogas is usually burned in a local CHP plant to produce the heat and

electricity required in the biogas production process. Usually the CHP

unit produces more electricity than needed by the system, and thus

some electricity is exported back to the grid. The following

paragraphs explain how to calculate the carbon intensity of the final

biogas, when some of the biogas is used to power the production

process itself.

There are two ways of visualising this process, as represented below.


This first figure shows the biogas production plant as a black-box,

from which exit both biogas and electricity. In this view, there is no

heat co-produced; the only co-product is electricity. Following the

ROO, upstream GHG emissions should then be allocated between

biogas and electricity based on their energy contents.

However the process could also be visualised as follows:

In this second figure, the biogas production plant is deconstructed

into 2 modules:

one pure AD biogas production module which produces 2 streams

of biogas: biogas-A which exits the anaerobic digestion module

and is transferred to a power-plant and biogas-B which is used in

the local CHP for heat and electricity production; and

one local CHP module which produces the heat used in the AD

biogas production module and some electricity from biogas-A.

In this case, the AD unit has two co-products: biogas-A and biogas-B

and two energy inputs: heat and electricity from the biogas CHP unit.

In terms of co-product treatment, upstream GHG emissions should

be allocated between biogas-A and biogas-B on an energy content

basis and the heat and electricity inputs should be taken into account

through the use of their emission factors.

The default values included in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass

Carbon Calculator are calculated based on the first approach set out

above (i.e. biogas production = black box). The treatment of the co-

products is thus to allocate emissions between biogas and electricity

on an energy content basis.

However, for generators who want to calculate their actual carbon

intensity based on the second approach, the steps to follow have

been laid out below.


Step 1 Build or load a biogas chain.

Step 2 Open the Biogas production plant module, by double clicking on it.

Step 3 Insert the plant yield (i.e. the amount of biogas that is being transferred

to the next supply chain step) in the „Plant yield‟ field (field number 1 in

the screen shot below).

Step 4 Enter the amount of electricity used by the biogas production unit in the

„Amount of electricity used‟ field (field number 2 in the screen shot

below)

Step 5 Enter the amount of heat used in the biogas production unit in the „Fuel

used per MJ of output‟ (field number 3 in the screen shot). For more

information on how to enter actual data, please refer to Section 3.1.

Step 6 You now need to calculate the electricity and heat emission factor, i.e.

the GHG emissions associated with the production of the electricity and

heat used. This calculation cannot be performed in the UK Solid and

Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator.

In an Excel spreadsheet, enter:

the default value for the biogas used to produce the electricity (in

g CO2eq / MJ biogas) – E

the electricity efficiency of the CHP unit (in MJ electricity / MJ

biogas) – ηe

the thermal efficiency of the CHP unit (in MJ heat / MJ biogas) –

ηh

the temperature of the useful heat at delivery point (in Kelvin) –

Th

the temperature of the surroundings (in Kelvin) set at 273 Kelvin

– T0

Step 7 In the Excel spreadsheet, perform the following calculation:

Step 8 In the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator, enter the

emission factors in the fields „Electricity emission factor‟ and in the

column „Emissions factor‟ in the fuel information table (fields number 4

and 5 in the screen shot below).


Step 9 Fill in any other field that you need to take into consideration (e.g.,

methane losses). If the data has been entered correctly, the subtotals

should show a value.

3.3 Compulsory linkages

If a warning symbol appears after you have entered some actual

data, which says „please also provide actual data for [name of

another field]‟ then you have entered some data for a field which has

a „compulsory linkage‟.

Compulsory linkages are defined between two inputs which are often

linked in some way – for example, a crop yield is often linked to the

rate of nitrogen fertiliser application, so if a higher crop yield is

reported then there is a reasonable chance more nitrogen fertiliser

has been applied. To prevent „cherry-picking‟ (i.e. selective use of

actual data and single default values) the software warns the user

when they have entered actual data for a field which has a

compulsory linkage. When this occurs, make sure that actual data is

also entered for the second field.

The following table summarises the current compulsory linkages.

Input one Input two

Crop production

Crop yield Nitrogen fertiliser application rate

Nitrogen fertiliser application rate N2O emission rate from agricultural soils

1

2

3

4

5


Conversion

Efficiency Any co-product yield

Efficiency Fuel or electricity use

Electricity or heat exported Fuel use

The compulsory linkage between nitrogen fertiliser application rate

and soil N2O emissions is not signalled by a warning sign but

automated in the program. For all fuel chains the N2O emission rate

was calculated using the IPCC Tier 1 methodology based on the

nitrogen fertiliser application rate. For all chains, when the fertiliser

input table is edited in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon

Calculator, the N2O emission rate is automatically recalculated based

on the IPCC Tier 1 approach and the „new‟ N fertiliser application

rate.

3.4 Conservative factor for processing steps

In the methodology for calculating default values for biomass, the

European Commission takes a conservative approach by multiplying

the processing step by a factor of 1.4, thereby increasing emissions

from processing. This conservative approach to the processing step

of default values is continued in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass

Carbon Calculator.

In the case of biomass to energy, the processing step refers to any

chipping, pelleting or briquetting steps and any drying and storage

steps that do not happen at cultivation or harvesting site (i.e. the

processing modules are usually separated from the „Crop production‟

and/or „Harvesting‟ modules by a „Feedstock transport‟ module).

However, if actual data is used for the modules in the processing

step, it is possible for this conservative multiplier to be removed.

The conservative factor can only be removed from the conversion

modules for which actual data is provided for all of the following

parameters:

Conversion efficiency

Electricity consumption

Fuel consumption

Chemical inputs

Co-product yield


The conservative factor can only be removed from the drying and

storage modules that form part of the processing step and for which

actual data is provided for all of the following parameters:

Module efficiency

Electricity consumption

Fuel consumption

Moisture content after drying

This rule applies to each conversion and drying and storage module

individually in the case that there is more than one.

Follow the steps outlined below to remove the conservative factor

from a conversion module.

Step 1 Double click on a „Biomass conversion‟, „Biogas production plant‟,

„Biogas upgrading to biomethane‟ or „Drying and storage‟, module that

you consider to be part of the processing step.

Step 2 Provide actual values for all the relevant input data required in the

module. Refer to the list of relevant inputs described in the paragraph

above.

Step 3 At the end of the module, click on „All data reported in this module are

actual data‟.

The conversion factor of 1.4 will then be removed.

Please note that if the conversion factor was already showing „---‟

before you clicked on „All data reported in this module are actual data‟,

then the module you have opened is not considered part of the

processing step.

3.5 Land use change emission calculations

The UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator implements

the land use change emissions calculations as described in the RED

and the European Commission Decision of June 2010 on guidelines

for the calculations of land carbon stock, and the implementation of

this legislation into the Renewables Obligation Order 2011.

As a result of this legislation, it is required that if there has been a

change of use on the land from which the biomass feedstock is

sourced, the emissions associated with this land use change should

be taken into consideration in the calculation of the carbon intensity

of the consignment of biomass.

As a default, the Calculator assumes that no land use change has

taken place, except in the case that clear felled virgin forest is used


as the feedstock5. However, if you are reporting a land use change,

you must include the emissions due to that land use change in your

carbon intensity and GHG emission saving calculations.

To determine whether there has been a change in the use of the land

from which the biomass feedstock is sourced, you must determine:

The land cover in January 2008 within the following categories:

forest land, grassland, annual cropland, wetlands, settlements

and perennial cropland

The current land cover within the same categories as above

If there is a change in category, land use change emissions must be

included in the carbon intensity calculations.

In the Calculator, there are two different approaches to calculating

emissions from land use change (where land use change has

occurred):

Provide an actual estimate of the annualised emissions due to

land change

Provide the required information under the section „Emissions

from changes in land carbon stocks‟ in the Crop Production

Module to determine the carbon stocks of the previous and actual

land use and the emissions associated with the land use change.

Carbon stocks are estimated as the total of soil organic carbon and

above and below ground vegetation carbon stock. These are

determined based on information on land management practice,

inputs to land, climate region, soil type, domain, land use type,

ecological zone and continent from look-up tables provided in the EC

decision and available on the EU Transparency Platform. Depending

on the land use, not all of these information pieces are necessary,

and the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator will take

you through the pieces of information you need to provide depending

on the previous information selected. See the screen shot below for

an example.

5 For clear felling, land use change emissions will always take place and so the default will be that the land was

forested area on 1 Jan 2008.


3.6 Entering links to verification evidence

All actual data used must be verifiable. You may wish to record, in

the field at the top of the module „Details and links to verification

evidence‟ cross references to reports or other evidence supporting

the claimed actual data.


4 Interpreting the results

4.1 Module results

All modules, except for the „Fuel chain‟ modules, the „Power plant‟

module and the „Gas injection to the grid‟ module (i.e. the first and

last modules in a fuel chain), show four intermediate results:

Total for the module in kg CO2e / t output if the output product is

solid or g CO2e / MJ output if the output product is gaseous

This is the total GHG emissions of the module alone, after

multiplication by any allocation factor and conservative factor.

Contribution of the module to the fuel chain in kg CO2e / t output

if the output product is solid or g CO2e / MJ output if the output

product is gaseous

This is the total GHG emissions of the module as integrated into

the chain. It is calculated by taking the „total for this module‟ and

dividing it by any subsequent module efficiency, plant yield and

allocation factor.

Percentage contribution to chain

This represents the contribution of the module to the total fuel

chain GHG emissions.

Total emissions up to the module in kg CO2e / t output if the

output product is solid or g CO2e / MJ output if the output product

is gaseous

This is the total GHG emissions of all the modules upstream of

the specific module and including the specific module. It is

calculated by dividing the „total emission up to this module‟ of the

previous module by the module efficiency or plant yield of the

module looked at, multiplying it by the allocation factor of that

module is relevant, and adding the „total for this module‟ of the

module looked at.

4.2 Fuel chain results

The „Fuel chain Electricity‟, „Fuel chain Heat‟ and „Power plant‟

modules show the final results of a fuel chain, including:

The fuel carbon intensity in kg CO2e / t fuel if the fuel is solid and

in g CO2e / MJ fuel in all cases


The fuel carbon intensity is the GHG emissions associated with

the biomass fuel burned in the power plant to produce the

electricity and/or heat.

The Electricity or Heat carbon intensity (whichever is relevant) in

g CO2e / MJ electricity or heat and in kg CO2e / MWh electricity or

heat

The electricity or heat carbon intensity is the GHG emissions

associated with the electricity or heat produced from the biomass

fuel.

Please note the following:

o No electricity or heat carbon intensity will be calculated unless

the electricity or heat efficiency has been provided in the Fuel

chain Electricity or Fuel chain Heat module.

o The electricity or heat carbon intensity does only consider

GHG emissions associated with the production and transport

of the biomass fuel. No GHG emissions are associated with the

combustion of the biomass.

The GHG saving in the case of electricity chains.

The GHG saving is calculated based on the electricity carbon

intensity and on the fossil electricity comparator as defined in the

ROO.

Please note the following:

o No GHG saving will be calculated unless the electricity and

heat efficiency (if relevant) has been provided in the Fuel

chain Electricity module.


5 Preparing reports

Report creation functions have also been included in the UK Solid and

Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator. They are available for all energy

types (i.e. electricity, heat and grid injection), although reporting on

carbon intensity is only required for electricity generated from solid

and gaseous biomass. The following report creation functions are

available in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator:

Module reports that provide an overview of all the data used in a

module.

Project reports containing information on the fuels used, their

characteristics (feedstock type, feedstock country of origin,

previous land use and the carbon intensity), and an overview of

the actual data input to the chains.

Annual reports, which were designed to allow direct submission to

Ofgem. Please note that these reports contain more information

than the minimum Ofgem requirements.

5.1 Module reports (pdf format)

Follow the steps outlined below to create a module report.

Step 1 Double click on a module (for example, the crop harvesting module).

Step 2 Make all the changes you wish to in this module (for example, enter

actual values for the fuel information).

Step 3 Click on the “Print” button at the bottom right of the module.


Step 4 To print the report, click on the print symbol at the top left corner of the

window.

To save the PDF report, click on the Adobe symbol at the top left corner

of the window.

Step 5 If you are generating a PDF file, you will now be given the option to

change various parameters for this PDF file. If you just want to export a

standard PDF file simply click „OK‟, you will then be given the option to

name the file and specify a location for it.

Please note that this report creation function will only work if you

have an Adobe reader installed on your computer. To install such a

reader, please go to the following website:

http://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/otherversions/.

http://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/otherversions/


5.2 Project reports (pdf format)

Project reports in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon

Calculator contain information on all the fuel chains added by the

generator over a time period specified by the generator. There are

three sections in a project report that the generator can choose

whether to include:

Summary report

Detailed report

Data report

Follow the steps outlined below to create a project report.

Step 1 Click on the “Print” symbol in the top left corner of the UK Solid and

Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator

OR

Select “Projects report” in the “Reports” menu.

Step 2 Specify the time period you would like your project report to cover by

ticking the box next to “Specify a period”, then select the first year and

month you would like to include in the report, and then select the last

year and month you would like to include in the report.


Step 3 If you want to add any information that is saved in a separate file, click

the “Add” button and select the appropriate file.

Check to make sure „OK‟ appears in the valid column, next to the name

of the file you just loaded (if not, then the file loaded does not have

data for the correct year within it, and no data will be added to the

report). Add any other files using the same process. When you have

added all the files required, click the „Next‟ button.

If you want to abandon the report creation, click “Cancel”.

Step 4 Select which of the reports you would like to prepare (Note: all the

reports you select will appear in one PDF document, so if you want

separate documents of all three reports it is best to select only one type

of report at a time), then press „Print or export to PDF‟


If you would like to abandon the report creation, click “Finish”. If you

would like to change the settings of the first screen, click “Back”.

Step 5 If you only want to print the report, then use the print button on the far

left of the toolbar in the new screen. If you want to generate a PDF file,

click the Adobe symbol in the toolbar.

Step 6 If you are generating a PDF file, you will now be given the option to

change various parameters for this PDF file. If you just want to export a

standard PDF file simply click „OK‟, you will then be given the option to

name the file and specify a location for it.

Please note that this report creation function will only work if you

have an Adobe reader installed on your computer. To install such a

reader, please go to the following website:

http://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/otherversions/.

5.3 Annual reports (xls format)

Follow the steps outlined below to create annual report.

Step 1 Load all the fuel chains that you have used in your power plant over the

http://get.adobe.com/uk/reader/otherversions/


past year. Please note that the fuel chains should be added to the

month in which they were used. There should be one fuel chain for each

consignment of fuel used.

Step 2 In all the fuel chain modules, make sure that you have:

Entered the relevant information on heat and electricity efficiency

of the power plant

Entered a quantity of fuel used

Step 3 Under the „Reports‟ menu, select „Annual report‟.

OR

Click on „Year xxxx‟ in the left-hand panel (xxxx representing the actual

year number).

Step 4 You will then be taken to the annual summary report screen, which

shows an overview of all the fuel loaded in the current reporting year.

For each fuel chain, the table contains the following information:

Internal batch number, if you have entered it in the fuel chain

module

The month in which the fuel was used

The fuel type

The feedstock type

The drying process

The country of origin of the feedstock

The amount of fuel burned

The fuel carbon intensity

And the electricity or heat carbon intensity if relevant.


If you want to export the table into an xls file, click on „Export‟ and the bottom right of the window.

Step 5 You will then be prompted to enter the pathway under which you would

like to save the file and to enter a file name. Then click „Save‟.


6 Updates to software and default values

If opened when online, the software will check (via the internet) to

see whether there are any updates of the program or of the default

values available. If updates are found, you will receive a message

shortly after opening the software, asking you whether you would

like to download the latest version of the software or default values.

You can also manually check to make sure you have the most up-to-

date version.

Follow the steps below to manually check for updates.

Step 1 In the „Help‟ menu, select either „Check for default value updates‟ or

„Check for software updates‟.

Step 2 If your network uses a proxy server to access the internet, you will

need to complete the proxy parameters by clicking on the „Proxy

parameters‟ button. You may need to check this with your system

administrator. Once this has been completed, click the „Next‟ button.

Step 3 If there are any updates available for the software, a new screen will

appear indicating which version it is, click „Next‟ and follow the

installation instructions.


7 Module descriptions

7.1 Units used in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator

Beside each quantitative information field in the UK Solid and Gaseous Biomass Carbon Calculator, the user can select the unit in

which the data is provided. The most used units are unit of mass (tonne, kilogramme, gram), energy (megajoule) and area (hectares).

When there is uncertainty around what product the units refer to, the

units are provided with the product in parenthesis. For example, agricultural yields are usually expressed in tonnes (feedstock)/ha,

i.e. in tonnes of agricultural feedstock per hectare. The products most often referred to in the calculator are:

Feedstock – this is the primary harvested product from which the

biomass feedstock used in the power plant derives, e.g., sugar cane, forestry residues;

Output – this stands for the product coming out of a module;

Input – this stands for the product going into a module;

CO2e – this stands for the greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2 equivalents.

7.2 Fuel chain – Electricity

Basic data

Module description A brief description of the module.

This field is optional.

Details and links to verification evidence

Any further details can be added here, including, for example links to any evidence which supports the actual data used within this module.


Feedstock information

Feedstock type The primary harvested product from which the biomass feedstock used in the power plant derives.

This field is compulsory.

Moisture content

at collection

The moisture content of the biomass collected.

This field is automatically filled with a default value by the Calculator. Users can replace this value with actual data if

appropriate.


Biomass form The format of the biomass used in the power plant.



Lower heating

value at combustion point

The energy content of the biomass fuel used in the power

plant.


appropriate.


Process type The process type used for the production of the biomass form (if applicable).

This field is compulsory but „Unknown‟ or „n/a‟ can be selected if relevant.

Electricity generation efficiency

Electricity

production only

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power

plant that only exports electricity and no useful heat.


Electricity co-produced with useful heat

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power plant producing both electricity and useful heat.


Electricity efficiency

This is the electrical efficiency of the power plant, i.e. the ratio of electricity produced by biomass input. This should

be given as a decimal and reflect the units of energy in the electricity produced per unit of energy in the biomass used.


Heat efficiency If the option „Electricity co-produced with useful heat‟ is selected, it is also necessary to insert the efficiency of heat

production.

In such case, this field is compulsory.

Temperature If the option „Electricity co-produced with useful heat‟ is selected, the temperature of the useful heat also needs to

be provided.

The temperature is used to calculate the proportion of emissions that should be allocated to the useful heat vs.

the electricity.

This field is compulsory if „Electricity co-produced with

useful heat‟ is selected.

Country of origin information

Feedstock country / region of origin

The country or region from which the feedstock is sourced.


Default fuel carbon intensity

This is the default carbon intensity for the Feedstock type / Biomass form / Process type / Country combination. If this

field shows a value of 0 g CO2e / MJ, then it means that no default value for the selected combination exists.

This field is automatically filled by the Calculator.


Quantity of fuel

used during the reporting month

In this field you can record the amount of biomass used in

the power plant in a particular month or reporting period.

This field is optional but you may wish to use it for your own records.

Land use on 01 Jan 2008

The land use, on 1st January 2008, for the land from which the biomass feedstock is sourced.

This field is compulsory. n/a may be selected if the feedstock is an agricultural or processing residue.

If there has been a change of land use between 1st January 2008, and when the biomass was harvested, it will be necessary to include in the carbon intensity calculations the

emissions associated with that land use change. These calculations are performed in the „Crop production‟ module.

Intermediate results

Fuel chain carbon

intensity

The carbon intensity of the consignment, measured in units

of kilograms of CO2 equivalent released per tonne of fuel used in the power plant and as grams of CO2 equivalent per

MJ of biomass fuel used in the power plant.

Electricity carbon

intensity

The carbon intensity of the electricity produced from the

biomass fuel, measured in units of grams of CO2 equivalent released per megajoule (unit of energy) of electricity produced.

Please note that the electricity carbon intensity will only be calculated if you have provided the information on electricity

and heat efficiency in the „Electricity generation efficiency‟ section.

GHG saving The percentage saving the electricity achieves relative to its fossil fuel equivalent.

The fossil fuel equivalent of electricity is taken from the

European Commission report on sustainability requirements for solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating

and cooling and has a value of 198 g CO2eq / MJ electricity.

7.3 Fuel chain – Heat

Basic data




Any further details can be added here, including, for example links to any evidence which supports the actual data used within this module.




Feedstock type The primary harvested product from which the biomass

feedstock used in the power plant derives.


Moisture content at collection



appropriate.




Lower heating value at

combustion point

The energy content of the biomass fuel used in the power plant.

This field is automatically filled with a default value by the Calculator. Users can replace this value with actual data if appropriate.


Process type The process used for producing the biomass form (if

applicable).

This field is compulsory but „Unknown‟ or „n/a‟ can be

selected if relevant.

Heat generation efficiency

Heat production only

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power plant that only exports heat.


Heat co-produced with electricity

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power plant producing both electricity and heat.


Heat efficiency This is the thermal efficiency of the power plant, i.e. the

ratio of heat produced by biomass input. This should be given as a decimal and reflect the units of energy in the

heat produced per unit of energy in the biomass used.



If the option „Heat co-produced with electricity‟ is selected, it is also necessary to insert the efficiency of electricity production.

In such case, this field is compulsory.

Temperature If the option „Heat co-produced with electricity‟ is selected,

the temperature of the heat also needs to be provided.

The temperature is used to calculate the proportion of

emissions that should be allocated to the heat vs. the electricity.

This field is compulsory if „Heat co-produced with electricity‟

is selected.










Quantity of fuel used during the

reporting month

In this field you can record the amount of biomass used in the power plant in a particular month or reporting period.





If there has been a change of land use between 1st January

2008, and when the biomass was harvested, it will be necessary to include in the carbon intensity calculations the



Fuel chain carbon intensity

The carbon intensity of the consignment, measured in units of kilograms of CO2 equivalent released per tonne of

biomass fuel and as grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of biomass fuel or biogas used in the power plant.

Heat carbon intensity

The carbon intensity of the heat produced from the biomass fuel, measured in units of grams of CO2 equivalent released

per megajoule (unit of energy) of heat produced.

Please note that the heat carbon intensity will only be calculated if you have provided the relevant information

under the „Heat generation efficiency‟ section.

GHG saving No GHG saving is currently calculated for heat as the fossil

fuel comparator is not defined yet.

7.4 Fuel chain – Gas

Basic data




Details and links to

verification evidence

Any further details can be added here, including, for

example links to any evidence which supports the actual data used within this module.



Feedstock type The primary harvested product from which the biomass feedstock used in the power plant derives.


Moisture content at collection


This field is automatically filled with a default value by the

Calculator. Users can replace this value with actual data if appropriate.




Process type The process used for producing the biogas.

This field is compulsory but „Unknown‟ or „n/a‟ can be

selected if relevant.









Quantity of fuel

used during the reporting month

In this field you can record the amount of biomass used in

the power plant in a particular month or reporting period.





If there has been a change of land use between 1st January 2008, and when the biomass was harvested, it will be necessary to include in the carbon intensity calculations the


If the biomass being used is a virgin forest that is being clear-felled, there will always be a land use.



Fuel carbon

intensity


of kilograms of CO2 equivalent released per MJ of biomethane injected to the national gas grid.

GHG saving No GHG saving is currently calculated for biomethane as the fossil fuel comparator is not defined yet.

7.5 Crop production6

Basic data

Module description

A brief description of the module.


Details and links to verification

evidence

Any further details can be added here, including, for example, links to any evidence which supports the actual

data used within this module.


Crop yield The quantity of feedstock produced per unit area. The percentage moisture of crops can vary, and this will affect

the yield achieved. The yield reported here should be for the moisture content reported in the fuel chain module as the moisture content at the point of collection. This field is

automatically filled by the Calculator but can be updated with actual data if it is available.


Emissions from changes in land carbon stocks

No change in land carbon stock

This option should be selected if the cultivation of biomass did not lead to any change in land carbon stocks between

the actual land use and land use on January 1st, 2008.

Use actual data

for land use change emissions

This option should be selected if the user wishes to report

land use change emissions based on actual data or another methodology than the default calculation methodology outlined in EU Decision 2010/335/EU.

The actual emissions should be put in the blank data field.

Use the default

methodology to calculate

emissions from land use change

This option should be selected if the user wishes to use the

default methodology to calculate emissions from land use change.

6 Please note that the crop production input data is missing for the long rotation forestry chains. This will be

updated in later versions of the calculator, once the appropriate data for these chains has been made

available. Users should make sure they add the relevant input data to these chains in order to calculate the

carbon intensity.


Land use Land use in January 2008 or current land use.

This field is only available if the option „Use the default methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is selected, in which case it is mandatory.

If clear-felled virgin forestry (lightly forested) is used as a feedstock, there will always be land use change. For “current

land use” the management of the land following felling should be selected. If the land is unmanaged, “scrubland” should be selected from the drop-down list. If the land is

managed as something else, e.g. a crop or a forest plantation, this should be selected from the drop-down list.

Land management

practice

Land management practice in January 2008 or actual land management practice.

This field is only available if the option „Use the default methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is selected and is only applicable for certain types of land use,

in which case it is mandatory.

Input to land Input to land in January 2008 or actual input to land.

This field is only available if the option „Use the default methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is

selected and is only applicable for certain types of land use, in which case it is mandatory.

Climate region Climate type of the region where the land used to grow the biomass feedstock is located.

This field is only available if the option „Use the default

methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is selected, in which case it is mandatory.

Soil type Soil type of the land use to grow the biomass feedstock.


methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is selected, in which case it is mandatory.

Domain Climate domain of the region where the land used to grow the biomass feedstock is located.


methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is selected and is only applicable for certain types of land use,


Land use type Further information on the land use type for the land use in

January 2008 or for the actual (current) land use.




Ecological zone Ecological zone where the land used to grow the biomass

feedstock is located.



Continent Continent on which the land used to grow the biomass feedstock is located.

This field is only available if the option „Use the default methodology to calculate emissions from land use change‟ is selected and is only applicable for certain types of land use,


If forest plantation has been selected as the land use type,

there may be an option to select the continent with either <= 20 years or >20 years. In the case that the land use change is from virgin forest to forest plantation, the option

<= 20 years should be selected (i.e. a plantation that has been growing for less than or equal to 20 years).

Carbon stock Carbon stock of the land as used in January 2008 and actual (current) carbon stock.

This field cannot be changed by users but is calculated based on the previous information.

Subtotal Emissions from land use change in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of feedstock.

Emissions from cultivation

Rate of nitrous

oxide emissions per hectare

The rate at which nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions are

produced from the soil on which the feedstock was grown.

The N2O emission rate was calculated using the IPCC Tier 1 methodology based on the nitrogen fertiliser application

rate.

Most users will not enter their own values in this field.

However, if an N2O value has been calculated according to a method consistent with the rules set out in the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, then it

can be entered here.

Subtotal Emissions of nitrous oxide in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per

tonne of feedstock.

Farming inputs

Fertilisers All information relating to the use of fertilisers during feedstock growth can be entered in this table.

Type The type of fertiliser used.

Application rate The rate at which the fertiliser was applied. Note: this is

measured in the industry standard kilograms of „nutrient‟ per hectare.


Emissions factor The emissions which are produced during manufacture and

transport of every kilogram of fertiliser (that is kg of nutrient, not of product).

Most users will not need to manually change this field, as

the software will automatically select the correct default emission factor based on the fertiliser „Type‟ selected.

Nitrogen content The nitrogen content of the fertiliser applied.

Most users will not need to manually change this field, as

the software will automatically select the correct value based on the fertiliser „Type‟ selected.

Nitrogen content is measured in units of kilograms of

nitrogen per kilogram of the main nutrient. If nitrogen is the main nutrient, then the nitrogen content will be 1. If there is

negligible nitrogen in the fertiliser, the nitrogen content will be 0.

Subtotal Emissions due to fertiliser production and application in kilogram of CO2 equivalent per tonne of feedstock.

Pesticide application rate

The quantity of all pesticides applied (measured in kilograms of active ingredient, not kilograms of product) per hectare.

Pesticide emissions factor

The emissions which occur during manufacture and transport of every kilogram of pesticide (that is kg of active ingredient, not of product).

Most users are expected to rely on the default value.

Subtotal Emissions due to pesticide production and application in

kilogram of CO2 equivalent per tonne of feedstock.

Other input All information relating to products used during feedstock

farming other than fertilisers, pesticides and fuel.

Type Type of other input – e.g. seeding materials.

Use The quantity of the other input used.

Emissions factor The emissions resulting from the production and use of each

unit of other input.

Most users are expected to rely on default values that will be

automatically selected by the software based on the „Type‟ of other input chosen.

Subtotal Emissions due to production and input of other materials in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of feedstock.

On-farm fuel use All information relating to the on-farm use of fuels such as diesel, with the exception of fuel used during harvesting activities. Note: more than one type of fuel can be entered

into this table

Type Type of fuel used – e.g., diesel for tractors, electricity to

power pumps for irrigation, etc.


Use The quantity of fuel used (Note: this is the quantity of fuel

used in cultivation of this crop, not total on-farm fuel use and excluding fuel used for harvesting activities).

Emissions factor The emissions resulting from the production and use of each unit of fuel.

Almost all users will rely on the default value selected by the

software.

Subtotal Emissions due to fuel production and on-farm use in

kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of feedstock.


Total for this module

The total GHG emissions of this module (measured in units of kilograms of CO2e) per tonne of feedstock produced.

Contribution of this module to

fuel chain

The total GHG emissions (measured in units of kilograms of CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per tonne

of final biomass type used.

Percentage

contribution to chain

The percentage contribution this module makes to the total

GHG emissions of the fuel chain. This value may be greater than 100% because there may be a very large co-product credit in another step which reduces the total chain GHG

emissions to less than the emissions from this step alone.

Total emissions

up to this module

The total GHG emissions of this module and all the previous

ones (measured in units of kilogram of CO2e) per tonne of output of this module.

7.6 Harvesting, extraction and roadside processing7

Basic data

Module

description



Details and links

to verification evidence


example, links to any evidence which supports the actual data used within this module.


Module efficiency The efficiency with which the feedstock is harvested. Any

losses should be included in this field. For example if 20% of the feedstock is “lost” during the harvesting phase, 0.8 should be inserted into this field.

Farming inputs

7 Please note that the harvesting input data is missing for the long rotation forestry chains. This will be updated

in later versions of the calculator, once the appropriate data for these chains has been made available. Users

should make sure they add the relevant input data to these chains in order to calculate the carbon intensity.


Fuel information All information relating to the on-farm use of fuels such as

diesel for harvesting, extraction and/or roadside processing activities. Note: more than one type of fuel can be entered into this table

Type Type of fuel used – e.g., diesel for harvesters.

Use The quantity of fuel used (Note: this is the quantity of fuel used for the harvesting of the feedstock itself).


Almost all users will rely on the default value selected by the

software.

Subtotal Emissions due to fuel production and on-farm use in

kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of feedstock.





fuel chain



Percentage





Total emissions

up to this module



7.7 Drying and storage

Basic data

Module

description



Details and links






Country in which

this processing step takes place

The country in which this drying and/or storage occurs. This

information is needed for the software to select the appropriate emissions factor for electricity if required (see below).

This drop down list may also contain a few non-country options (e.g., local CCGT, EU (medium voltage), etc.). Select

these options if the electricity used is not taken from the national grid.

Module efficiency The efficiency with which the feedstock is dried. Any losses should be included in this field. For example if 20% of the feedstock is “lost” during the drying phase, 0.8 should be

inserted into this field.

Moisture content

after drying

The moisture content of the biomass after this particular

drying phase.


Amount of electricity used

The total quantity of electricity used during this drying and storage step.

Electricity emissions factor

The emissions resulting from the production and use of each unit of electricity.

Subtotal Emissions due to electricity production and consumption in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of crop.

Fuel information

Type Type of fuel used – e.g., diesel used in burners to provide

heat for drying, etc.

Use The quantity of fuel used during this drying and storage

step.


unit of fuel.

Most users are expected to rely on the default value based on information provided in the „Type‟ field.

Note: Since the harvesting and cultivation data is missing for the long rotation forestry chains, there is no default

emissions factor for wood chips produced from long rotation forestry. Therefore, if a long rotation forestry chain is loaded, and biomass is used as the process fuel for drying,

the user must manually insert the carbon intensity of the biomass into this module. The carbon intensity of the

biomass can be calculated separately in the calculator in the usual way, i.e. by constructing a representative chain and adding all the relevant inputs and efficiencies.

Subtotal Emissions due to fuel production and consumption in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of crop.

Conservative factor


All data reported

in this module are actual data

This option should be selected if all the data reported in the

module are actual data.

This field is only relevant if the „Drying and storage‟ module is part of the processing step (i.e. not part of the cultivation

step – see Section 3.4 for more information).

If it is selected, the conservative factor (factor by which the

„Total for this module‟ will be multiplied before the contribution of the module to the entire fuel chain is calculated) will be removed.




Contribution of this module to fuel chain

The total GHG emissions (measured in units of kilograms of CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per tonne of final biomass type used.

Percentage contribution to

chain

The percentage contribution this module makes to the total GHG emissions of the fuel chain. This value may be greater

than 100% because there may be a very large co-product credit in another step which reduces the total chain GHG


Total emissions

up to this module



7.8 Feedstock transport

Basic data

Module

description



Details and links





Country The country in which this transport step begins.

This is currently an optional field.

Transport mode The mode of transport used – e.g., truck, rail, etc.

Density of dry

product

Density of the product transported at 0% moisture content.

The actual density will be calculated by the Calculator taking into account the dry product density and the moisture

content of the product based on the moisture content as inputted in previous modules.


Energy intensity

of transport

The energy intensity of this transport mode. Most users will

rely on the software to select the appropriate default value on the basis of the mode of transport selected.

This energy intensity depends on the transport mode and

the product density.

Distance

transported

The distance over which the product is transported by the

selected mode.

Module efficiency Efficiency of the transport step in tonnes of output feedstock

per tonne of input feedstock – this is especially to account for grain losses during transport.

Fuel information

Type Type of fuel used. If several fuels are entered, it will be

necessary to know how much of each fuel is used (see next field).

Use The quantity of fuel used during this transport step – this value is automatically calculated based on the transport mode and distance specified. If more than one fuel is used

you can specify how much of each fuel type is used in this field.



Subtotal Emissions due to fuel production and consumption in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of output from this module (this subtotal excludes the exhaust gas emissions).

Exhaust gas emissions

This field is automatically calculated based on the transport mode selected.




Contribution of this module to fuel chain

The total GHG emissions (measured in units of kilograms of CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per tonne of final biomass type used.

Percentage contribution to

chain

The percentage contribution this module makes to the total GHG emissions of the fuel chain. This value may be greater

than 100% because there may be a very large co-product credit in another step which reduces the total chain GHG


Total emissions

up to this module




7.9 Gas transport

Basic data

Module description




Any further details can be added here, including, for example, links to any evidence which supports the actual data used within this module.


Country The country in which this transport step begins.

This is currently an optional field.

Transport mode The mode of transport used – e.g., pipeline etc.

Distance transported

The distance over which the product is transported by the selected mode.

Energy intensity of transport

The energy intensity of this transport mode. Most users will rely on the software to select the appropriate default value

on the basis of the mode of transport selected.

Module efficiency Efficiency of the transport step in tonnes of output feedstock

per tonne of input feedstock – this is especially to account for grain losses during transport.

Fuel information

Type Type of fuel used. If several fuels are entered, it will be

necessary to know how much of each fuel is used (see next field).

Use The quantity of fuel used during this transport step – this value is automatically calculated based on the transport mode and distance specified. If more than one fuel is used

you can specify how much of each fuel type is used in this field.



Subtotal Emissions due to fuel production and consumption in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of output from this module (this subtotal excludes the exhaust gas emissions).

Exhaust gas emissions

This field is automatically calculated based on the transport mode selected.



The total GHG emissions of this module (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of gas produced.


Contribution of

this module to fuel chain

The total GHG emissions (measured in units of grams of

CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per MJ of biogas.


The percentage contribution this module makes to the total GHG emissions of the fuel chain. This value may be greater than 100% because there may be a very large co-product

credit in another step which reduces the total chain GHG emissions to less than the emissions from this step alone.

Total emissions up to this module

The total GHG emissions of this module and all the previous ones (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of gas.

7.10 Biomass processing (chipping, briquetting, pelleting)

Basic data

Module

description



Details and links





Country in which


The country in which this plant is located. This information is

needed by the software to select the appropriate emissions factor for electricity (see below).

This drop down list may also contain a few non-country

options (e.g., local CCGT, EU (medium voltage), etc.). Select these options if the electricity used is not taken from the

national grid.

Product Product produced by this module – e.g., wood pellets,

energy grass chips, etc.

Plant yield Quantity of output per quantity of input (measured in units

of mass such as tonnes or kilograms), e.g., tonnes energy grass pellets per tonne energy grass chips.

Moisture content

of output product

Moisture content of the product produced by this module

(measured in %).

Plant inputs


The total quantity of electricity used (per tonne of output) during this conversion step.



Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of electricity in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of output from this

module.


Fuel used per tonne of output

Type Type of fuel used – e.g. natural gas burnt in a boiler to provide process heat, etc.

Use The quantity of fuel used during this conversion step, per tonne of output.



Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of fuel in

kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of output from this module.

Chemicals

Type Type of chemical used – e.g., n-hexane used to produce

rapeseed oil and rapeseed meal from oilseed rape, etc.

Use The quantity of chemical used during this conversion step,

per tonne of output.


unit of chemical.

Most users are expected to rely on the default value based

on information provided in the „Type‟ field.

Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of

chemicals in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per tonne of output from this module.

Co-products

Name The name of the co-product produced by this conversion

process.

Use The market in which the co-product is used – e.g. for animal

feed, for fertiliser etc.

Description If the „Name‟ and/or „Use‟ of a particular co-product are not specified in the software, they can be recorded in the

description field.

Yield Quantity of co-product produced per tonne of output from

this conversion module.


Co-product credit The credit attributed to this use of the selected co-product.

Note: if the „Co-product credit‟ is a value other than zero, then the „Energy Content‟ (see below) must be zero.

See the Renewable Energy Directive Annex V paragraph 16

to 18 for the rules to follow to determine whether a co-product is eligible for a credit or should be taken into

account through the allocation factor.

In general, only excess electricity from a local CHP plant can be eligible for a credit, except where the fuel used in the

cogeneration unit is a co-product other than an agricultural crop residue.

Energy Content The energy content of this co-product.

Note: if the „Co-product credit‟ is zero, then the „Energy

Content‟ must be a value other than zero.

If the co-product is not eligible for a credit (see row above), then it must be taken into account from the allocation factor

by specifying the energy content of the co-product.

Credit or debit for

co-products

This value shows the total impact of the co-products. If the

value is negative, then the co-products have the effect of reducing the overall carbon intensity of the fuel chain. If the

value is positive, then the co-products have increased the carbon intensity of the fuel chain.

Share of emissions allocated to the

output product

The value shows the allocation factor for the main output products. If the value is 100%, it means that all GHG emissions up to this point in the chain are allocated to the

output of the module. If it is less than 100%, it means that only a portion of the emissions are allocated to the output.

Conservative factor

All data reported




This field is only relevant if the „Biomass processing‟ module

is part of the processing step (i.e. not part of the cultivation step – see Section 3.4 for more information).


„Total for this module‟ will be multiplied before the contribution of the module to the entire fuel chain is

calculated) will be removed.





fuel chain




Percentage





Total emissions

up to this module



7.11 Conversion of biomass feedstock to biogas

Basic data

Module

description



Details and links





Country in which


The country in which this plant is located. This information is

needed by the software to select the appropriate emissions factor for electricity (see below).


options (e.g., local CCGT, EU (medium voltage), etc.). Select these options if the electricity used is not taken from the

national grid.

Product Product produced by this module – e.g., biogas or

biomethane.

Plant yield Quantity of output per quantity of input (measured in units

of MJ output per tonne input).

Plant inputs


The total quantity of electricity used (per MJ of output) during this conversion step.



Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of electricity in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output from this module.

Fuel used per MJ of output


Use The quantity of fuel used during this conversion step, per MJ of output.



unit of fuel.


Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of fuel in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output from this

module.

Chemicals

Type Type of chemical used – e.g., n-hexane used to produce rapeseed oil and rapeseed meal from oilseed rape, etc.

Use The quantity of chemical used during this conversion step, per MJ of output.

Emissions factor The emissions resulting from the production and use of each unit of chemical.


Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of chemicals in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output from this module.

Co-products

Name The name of the co-product produced by this conversion process.

Use The market in which the co-product is used – e.g. for animal feed, for fertiliser etc.

Description If the „Name‟ and/or „Use‟ of a particular co-product are not specified in the software, they can be recorded in the description field.

Yield Quantity of co-product produced per MJ of output from this conversion module.

Co-product credit The credit attributed to this use of the selected co-product. Note: if the „Co-product credit‟ is a value other than zero,

then the „Energy Content‟ (see below) must be zero.


to 18 for the rules to follow to determine whether a co-product is eligible for a credit or should be taken into account through the allocation factor.





Note: if the „Co-product credit‟ is zero, then the „Energy Content‟ must be a value other than zero.

If the co-product is not eligible for a credit (see row above),

then it must be taken into account from the allocation factor by specifying the energy content of the co-product.

Credit or debit for co-products

This value shows the total impact of the co-products. If the value is negative, then the co-products have the effect of

reducing the overall carbon intensity of the fuel chain. If the value is positive, then the co-products have increased the carbon intensity of the fuel chain.

Share of emissions

allocated to the output product

The value shows the allocation factor for the main output products. If the value is 100%, it means that all GHG

emissions up to this point in the chain are allocated to the output of the module. If it is less than 100%, it means that

only a portion of the emissions are allocated to the output.

Other

Methane losses Methane losses during the conversion step, measured in grams of methane per MJ of output from this module. The

methane losses are accounted as GHG emissions from the module, assuming a Global Warming Potential for methane of 25.

Conservative factor

All data reported




This field is only relevant if the „Biomass processing‟ module

is part of the processing step (i.e. not part of the cultivation step – see Section 3.4 for more information).

If it is selected, the conservative factor (factor by which the „Total for this module‟ will be multiplied before the contribution of the module to the entire fuel chain is

calculated) will be removed.



The total GHG emissions of this module (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of biogas produced.


fuel chain

The total GHG emissions (measured in units of grams of CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per MJ of

biogas produced.

Percentage






Total emissions

up to this module


ones (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of output of this module.

7.12 Biogas upgrading

Basic data

Module

description



Details and links





Country in which this processing

step takes place

The country in which this plant is located. This information is needed by the software to select the appropriate emissions

factor for electricity (see below).


options (e.g., local CCGT, EU (medium voltage), etc.). Select these options if the electricity used is not taken from the national grid.

Product Product produced by this module – e.g., biomethane.

Plant yield Quantity of output per quantity of input (measured in units of MJ output per MJ input).

Plant inputs





Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of electricity in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output from this

module.








kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output from this module.

Chemicals

Type Type of chemical used – e.g., n-hexane used to produce

rapeseed oil and rapeseed meal from oilseed rape, etc.

Use The quantity of chemical used during this conversion step,

per MJ of output.

Emissions factor The emissions resulting from the production and use of each unit of chemical.


Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of chemicals in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output

from this module.

Co-products

Name The name of the co-product produced by this conversion process.

Use The market in which the co-product is used – e.g. for animal feed, for fertiliser etc.

Description If the „Name‟ and/or „Use‟ of a particular co-product are not specified in the software, they can be recorded in the

description field.

Yield Quantity of co-product produced per MJ of output from this

conversion module.

Co-product credit The credit attributed to this use of the selected co-product.

Note: if the „Co-product credit‟ is a value other than zero, then the „Energy Content‟ (see below) must be zero.


to 18 for the rules to follow to determine whether a co-product is eligible for a credit or should be taken into

account through the allocation factor.




Note: if the „Co-product credit‟ is zero, then the „Energy

Content‟ must be a value other than zero.

If the co-product is not eligible for a credit (see row above), then it must be taken into account from the allocation factor

by specifying the energy content of the co-product.


Credit or debit for

co-products

This value shows the total impact of the co-products. If the

value is negative, then the co-products have the effect of reducing the overall carbon intensity of the fuel chain. If the value is positive, then the co-products have increased the

carbon intensity of the fuel chain.

Share of

emissions allocated to the

output product

The value shows the allocation factor for the main output

products. If the value is 100%, it means that all GHG emissions up to this point in the chain are allocated to the

output of the module. If it is less than 100%, it means that only a portion of the emissions are allocated to the output.

Other

Methane losses Methane losses during the conversion step, measured in

grams of methane per MJ of output from this module. The methane losses are accounted as GHG emissions from the module, assuming a Global Warming Potential for methane

of 25.

Conservative factor

All data reported in this module are

actual data

This option should be selected if all the data reported in the module are actual data.

This field is only relevant if the „Biomass processing‟ module is part of the processing step (i.e. not part of the cultivation


If it is selected, the conservative factor (factor by which the „Total for this module‟ will be multiplied before the

contribution of the module to the entire fuel chain is calculated) will be removed.


Total for this

module

The total GHG emissions of this module (measured in units

of grams of CO2e) per MJ of biogas produced.

Contribution of



CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per MJ of biogas produced.


The percentage contribution this module makes to the total GHG emissions of the fuel chain. This value may be greater than 100% because there may be a very large co-product

credit in another step which reduces the total chain GHG emissions to less than the emissions from this step alone.

Total emissions up to this module

The total GHG emissions of this module and all the previous ones (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of output

of this module.

7.13 Electricity production


Basic data

Module description




evidence




Electricity generation efficiency

Electricity production only

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power plant that only exports electricity and no useful heat.

This field is compulsory but can only be changed in the „Fuel chain – Electricity‟ module.

Electricity co-produced with

useful heat

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power plant producing both electricity and useful heat.

This field is compulsory but can only be changed in the „Fuel chain – Electricity‟ module.


This is the electrical efficiency of the power plant, i.e. the ratio of electricity produced by biomass input. This should be given as a decimal and reflect the units of energy in the

electricity produced per unit of energy in the biomass used.

This field is compulsory but can only be changed in the

„Fuel chain – Electricity‟ module.

Heat efficiency If the option „Electricity co-produced with useful heat‟ is

selected, it is also necessary to insert the efficiency of heat production.

In such case, this field is compulsory but can only be

changed in the „Fuel chain – Electricity‟ module.

Temperature If the option „Electricity co-produced with useful heat‟ is

selected, the temperature of the useful heat also needs to be provided.

The temperature is used to calculate the proportion of emissions that should be allocated to the useful heat vs. the electricity.

This field is compulsory if „Electricity co-produced with useful heat‟ is selected, but can only be changed in the

„Fuel chain – Electricity‟ module.


Fuel chain carbon intensity

The carbon intensity of the consignment, measured in units of kilograms of CO2 equivalent released per tonne of

biomass feedstock used in the power plant and as grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of biomass feedstock used in the power plant.


Electricity carbon

intensity

The carbon intensity of the electricity produced from the

biomass, measured in units of grams of CO2 equivalent released per megajoule (unit of energy) of electricity produced.

GHG saving The percentage saving the electricity achieves relative to its fossil fuel equivalent.

The fossil fuel equivalent of electricity is taken from the European Commission report on sustainability requirements

for solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and cooling and has a value of 198 g CO2eq / MJ electricity.

7.14 Heat production

Basic data

Module description




evidence




Heat generation efficiency

Heat production

only

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power

plant that only exports heat and no electricity.

This field is compulsory but can only be changed in the „Fuel chain – Heat‟ module.

Heat co-produced with electricity

Select this option if the biomass was burned in a power plant producing both electricity and heat.

This field is compulsory but can only be changed in the „Fuel chain – Heat‟ module.

Heat efficiency This is the thermal efficiency of the power plant, i.e. the ratio of heat produced by biomass input. This should be

given as a decimal and reflect the units of energy in the heat produced per unit of energy in the biomass used.

This field is compulsory but can only be changed in the

„Fuel chain – Heat‟ module.

Electricity

efficiency

If the option „Heat co-produced with electricity‟ is selected,

it is also necessary to insert the efficiency of electricity production.

In such case, this field is compulsory but can only be changed in the „Fuel chain – Heat‟ module.


Temperature If the option „Heat co-produced with electricity‟ is selected,

the temperature of the heat also needs to be provided.

The temperature is used to calculate the proportion of emissions that should be allocated to the heat vs. the

electricity.

This field is compulsory if „Heat co-produced with electricity‟

is selected, but can only be changed in the „Fuel chain – Heat‟ module.


Fuel chain carbon

intensity


of kilograms of CO2 equivalent released per tonne of biomass fuel used in the power plant and as grams of CO2 equivalent per MJ of biomass fuel or biogas used in the

power plant.

Heat carbon

intensity

The carbon intensity of the heat produced from the biomass,

measured in units of grams of CO2 equivalent released per megajoule (unit of energy) of heat produced.

GHG saving The percentage saving the heat achieves relative to its fossil fuel equivalent.

The fossil fuel equivalent of heat is taken from the European Commission report on sustainability requirements for solid and gaseous biomass sources in electricity, heating and

cooling and has a value of 87 g CO2eq / MJ heat.

7.15 Gas injection to the national natural gas grid

Basic data

Module description




evidence




Country in which


The country in which the injection takes place. This

information is needed by the software to select the appropriate emissions factor for electricity (see below).

This drop down list may also contain a few non-country options (e.g., local CCGT, EU (medium voltage), etc.). Select

these options if the electricity used is not taken from the national grid.

Efficiency

(methane losses during injection)

Efficiency of the injection, taking into account the possible

methane losses during injection.


Plant inputs



Electricity emission factor


Subtotal Emissions from the production and consumption of electricity in kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output

from this module.





Most users are expected to rely on the default value based

on information provided in the „Type‟ field.


kilograms of CO2 equivalent per MJ of output from this module.

Other

Methane losses Methane losses during the conversion step, measured in

grams of methane per MJ of output from this module. The methane losses are accounted as GHG emissions from the

module, assuming a Global Warming Potential for methane of 25.

Conservative factor

All data reported




This field is only relevant if the „Biomass processing‟ module is part of the processing step (i.e. not part of the cultivation



„Total for this module‟ will be multiplied before the contribution of the module to the entire fuel chain is calculated) will be removed.



The total GHG emissions of this module (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of biogas produced.

Contribution of



CO2e) produced from this stage of the fuel chain, per MJ of biogas produced.


Percentage





Total emissions

up to this module


ones (measured in units of grams of CO2e) per MJ of output of this module.


8 Glossary

8.1 Feedstock types

Feedstock type is the type of biomass from which the final fuel is produced. N.B. [W/R] next to a feedstock in the list below indicates the feedstock is a waste or residue; whereas [C] indicates the feedstock is a co-product.

Bagasse [W/R]: Fibrous processing residue produced when juice is extracted from

sugarcane. Bark [W/R]:

The tough outer surface of trunks of trees, and other woody plants.

Branch wood [W/R]: Woody portions of a tree excluding the stem and roots.

Clear-felled virgin forestry (lightly forested) [C]: An area lightly forested (i.e. 10-30% canopy cover) with virgin trees (i.e.

non-plantation) and clear-felled for biomass. As this is a virgin forest, rather than a plantation, there are no inputs associated with the cultivation stage (e.g. no fertiliser has been applied). However, there will be emissions

associated with the change in land use from virgin forest to whatever the forest is managed as subsequently. These land use change emissions need

to be taken into consideration in the cultivation module of the calculator. If using the default methodology for calculating emissions from land use change, and the forest is left unmanaged after felling, the land use

following felling should be assumed to be “scrubland”. If trees are replanted, “forest plantation” should be selected as the “current land use”,

if annual crops are grown, this should be selected, etc. Diseased wood and storm salvage [W/R]:

Timber that is diseased or has been damaged during a storm and is subsequently of little value other than for energy.

End of life non-timber plantations [W/R]:

Standing trees from plantations for non-timber products (e.g., coconut,

rubber, palm trees) which have reached the end of their useful life. Only tropical/sub-tropical locations have been considered to fall into this

category so far. Energy grass [C]:

Generic grouping of non-miscanthus energy grasses, e.g., switchgrass, reed canary grass, giant reed, etc. Users can adapt this generic chain with

actual data for their specific energy grass if they have data available.

Husks/Shells [W/R]: The outer shell or coating of a seed.

Forestry residues [W/R]: Branch wood, tops, bark and stump collected from forests or plantations.


Long rotation forestry (broadleaf) [C]

Broadleaf tree plantations felled after a growing period of several decades, and then replanted

Long rotation forestry (conifer) [C] Conifer tree plantations felled after a growing period of several decades,

and then replanted

Manure [W/R]: Wet manure is mainly produced by intensive pig farms, while dry manure results from more environmentally-aware farming practices.

Miscanthus [C]:

Species of energy grass called Miscanthus x giganteus. Municipal Solid Waste [W/R]:

Urban, predominantly household, waste.

Olive cake [W/R]: Co-product of olive oil production.

Palm kernel meal [C]: Co-product of palm oil production.

Saw dust [W/R]:

Powdered particles of wood produced by sawing. Sawmill residues [W/R]:

Any wood residue in the form of chip, bark, sawdust, etc. that is produced at a sawmill.

Short rotation coppice (combined harvesting and billeting) [C]:

Short Rotation Coppice (SRC) refers to varieties of poplar and willow grown

in wood plantations managed through coppicing. Harvesting was assumed to take place every 2 to 5 years. SRC can be harvested using three

different techniques. Combined harvesting and billeting refers to a harvest using machines that cut coppice stems into shorter lengths (5-10 cm), called billets.

Short rotation coppice (combined harvesting and chipping) [C]:

SRC refers to varieties of poplar and willow grown in wood plantations managed through coppicing. Harvesting was assumed to take place every 2 to 5 years. SRC can be harvested using three different techniques.

Combined harvesting and chipping refers to a harvest in which the crop is cut and chipped in a single pass.

Short rotation coppice (stick harvesting) [C]:

SRC refers to varieties of poplar and willow grown in wood plantations

managed through coppicing. Harvesting was assumed to take place every 2 to 5 years. SRC can be harvested using three different techniques. Under

stick harvesting, the crop is cut as whole stems.


Short rotation forestry [C]:

Short Rotation Forestry (SRF) refers to tree plantations with short harvest rotations (typically every 8 to 15 years). For tropical/sub-tropical regions,

eucalyptus is used as a representative type of short rotation forestry crop. For all other regions, poplar is used as a representative type of SRF crop.

Silage grass [C]: Forage grass typically harvested and fermented for use as winter fodder for

cattle and sheep. It is also suitable as a biomass feedstock. Slab wood [W/R]:

An outsize piece cut from a log when squaring it for lumber.

Sugarbeet [C]: Plant with a tuber with a high concentration of sucrose. Grown commercially for sugar production.

Straw [W/R]:

This includes wheat straw, corn stover and other types of straw that may be harvested for use in power plants.

Tree Stumps [W/R]:

The basal portion of a tree remaining after the rest has been removed.

Thinnings [W/R]:

Roundwood from a forest or plantation thinning, as long as this practice does not change the land use status of the area.

Tree tops [W/R]: The topmost part of a tree.

Waste wood [W/R]: This category includes clean or treated waste wood, chipboard, MDF, etc. As the wood is considered to be a "waste", no emissions are assumed to be

associated with its production. This category is only for wood that does not need to be pre-treated prior to its use.

8.2 Biomass forms

Biomass form is the form of the biomass used as fuel in the power plant

Bagasse pellet:

A small, densely packed mass of dried bagasse. Pelleting facilitates bagasse storage and its utilisation as a fuel.

Biogas:

Gas produced by anaerobic digestion containing about 55% methane and

45% carbon dioxide.


Biomethane: Gas mixture that is predominantly methane, which meets the UK natural

gas grid requirements, and is sourced from organic material (biomass).

Briquette: Briquettes are similar to pellets in that the biomass is processed into a

denser and uniform format. However, they are larger in size, typically

>25mm in diameter.

Charcoal: A material formed from the incomplete combustion of organic material in a

kiln or retort.

Chip:

Less uniform in size than pellets, and typically larger (in the range 20-50mm in size)

Crop processing residue pellets: Husks or shells resulting from the processing of crops.

Draff:

The co-product resulting from the fermentation of the grains used in brewing, used as animal feed.

Olive cake: Co-product of olive oil production.

Pellet: Densified, biomass processed into uniform size, typically 5-10mm in size

and <10% moisture content

Rapeseed meal: Residue left over when oil is extracted from rapeseed. Commonly used as animal feed.

Refuse derived fuel:

Fuel derived from the non-biodegradable component of municipal solid waste (MSW).

Straw bales: A bundle of straw tightly packed and bound.

Sweet sorghum DDGS:

The protein containing co-product resulting from the production of

bioethanol from sweet sorghum.

Wheat DDGS: The protein containing co-product resulting from the production of

bioethanol from wheat.


8.3 Process types

Aerobic processing and dry stabilisation: Process to produce refuse derived fuel in which the heat from the composting of the biological component of the waste is used to dry the

input MSW, thereby easing the separation process and resulting in a higher yield of fuel than a straight aerobic process in which the MSW is not dried

prior to sorting. Aerobic processing:

Process to produce refuse derived fuel in which the MSW is not dried using heat from composting prior to mechanical sorting, and the biological

component of the MSW is not anaerobically digested to produce biogas. Anaerobic digestion:

Series of processes in which microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas.

Anaerobic processing:

Process to produce refuse derived fuel in which the biological component of

the waste is anaerobically digested to produce biogas, which is used on site to generate heat and power; some of which is used in the production of fuel

from the non-biological component of waste (i.e. the shredding, screening and separation).

Bulk drying: Drying with low volume ventilation using electrical fans.

Continuous drying and storage:

Drying with continuous grain flow driers - inputs required include electricity

and some type of fuel to produce heat (e.g., diesel, natural gas, biomass, etc.).

Gasification:

The process used to convert a biomass into a gas.

Natural drying:

Drying of feedstock without any additional external energy inputs.

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