“UKRAINE’S IMAGE VERBALISATION IN MODERN ENGLISH MASS
MEDIA DISCOURSE”
ABSTRACT
T he research is focused on the analysis of Ukraine‟s
image verbalisation in modern English mass media
discourse. Findings show that lexical-semantic and
syntactical means play the leading role in Ukraine‟s image
foregrounding in the world. Data testify for the fact that
modern English mass media discourse abounds in lexis of
negative connotation, the majority of verbs and nouns used
to give an account of what is happening in Ukraine are
related to conflict, corruption, politics; the only domain
where Ukraine has an established and recognised positive
image is culture. The researched material demonstrates
high frequency use of the adverb hardly that belongs to
intensifiers and has a negative meaning. Such adverbs as
violently, suddenly, irredeemably add emphasis to the
statement and explicitly reinforce negative evaluation. In
the aspect of word formation we observe a large amount of
verbs and derivatives with prefixes dis-, mis-, over-, un-,
under- which all have negative meaning. Such tropes as
epithets where we differentiate descriptive-evaluative
epithets and occasionally-associated epithets, among the
latter group we point out metaphoric, metonymic,
hyperbolic epithets; metaphors (physiological,
fitomorphic, morbial, military, sport, criminal, theatrical),
metonymy, simile, and syntactical figures of speech such
as reiteration and syntactical parallelism are in active use
in modern English mass media discourse to intensify
emotional response on addressee‟s part and to form
Ukraine‟s image.
Keywords:
modern English mass media discourse,
Ukraine‟s image verbalization,
figure of speech,
epithet,
metaphor,
metonymy,
addressee.
Name of the Authors:
Olena Yemelyanova 1
Svitlana Baranova 2
1,2
PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Germanic
Philology, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
Advance Research Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Discoveries I Vol. 18.0 I Issue – I ISSN NO : 2456-1045
ISSN : 2456-1045 (Online)
(ICV-LNG/Impact Value): 3.08
(GIF) Impact Factor: 2.174
Publishing Copyright@International Journal Foundation
Journal Code: ARJMD/LNG/V-18.0/I-1/C-11/OCT-2017
Category : LANGUAGE
Volume : 18.0 / Chapter- XI / Issue -1 (OCTOBER-2017)
Website: www.journalresearchijf.com
Received: 02.11.2017
Accepted: 06.11.2017
Date of Publication: 10-11-2017
Page: 52-57
Citation of the Article
Original Research Article
Yemelyanova O. & Baranova S. (2017) Ukraine’s image
verbalisation in modern english mass media discourse; Advance
Research Journal of Multidisciplinary Discoveries.18.0,C-
11(2017):52-57; available at : http://www.journalresearchijf.com
e;
An open access journal of International Journal Foundation ( www.journalresearchijf.com) Page I 52
Advance Research Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Discoveries I Vol. 17.0 I Issue – I ISSN NO : 2456-1045
stipulated by the tasks and analysed material and comprise:
induction that determined the area of the research starting from
the accumulation of the linguistic material to its systematisation
and pointing out peculiarities of linguistic units functioning;
methods of implicational and presuppositional analysis to
identify the intentional focus of the discourse units; discourse
analysis that foresees study of the key structural-compositional
and notional parameters of modern English mass media
discourse; method of communicative and functional analysis
with the help of which the axiological elements of the modern
English mass media discourse were differentiated, semantical-
syntactical and stylistic methods which enable to study out
main lingual features of modern English mass media discourse.
III. RESULTS
Conducting the research we questioned the combination
of the lexemes Ukraine and Ukrainian in modern English
mass media discourse. Data show that the most commonly used
word combinations follow the structure Ukrainian + Noun,
Ukraine(’s) + Noun and refer to the political, economic,
military and cultural domain.
For example: Ukrainian resistance/troops/army/military/
citizenship/president/politics/parliament/oligarchs/law/authorit
ies/nationalists/politicians/investigation/independence/public/t
elevision/culture/claim/ youth/singer/film/cities/town.Ukraine
officials, Ukraine’s forces/future.
There are also less used word combinations where the
adjective Ukrainian is in a row with some other adjectives
before the noun. The structures are Adjective + Ukrainian +
Noun or Ukrainian + Adjective + Noun, Ukrainian +
Noun(s) + Noun and Ukraine(’s) + Adjective + Noun.
For example: current Ukrainian government, conflicting
Ukrainian vision, the Ukrainian security service, the Ukrainian
migration service, the Ukrainian national energy company,
Ukrainian military summer camp, Ukrainian national holiday.
Ukraine’s national colours, Ukraine’s widespread corruption,
Ukraine’s ultrawealthy steel and natural gas tycoons.
The analysed material shows that in modern English
mass media discourse Ukraine‟s image formation ensues on the
use of words emotiveness of which depends on associations
and responses connected with denotation. These are such words
as: independence, freedom, dignity, fight, war, corruption,
struggle, failure etc.
For example: The bureau (the National Anti-Corruption
Bureau of Ukraine) was created to comply with International
Monetary Fund requirements to fight corruption, and the
president cannot fire its leaders (Kramer, 2017).
At a time when the country is embroiled in a war that has
seen Russia-backed rebels take control of an eastern chunk of
the country, the law does not seem to work to consolidate
society, but rather the opposite (Walker, 2016).
The word fear that directly names “an unpleasant
emotion or thought that you have when you are frightened or
worried by something dangerous, painful or bad that is
happening or might happen” (6) is also in active use.
For example: Shortly after, other landfills began refusing
the city’s waste, allegedly out of fear of a similar catastrophe
repeating itself (Peleschuk, 2017).
Exceptionally influential in the aspect of image making
of the country are slang expressions such as kickbacks or cover
which became known to every Ukrainian since the late 1990s.
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I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays discourse studies belong to one of the most
productive linguistic research areas. In spite of the high
philologists‟ interest to the notion discourse its interpretation is
still multiple-valued and in many works is determined by the
research tasks. In modern society where the key driving force is
information, the main discourse that actualizes movement of the
social thought and forms a person‟s conceptual world view is
mass media discourse. As Abdulmalik Ali points out: “Media
discourse has the social power to influence recipients and shape
their ideological beliefs”. (1p133) We share the point of view of
Abramova and define mass media discourse as a socio -
cognitive and socio-regulatory mechanism, directly aimed at
social self-cognition and social construction, and at
objectification and modelling of social consciousness (objectified
in the aggregate publicly stated texts of society reflection on its
reality and activities) and public opinion (evaluative judgments
regarding social reality and activities) through production,
distribution and regular delivery of socially significant meanings
and evaluations to general public. (2p18)
Mass media discourse has the following characteristic
features of: (1) openness and focus on socially high-profile facts
and their conceptual and emotional consideration, (2) open social
evaluation that enables to have a modelling effect, (3) an open
worldview, providing representation of social-evaluative
judgments (opinions) and an ideological support of debated
public ideas and social projects offered by the society, (4)
evaluative and ideological modality and the strategy of focusing
related to it, that is, adjusting the focus of thoughts on certain
fragments of social practices, and the evaluation strategy, (5) the
political and ideological modus of thought formation and
formulation, information content, and its encoding, (6) use of
eclectic tools and techniques to represent social reality, (7)
fragmented worldview, reflecting the nature, form, and the
syntax of a popular social thought. (3).The objective of the
research is to analyse lexical and stylistic peculiarities of
Ukraine‟s image foregrounding in modern English mass media
discourse. The subject matter is modern English mass media
discourse. The specific topic of the study is lexical and stylistic
devices employed to form Ukraine‟s image in modern English
mass media discourse.
The key principle of modern mass media discourse is the
detailed consideration of the addressee‟s factor. Its main
function is the formation of a peculiar world model in the
addressee‟s consciousness. And in this aspect evaluation comes
to the fore. Bednarek sees evaluation as “a significant element of
our lives: as a device for interpreting the world and offering this
evaluation to others, it pervades human behaviour: when we
interact with the world around us, we perceive, categorize and
evaluate what we encounter. Our short-term evaluations may
then turn into long-term values, which are as important to our
lives as our beliefs”. (4p4) The most important feature of
evaluation is that it always comprises a subjective factor that
interrelates with the objective one. The subjective component
presupposes positive or negative attitude of the subject of
evaluation to its object, whereas the objective (descriptive)
component of the evaluation is focused on phenomena‟s
attributes that are the basis of evaluation. Al-Hindawi and Al-
Ebadi are sure that “news discourse is produced with some
degree of subjective intervention”. (5p114)
The analysis of the researched material proves that
Ukraine‟s image foregrounding is based on evaluation.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The material of the research is the newspaper articles
published online in American and English newspapers since
January 2016 to August 2017. Methods of the research are
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For example: State property in Rivne was being
reassigned to the intelligence service, which was selling it to
businessmen who then developed it and paid kickbacks to the
intelligence officials (Judah, 2017).
When Ukraine’s widely respected economy minister
resigned in February 2016 (along with his entire team), he said
he did not want to provide ―cover‖ for government corruption
and pointed a finger at people close to Poroshenko (Judah,
2017). Mazlum states that “words have a powerful effect. They
have the power to make an action or an idea un/justifiable”
(7p167). The analysis of the modern English mass medial
discourse shows that the majority of verbs used to give an
account of what is happening in Ukraine is related to the
conflict, corruption, politics. They comprise such verbs as to
ban, to block, to struggle, to fail, to die, to kill, to lock, to
manipulate.
For example: Several Ukrainian politicians spoke in
favour of the ban amid the simmering conflict with Russian-
backed separatists, which has killed at least 10,000 people since
2014 (Luhn, 2017).
As is often the case in Ukraine – an ex-Soviet republic that
has struggled to adopt a transparent democracy – politics is
part of the picture (Peleschuk, 2017). The researched material demonstrates that modern English mass
media discourse abounds in lexis of negative connotation. In the
aspect of word formation we observe a large amount of verbs
and derivatives with the prefix over- the meaning of which “is
too much”.
For example: Today, about a third of Lviv’s waste
collection sites are full, their contents often found overflowing
across streets and pavements – and people worry about what the
coming warm months will mean for the piles of waste
(Peleschuk, 2017). ―We came to understand that we could become overtaken by
garbage,‖ he says (Peleschuk, 2017). Prefixes un- (the meaning is “not”), under- (the meaning is
“insufficient”), mis- (the meaning is “wrongly”), dis- (the
meaning is “opposite action or state”) are also in active use to
form an undoubtedly unfavourable image of Ukraine.
For example: Chronic underfunding from both the state
budget and investors has resulted in the lack of an efficient
waste management strategy (Peleschuk, 2017).
The current template for peace, the second version of the
so-called Minsk accords, has not been implemented and is
unpopular among Ukrainians (Judah, 2017).
Though the revolution was set off in part by disgust at the
corruption and systematic abuses of power of the Yanukovych
government, no senior officials from before or after the
revolution have been tried for misusing funds or for the deaths
of those shot during the revolt (Judah, 2017).
Data analysis of modern English mass media discourse
demonstrates that the only domain where Ukraine has an
established and recognised positive image is culture. It is
foregrounded through lexical units with positive connotation.
Much of Kiev’s new cultural thrust has been in response
to recent tumult (Lepeska, 2016).
Pinchuk Art Centre, perhaps the country’s top
independent art space, now positions ―mediators‖ in every
room of its four-floor gallery space – young art students who
speak Ukrainian, Russian, and English and answer questions
from visitors (Lepeska, 2016).
Adverbs belong to a potent means of forming either
positive or negative evaluation. Adverb hardly belongs to
intensifiers and has a negative meaning. The researched material
demonstrates high frequency use of the adverb hardly in
reference to Ukraine.
For example: Our guide tried to calm fears about our
exposure to radiation by assuring us that any high levels on our
body would be detected by the machines we had to pass through
on the way out of Chernobyl’s exclusion zone. Those machines –
old Soviet steel contraptions that look like retro airport metal
detectors – hardly inspire confidence (Reed, 2017).
Opinion polls show that hardly any politicians in the
current government and parliament are popular, so further
unrest could create opportunities for radicals and nationalists to
destabilize the political system (Judah, 2017).
The use of the intensifier exceptionally is sure to raise the
emotiveness of the discourse and facilitate the evaluation.
―It’s clearly up to a combination of not only economic but
also political reasons that the size of Ukrainian immigration has
become exceptionally huge,‖ said Jakub Binkowski, an
immigration expert at the Polish Union of Entrepreneurs and
Employers (Bartyzel, 2017).
Such adverbs as violently, suddenly, irredeemably add
emphasis to the statement and explicitly reinforce negative
evaluation.
For example: The move codified a phenomenon known as
Leninopad, or ―Lenin-fall‖, which saw hundreds of monuments
of the Soviet leader violently and suddenly toppled by Ukrainian
nationalists (Teicher, 2017).
And in a broader sense, they underscore the dangers that
lurk for foreigners who, tempted by potentially rich payoffs, cast
their lot with politicians in countries that at best have different
laws about money in politics, and at worst are, like Ukraine in
those years, irredeemably corrupt (Kramer, 2017).
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs and the
construction “the + adjective in the comparative degree…… the
+ adjective in the comparative degree….” represent the explicit
evaluation that can be either positive or negative.
For example: On the other hand, the longer the territories
remain completely cut off from Kiev, the greater the likelihood
that, sooner or later, they will be annexed by Russia or develop
an independent identity, which would make it very hard for them
to be reintegrated into Ukraine (Judah, 2017).
Odessa may not exactly leap to mind as a hotbed for book
lovers – it is perhaps better known globally for its ―mail-order
bride‖ industry (Eden, 2017).
In Bessarabska Square, meanwhile, the pedestal where
Lenin once stood remains empty, perhaps the clearest sign of all
that when it comes to Ukraine’s future there are more questions
than answers (Teicher, 2017).
Axiological linguistic means utilized in modern English
mass media discourse play a crucial role in establishing
Ukraine‟s image all around the world. Epithets occupy a
prominent position among other figures of speech.
Expressiveness of mass media discourse is targeted on
addressee‟s influence in order to form a preferable public
opinion and impel masses to action.
The linguistic analysis of modern English mass media
discourse shows that the characteristic feature of it is the vast
amount of descriptive-evaluative epithets. This type of epithets
focuses on some essential attribute of a referent in a certain
situation.
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For example: Locals complain of huge potholes, pricey
public services, and no parking (Lepeska, 2016).
Bold young artists, promoters, entrepreneurs and officials
have quietly begun to transform this city of three million into a
hotbed of urban creativity, with innovative theatre, outdoor
concerts and food events, a slew of smart bars and cafes, and a
flowering of film production and appreciation (Lepeska, 2016).
In the aspect of Ukraine‟s image verbalization modern
English mass media discourse abounds in occasionally-
associated epithets where metaphoric epithets come forth.
Metaphoric epithets are characterized by the implicit object of
comparison.
For example: The move comes after the actor received
citizenship in Russia, which has backed separatists in a
simmering conflict in eastern Ukraine (Lyhn, 2017).
Though his popularity has declined steadily, Poroshenko
stabilized an economy in freefall, secured loans from the
International Monetary Fund, prevented Russian-backed
rebellions in vulnerable regions such as Odessa, and above all
created a serious military force out of the weak and
disorganized one he inherited (Judah, 2017).
Ukraine’s elections are not until 2019, but RUSI's Eyal
said that Ukraine’s weak economy and ongoing military
conflict meant that he doubts "we will get there without any
surprises" (Smith, 2017).
The condition and location of the Lenins, Mr. Ackermann
said, were telling, but insufficient alone to create a truly
illuminating portrait of Ukraine (Teicher, 2017).
Metonymic epithets are characterized by “overlapping” of
direct word meaning with its transferred meaning on the basis
of contiguity.
For example: The monument’s fire pit is supposed to
hold an eternal flame, but due to funding issues it now only
burns on the biggest national holidays (Morris, 2017).
Hyperbolic epithets are also widely used to form
Ukraine‟s image.
For example: Then they realized that the local branch of
Ukraine’s intelligence services was at the center of a huge
scam (Judah, 2017).
The three years since then have been among the most
difficult in the recent history of Ukraine, with Russian military
aggression and enormous economic losses aggravated by
corruption (Kyrylenko, 2017).
Analysed data prove that modern English mass media
discourse is saturated with metaphors. Metaphor is not only “a
device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish”,
but “is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in
thought and action”. (8p4) Ayassrah and Alidmat define a
metaphor as “a way of depicting something by calling it
something else” and they point out that a metaphor “is not only
a core concept in literary studies, but also a prevalent
companion in everyday language”. (9p136) Modern cognitive
linguistics views metaphor not only as a trope, the primary goal
of which is to make our speech more eloquent and florid, but to
mode the way of thinking. In the course of communication,
metaphor comes as a potent means of influencing the
addressee‟s intellect, emotions and will. Philological studies
offer a diverse classification of metaphors. In our research we
follow the classification presented by Chudinov. (10)
Data analysis makes it clear that the image of Ukraine in the
minds of thousands of addressees all around the world is
formed via such types of metaphors as:
Physiological metaphors
On the other hand, there is a demotivating brain drain to
contend with (Eden, 2017).
Zoomorphic metaphors
Unemployment hovers at around 10%, and the economy is still
sluggish (Lepeska, 2016).
Fitomorphic metaphors
… and a flowering of film production and appreciation
(Lepeska, 2016).
… a hotbed of urban creativity … (Lepeska, 2016).
Morbial metaphors
Corruption remains deeply endemic (Lepeska, 2016).
The Ukrainian city of Lviv – long noted for its Habsburg-era
buildings and vibrant cafes – is in the throes of a trash crisis
(Peleschuk, 2017).
Military metaphors
They are children of war and over the last three years, their
lives have been lived to a background of shots and explosions
(Kyrylenko, 2017).
Occasionally, as in January of this year, there is a major
flare-up of fighting (Judah, 2017).
Sport metaphors
After Trump’s election, Michael McFaul, former U.S.
ambassador to Russia, called Ukraine the "biggest loser in the
world tonight" (Smith, 2017).
Criminal metaphors
According to Daria Kaleniuk, who runs the Anti-Corruption
Action Centre, an influential NGO in Kiev, a crucial change
since the revolution is that it is far harder to hide misdeeds
(Judah, 2017).
Theatrical metaphors
While its nationwide support remains in single digits,
Samopomich has built a loyal following and its members have
staged high profile protests against the government
(Peleschuk, 2017).
As they say: “Facts are stubborn things”. The vast
majority of metaphors used in modern English mass media
discourse form quite a negative image of Ukraine as of a
country in war, with unstable economy, and thriving corruption.
Simile as a figure of speech, which presents the direct
comparison of two things, serves the purpose of establishing the
evaluation in the addressee‟s mind.
For example: The war against graft is as hard as the one
against Russia (Ukraine is struggling with corruption,
sometimes successfully, 2017).
Research proves that syntactical means are as effective as
lexical and semantic means in forming positive or negative
evaluation. Conversion reinforces the evaluation conveyed by
lexical units.
For example: So vexing is the situation that officials
have floated the idea of sending waste into the Chernobyl
Exclusion Zone, although such proposals are unlikely to gain
significant traction (Peleschuk, 2017).
Reiteration and syntactical parallelism are employed in
modern English mass media discourse to intensify emotional
response on addressee‟s part.
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This fact leaves the question open whether the use of
Kiev instead if Kyiv, is just a conventional way of spelling used
by journalists, or whether it has much deeper implications.
V. CONCLUSION
The conducted research shows that the image of Ukraine
presented in modern English mass media discourse is
ambivalent. On the one hand the image of Ukraine is associated
with war conflict, corruption, politics, and on the other hand
Ukraine shows remarkable development in cultural sphere.
This fact is traced explicitly in the combination of the lexemes
Ukraine and Ukrainian where the most commonly used word
combinations follow the structure Ukrainian + Noun,
Ukraine(’s) + Noun. In modern English mass media discourse
the image of Ukraine is formed with the help of the words
emotiveness of which depends on associations and responses
connected with denotation. These are such words as:
independence, freedom, dignity, fight, war, corruption,
struggle, failure etc. Undeniably negative connotation have
slang expressions kickbacks and cover which Ukrainians
became aware of since the late 1990s. The analysis of modern
English mass medial discourse shows that the majority of verbs
used to give an account of what is happening in Ukraine are
related to the conflict, corruption, politics. They comprise such
verbs as to ban, to block, to struggle, to fail, to die, to kill, to
lock, to manipulate. The researched material demonstrates high
frequency use of the adverb hardly that belongs to intensifiers
and has a negative meaning. Such adverbs as violently,
suddenly, irredeemably add emphasis to the statement and
explicitly reinforce negative evaluation. In the aspect of word
formation we observe a large amount of verbs and derivatives
with prefixes dis-, mis-, over-, un-, under- which also convey
negative meaning.
Modern English mass media discourse is rich in tropes.
Epithets that belong to the axiological linguistic means are a
potent source of image verbalization. We differentiate
descriptive-evaluative and occasionally-associated epithets.
Occasionally-associated epithets comprise metaphoric,
metonymic, hyperbolic epithets. Metaphor as the inherent
attribute of thinking and speaking is very efficient in Ukraine‟s
image foregrounding. The research enables to differentiate
physiological, fitomorphic, morbial, military, sport, criminal,
theatrical metaphors. Metonymy and simile are also actively
used. Syntactical figures of speech represented in modern
English mass media discourse comprise reiteration and
syntactical parallelism to intensify emotional response on
addressee‟s part and to form Ukraine‟s image.
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For example: Mr Kolomoisky must explain in court why
the interests of the few trump the interests of the many (Ryanair
drops plans to serve Ukraine, 2017).
The answer is that too many politicians are doing too well
and are wary of reforms that could send them to jail (Judah,
2017).
IV. DISCUSSION
Data show that toponyms as well as evaluative lexis are a
steady resource of image coining. Such toponyms as Chernobyl,
Pripyat, Hrybovychi are deeply rooted in the minds of millions of
people all around the world and connected with the disasters.
They stir anxiety, uneasiness and worry.
For example: Today, visitors can stand across the street
from the damaged reactor at Chernobyl, which recently was
covered by a huge, $2.3bn (£1.7bn) shield. But the highlight of
the tour is, by far, the crumbling city of Pripyat. Though tour
operators are warned to stay out of Pripyat’s buildings, tourists
routinely stomp through the city, including the hospital where
dying first responders were taken (Reed, 2017).
Sadovyy’s opponents say he is playing politics to cover for
city hall’s incompetence, particularly its failure to seek
alternative methods of rubbish disposal before last year’s fire at
the landfill in the village of Hrybovychi (Peleschuk, 2017).
Ukraine is an independent state with its own national
language – the Ukrainian language. The linguistic norm requires
that the Ukrainian toponyms were translated into English on the
basis of their phonemic structure. It means that the capital of
Ukraine should be written as Kyiv, but in no way as Kiev. The
analysis of modern English mass media discourse shows that no
matter how hard Ukraine is struggling to shake free from the
former colonial past, for vast majority of foreign journalists Kyiv
was and remains Kiev. Unfortunately, they ignore the established
rules and refer to the capital of Ukraine as it was 20 years ago
when Russian version of pronunciation was the one that counted.
For example: Whether to provide more substantial
weaponry to Kiev’s beleaguered forces has embroiled American
policy makers for several years ( Schmitt, Kramer, 2017).
Mr. Tillerson’s strongly worded statement, issued at a news
conference in Kiev alongside President Petro O. Poroshenko of
Ukraine, seemed to insist that Moscow withdraw Russian troops
and heavy weapons from eastern Ukraine and return Crimea, the
Black Sea territory that Russia annexed in 2014 — though Mr.
Tillerson never specifically mentioned that disputed peninsula by
name (Sanger, 2017).
The country’s capital, Kiev, is at the forefront of a powerful
new wave of creativity (Lepeska, 2016).
The more striking is the fact that the other toponyms and
the proper names mentioned in the articles are conveyed
according to their Ukrainian phonemic structure. For example:
Lviv, Rivne, Petro Poroshenko, Volodymyr Holubnychy, Andriy
Sadovyy.
Petro Poroshenko and Mikheil Saakashvili were two
ambitious young men at Kiev’s Taras Shevchenko University in
the late 1980s (Ukraine strips one of its president‟s rivals of his
citizenship, 2017).
In other instances, claims Lviv’s mayor, Andriy Sadovyy,
landfills have been ordered by central authorities not to accept
deliveries of trash from his city (Peleschuk, 2017).
Rivne, a town of a quarter-million people in western
Ukraine, a four-hour drive from Kiev, is a good place to take
stock of this ambivalent progress (Judah, 2017).
Advance Research Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Discoveries I Vol. 17.0 I Issue – I ISSN NO : 2456-1045
[10] Peleschuk D. Trash talk: how beautiful, progressive Lviv became overrun with rubbish. [Internet]. 2017, April 24 [cited
2017 Nov 2]. Available from:
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Corresponding author : Olena Yemelyanova & Svitlana
Baranova, Associate Professor, Department of Germanic Philology, Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine Email:
o.emelyanova [at] gf[dot] sumdu[dot] edu[dot]ua, s.baranova
[at] gf[dot]sumdu[dot]edu[dot]ua