Ultra-Low Energy Drip Irrigation for MENA...

Ultra-Low Energy Drip Irrigation

for MENA Countries Year 1 End Report

Aug. 2016 – Sep. 2017

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PROJECT FACT SHEET

PROJECT TITLE: Ultra-Low Energy Drip Irrigation for MENA Countries

FUNDING AGENCY: United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Middle East Water Security Initiative (MWSI) - BAA- MWSI-ME-2015

START DATE: September 20th, 2016

END DATE: September 19th, 2019

IMPLEMENTNIG PARTNERS IN JORDAN:

Methods for Irrigation and Agriculture (MIRRA) - a Jordanian non-governmental organization that specializes in the development of water and agricultural sectors including optimizing pressurized irrigation networks at field and network levels, wastewater reuse in agriculture and capacity-building activities for individuals and institutions. http://mirra-jo.org

MIT Global Engineering and Research (GEAR) Lab, the lead organization and creator of the drip irrigation emitters capable of maintaining a constant flow rate and matching the pressure of competing products at 50% of the energy required of conventional drippers. http://gear.mit.edu

Jain Irrigation, Ltd., is the second largest micro irrigation company in the world, based out of India. Its role in the project is producing the prototype emitters so that they can be installed in the field by MIRRA. http://www.jains.com/

CONTACT INFORMATION: Mobile: Amal OMARI 00962(0)795210780 By Email: [email protected] By Mail: P.O. Box 941454 Amman 11194 Jordan

http://mirra-jo.org/

http://gear.mit.edu/

http://www.jains.com/

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Methods for Irrigation and Agriculture

ميرا لتطوير أساليب الري والزراعة

LIST OF SYMBOLS ADRITEC Arab Drip Irrigation Technology CV Coefficient of Variation DAQ Data Acquisition EU Emission Uniformity FAZ Electricity Unit GR Local Name for Inline Emitters HP Horse Power MENA Middle East and North Africa MIRRA Methods for Irrigation and Agriculture MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology NCARE National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension PC Pressure Compensated PRV Pressure Relief Valve TRD Traditional USAID United States Agency for International Development USDA United States Department of Agriculture WAJ Water Authority of Jordan

SITE KEY Sharhabeel Station Site IDs 11, 12, 13, 14 Ramtha Station Site ID 15 Mafraq Farm Site ID 16

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiDwun12YnYAhXDaRQKHQLWBGAQFgglMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2F&usg=AOvVaw3uxzffl3-t5OE_zPz7UTWi

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Methods for Irrigation and Agriculture ميرا لتطوير أساليب الري والزراعة

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 4

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 8

SHARHABEEL STATION (Sites 11 – 14) .......................................................................................................... 9

RAMTHA STATION (Site 15) ........................................................................................................................ 14

MAFRAQ STATION (Site 16) ........................................................................................................................ 17

MIRRA-MIT END-OF-First Year MEETING .................................................................................................... 20

CONCLUSIONS AND FEEDBACK ................................................................................................................... 22

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................................ 24

Appendix A: Background documents: ......................................................................................................... 24

Appendix B: The final layout of the Irrigation systems in the three sites:.................................................. 24

Appendix C: Water Analysis Results ........................................................................................................... 29

Appendix D: Soil Analysis Results ................................................................................................................ 31

Appendix E: Irrigation Events ...................................................................................................................... 31

Appendix F: Pressure and Flowrates ........................................................................................................... 39

Appendix G: Uniformity Test Results .......................................................................................................... 45

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Moving from water scarce to water adaptive means making an incremental shift in the Middle East North Africa Region (MENA) in technological and social innovations. Particularly in Jordan, water scarcity places an increasing amount of stress on the balancing act to manage water provisions to the increasing population as well as to the agricultural, energy, industry and developmental sectors. Agricultural water requirements represent about 60% of the total national water needs with 51% (2014 estimates) of water used in irrigation, including treated wastewater1. If improved benchmarks for water-use efficiency go unfound or unimplemented, Jordan’s agricultural sector, its farmers and groundwater stocks are to face even tougher challenges as water demand of the domestic sector is to increase by 50-60% in 32 years (by 2050)2, as the domestic and agricultural sectors are the biggest water consumers. In Jordan, inefficiencies in irrigation networks that lead to uneven water distribution in an irrigation system are primarily attributed to the following:

the low pressure of supplied water, for which conventional emitters in Jordan are ill-equipped to distribute evenly;

the lack of standardization of high-quality drip irrigation fittings available on the market, and those that are available, leak when water pressure is too high;

additionally, it’s possible to design an irrigation network that is respective of the water pressure (even low water pressure); however, generally farmers do not have the know-how or resources to design their networks for low water pressure.

The initiative Ultra-Low Energy Drip Irrigation for MENA Countries (U-LEDIMC), funded by United States Agency for International Development (USAID), aims to make improvements to the way farmers irrigate their fields by closing the gap between the absence of applicable technology and the general know-how of designing adaptive irrigation networks by providing an irrigation innovation that will enable farmers to provide uniform distribution of water to their fields with low-pressure water. By reducing the energy input required to distribute water evenly through an irrigation system, the project is to improve water efficiency and uniformity distribution. This is to be achieved by introducing a prototype emitter (a device installed throughout the lines of a drip irrigation system designed to release water in a steady fashion directly to crop roots), designed by Massachusetts’s Institute of Technology’s GEAR Lab, which is also to pave the way for drip irrigation systems to run on low-cost, solar-energy solutions.

1 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2015). National Water Strategy of Jordan, 2016-2025.

2 Ministry of Water and Irrigation (2015). National Water Strategy of Jordan, 2016-2025.

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USAID’s implementing goal is to field validate ultra-low pressure drip emitters for the MENA region, with prototyping in both Jordan and Morocco. The initiative incorporates two phases:

Phase 1: on-line drip emitters are validated and field tested on tree crops, including 15+ farms in Morocco and Jordan over multiple growing seasons and varying water resources (qualities).

Phase 2: in-line drip emitters are to be designed, validated and field tested on 8+ farms cultivating vegetables and cash crops. Both on- and off-grid power sources are to be developed and optimized to design systems and tested during this phase.

Having started in September 20, 2016, U-LEDIMC will continue until September 19, 2019. In Jordan, the first year entailed MIRRA connecting MIT GEAR Lab with local farmers to facilitate the understanding of the context in Jordan including the costs, subsidies, strengths and weaknesses of the agricultural sector. Additionally, MIRRA initiated prototype testing at farms in Mafraq, Jordan Valley (Sharhabeel) and Ramtha. The emitters have thus far proven their ability to evenly distribute water at low pressure as well as uniformly deliver treated wastewater, which is to be an increasingly important source of irrigation water in Jordan in the future. Within the second year of the project, the MIRRA team is to conclude the Phase 1 - A by

looking to incorporate additional farms into the field work and test the prototype emitters,

start Phase 1 – B by using a solar pump to operate a low-pressure drip irrigation system, and

start Phase 2 by introducing low-pressure inline emitters.

Various achievements were made regarding work at the three project sites in Jordan: Al-

Ramtha Farm, Al-Mafraq Farm and Sharhabeel bin Hasanah Station (Sharhabeel Station).

Al-Ramtha Station was a site of particular significance. Although there were no crops being

cultivated at the site at the time of the work this past project year, the fields had previously

been fitted with an online irrigation system fed with treated wastewater.

Treated wastewater is of interest to this project as it represents a unique set of challenges and

opportunities. This water source entails an increased risk of clogging in the emitters. However,

the use of treated wastewater in Jordanian agriculture is expected to increase as a way to offset

the growing water demand in other sectors. Although the treated wastewater did in fact cause

some issues - spurring the growth of weeds while irrigation events and timing were reduced to

stave their growth - the prototype emitters proved their ability to reach the project’s desired

outcome. As a result, the emitter’s at Ramtha have shown the agricultural community that

there’s no need to avoid more effective and efficient means of delivering water to crops for fear

of clogging.

Al-Mafraq Farm was a site that would test the ability of the prototype emitter at a farm

characterized by orchards on a large scale. It was here that measurements were taken of the

tree branches of selected trees to affirm the effect the prototype emitters had on tree growth as

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well as on the quality of crop production, measuring the weight of the crops’ produce at the end

of the season.

Even though there were numerous set of challenges within the study, they (the challenges)

were also representative of common hurdles faced by farmers. Al-Mafraq Farm is a legacy

establishment with a family of workers having resided and worked at the farm since the 1970s.

It was here where the changing of the times (the national need to conserve and/or efficiently

use water while maintaining economic viability of operations, particularly in the agricultural

sector) confronted the traditional means of farm management. Not long after the irrigation

system was set up with the prototype emitters, that the experiment was doubted by the farm

workers. Valve settings were changed when MIRRA was not on location and at one point the

rubber component of the prototype emitters had been removed by farm workers. Both actions

were done to, reportedly, increase the amount of water reaching plants. Consequently,

addressing these issues became a milestone achievement of the MIRRA team to educate the

farm workers on the nature of the project and assure them that the emitters don’t represent a

decreased amount of water reaching crops, but rather an even, timely and efficient distribution

of water to all crops. Additionally, due to the site’s pump, used to supply the irrigation system

with water, would frequently shutdown and power outages were commonplace in the summer

months. To extend access to the electrical power, solar panels were installed in order to

sufficiently operate the equipment and measure the uniformity of water delivered through the

emitters.

Overall, it was a technical and social challenge to meld the know-how with the proper

installation and operation of the prototype emitters. Both aspects were incorporated into

MIRRA’s approach to ensure the testing of the prototype as secure a model example of what

the ultra-low drip emitters are capable of on a private farm, such as Mafraq.

Sharhabeel Station’s orange and pomegranate orchards were transformed by the installation of

the prototype emitters and an irrigation system build from scratch. Naturally, establishing an

irrigation system at the site was only part of the challenge. Optimizing the irrigation system

from then on entailed monitoring the streams for clogging. The water source – an irrigation

pond consisting of a mix of spring water and water from the Yarmouk River and Wadi Arab

Dam - was teaming with fish and eventually led to algae building up in the system. Multiple

chemical flushings cleared up the issue, but there was other work at hand too – a knowledge-

based task. As MIRRA not only specializes in the technical aspects of irrigation, it also engages

agriculturalists in capacity building.

As in the case of Sharhabeel Station, the MIRRA team was not present to record the stats of

the pressure gauges and flow meters as well as maintain the appropriate pressure. Initially,

farm staff were unable to reliably collect and record the data. Communicating the ends of the

project as well as bridging the technical and knowledge-based needs led to conducting an ideal

and informed context for measuring the prototype’s ability to evenly distribute water to crops.

The year ended with an invitation to farmers to take part in the project and witness how the

low-energy drip emitters could work for them and their farms during the Field Day. Various

pamphlets were prepared to educate farmers about the importance of drip irrigation as well as

introduce them to low-pressure drip emitters. More than 45 farmers attended and listened to

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the ways in which managing irrigation systems as an essential part of agricultural production

in Jordan: from the importance of filters and how to clean them, the use of a fertigation system

and removing algae to utilizing a control system, sensors and pressure gauges to invigorate

new viable options for Jordanian agriculture.

The first year of the project was highlighted by the determined efforts of the MIRRA team to

test the ultra-low energy drip emitter prototypes at farms representative of the variety of

agricultural operations and contexts found in Jordan. Once the baseline was achieved at the

sites, normalizing the variations at these settings that would cause inaccuracies when

attempting to determine the prototype emitter’s performance, for optimal testing was

conducted and data collected.

By the end of the year, the initial obstacles in farming and testing operations had been resolved

and Uniformity Tests yielded conclusive results of the emitters’ performance and potential for

securing a sustained future for the agricultural sector in Jordan by delivering positive results

whereby water (treated and groundwater) were evenly distributed throughout the selected sites

at a fraction of the energy required.

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INTRODUCTION

Methods for Irrigation and Agriculture (MIRRA) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have been working with three farms to conduct its prototype testing for the ultra-low energy drip emitters.

Looking back at this past year, testing has revealed the emitter’s strengths as well as areas for improvement. At Ramtha, the MIRRA team was happy to see that the emitters were operating successfully with treated wastewater. Treated wastewater in an irrigation system typically poses one particular problem: clogging. It is for this reason that farmers tend to avoid using online emitters in irrigation. However, the teams have now demonstrated to farmers that these emitters can play a role in mingling treated waste water with irrigation systems in Jordan. At Sharhabeel, the farm’s main crops are fruit-bearing trees. When installing the emitters, the MIRRA team used micro tubing – a circular tube surrounding the tree with five drippers who resulted in improved crop conditions a few months following installation. NCARE was pleased with the outcomes of the crops paired with micro tubing, compared to the other irrigation setups at the station. In the north of Jordan, Mafraq gave a different perspective. It is here that olive trees are cultivated in the desert climate of Mafraq. Growing the olive trees in this context revealed several challenges that the MIRRA team is to avoid in the future: the difficulty of cultivating this water-thirsty crop in this area as well as reconsidering this site as not well suited for the project. Across the board, MIRRA has been busy at the participating sites, optimizing the farms to resolve issues and produce accurate Uniformity Tests. In October and November, now that the sites have been standardized and initial obstacles in operations and testing have been resolved, the Uniformity Tests have yielded conclusive results of the emitters’ performance. The next stage of the project is underway as MIRRA hosted a “Field Day “in Sharhabeel (November 6th, 2017). The Field Day was a chance for team members to demonstrate the advantages of MIT’s low-pressure emitters. The farmers that attended had the opportunity to partner with MIRRA, adopt the technology and retrofit their current irrigation system. In this way, both MIRRA and the farmers are to be able to observe the emitters’ performance. The aim is to have additional farmers involved in the project by the next irrigation year – March 2018. The following is a look back at the work and progress made at each site followed up by the activities conducted during the MIT’s visit to Jordan in September.

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SHARHABEEL STATION (Sites 11 – 14)

Sharhabeel bin Hasanah Station is managed by the National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) and is located in the Jordan Valley covering an area of 101 dunum.

MIRRA chose two sites to utilize to test MIT’s emitters: the

Orange orchard (Site ID 11 and 12) and the Pomegranate orchard (Site ID 13 and 14). Work started at Sharhabeel on May 1. The local ADRITIC

Company designed and installed the drip irrigation system. During the course of this work, an electric 2 horsepower pump, disk filter, sand filter, controller, a pump relay and reducers were installed at the farm.

Field Stats & Activities at Sharhabeel

Orange Orchard (Sites 11 and 12) Pomegranate Orchard (Sites 13 and 14)

- 5 dunums 3 - 5x5m Tree spacing - The trees are about 15 years old - The site consists of 147 trees. - Spread over 9 rows and 17 trees/row - This site was initially irrigated with an traditional irrigation system MIRRA divided the site into almost two equal sections.

1. The Site 11 consists of: • 66 trees (9 rows, 8

- 8 dunums - 4x5m Tree spacing - The trees are about 2 years old - The site consists of 277 trees - Spread over 10 rows and 29 trees/ row. - This site was initially irrigated with an traditional irrigation system - Various species MIRRA divided the site into almost equal two sections.

1. Site 13 consists of: • 136 trees (10 rows, 14

3 One dunum is 1,000 m

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Orange site on March 7. Picture at left bottom shows

the pond used for irrigation and shows the

fertilization machine (June 2). Picture at right bottom

– Loui Rabbah and Moath Heyari from ADRITIC and

Khalil Bani Mustafa (MIRRA) installing the fertigation

system on June 5.

Crops: Citrus, Pomegranate, Palm and Avocado Water source: A mix of spring water, water from the Yarmouk River and Wadi Arab Dam Irrigation: Before MIRRA, it had one 10-horsepower pump, basin irrigation, no online emitters Devices Installed: (4) flow meters, (10) manometers, (4) electric valves, (4) flow sensors, (20) pressure sensors and (4) data loggers were installed.

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laterals) • Uses MIT emitters.

2. The Site 12 consist of: • 81 trees (9 rows,9

laterals) • Uses ADRITIC

(traditional) emitters.

laterals). • Uses MIT emitters.

2. Site 14 section consists of: • 141 trees (10 rows, 14 laterals)

Uses ADRITIC (traditional) emitters.

The irrigation system was completed following several adaptations carried out on May 15. MIRRA made numerous visits to the station to conduct uniformity tests, monitor the irrigation system and observe its operation. On July 10, the pressure gauges were replaced when they were not producing accurate results. Later, the data logger also needed replacement at site 11. It was discovered that the data logger had a broken piece and needed replacement.

By July 25, the MIRRA team headed out to the station as a group of four in order to conduct the Uniformity Test for the same plot together (Citrus plot, MIT & Traditional). It was noted that there was a problem with the pump’s pressure. ADRITIC was contacted to resolve the problem. The pump was replaced by another with the same specifications.

In July, Uniformity Tests were conducted on July 10, 13 and 25.

The damaged piece in data logger 11 (July

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6rQ-oxeCq0hYVhQdER2dE9mMzA

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6rQ-oxeCq0hTDJTWV9HTTJFWlk

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In August, ADRITIC switched the pump temporarily due to performance issues – it was not operating sufficiently and could not produce the pressure required. The following week (August 7), the ADRITIC team went with MIRRA to reinstall the pump and replace the substitute pump. It was at this time that the teams noticed that the valves had been tampered with near sites 13 and 14; the electric wires had been cut. This was later repaired. The pressure at the filters and valves checked out during the visit on August 8. The data loggers were fixed at sites 11 and 12; however, the flow sensors were not working because the algae had accumulated at the bottom of the device around the coil. After it had been removed and cleaned, it still did not produce a reading. Also, pressure sensors numbers 2 and 3 from data logger 11 had to be separated. ADRITIC installed the valves at the end of the submain, after which there was no change in pressure (bar 1) at sites 11 and 12 and remained at 0.4. The problem had not been solved. Water samples were taken from the pond and from the emitters to be examined (see Appendix page 15 or full list of water testing results and dates). At sites 11 and 12, the minimum pressure was met; however, testing at sites 13 and 14 was not possible due to the low pressure. In order to solve the pressure problem, ADRITIC decided to change the submain at the pump, from 1.5 inches to 2 inches with a length of 100 meters (August 22). Even after this change, the pressure was not optimal.

Concluding the activities at Sharhabeel for the project year, MIRRA team changed the clogged emitters at sites 11 and 12 and replaced the 2.5 HP/1 FAZ pump with a new 3 HP/ 3 FAZ pump (September 6 and 11, respectively. The pomegranates at sites 13 and 14 have been devastated by the insect infestation that was observed and reported to NCARE previously. The loss of these crops is due to the failure to periodically apply pesticides to ward off the insects on the part of NCARE. On September 12, MIRRA and ADRIEC calibrated the pressure with the new pump as well as the minimum pressure output. This was followed up with a Uniformity Test the next day.

At the end of the month, MIRRA and MIT teams went to sites 11 and 12 to clean flow sensors 1 and 2 of algae using a carburetor cleaner, fix pressure sensors 4 and 5 by fixing the electrical

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wire, and calibrated flow sensors 1 and 2. Flow sensors 3 and 4 were cleaned and calibrated at sites 13 and 14.

The start of the new project year (October) began with MIRRA observing algae in the irrigation lines. The team injected phosphoric acid (at 2 percent) into the system, starting from the fertilizer applicator after the system was flushed. Minimum pressure results were recorded at each site at Sharhabeel, and on October 9 a Uniformity test was conducted at sites 13 and 14.

Results of the minimum pressure test for the MIT Plots, conducted on October 5, was measured at 0.25 bars in the Citrus plot & 0.55 bar in Pomegranate plot. Furthermore, the results of the minimum pressure test for the TRD Plots, conducted on October 5, was measured at 1.2 bars in the Citrus plot & 1.2 bar in Pomegranate plot. On October 14, the team injected phosphoric acid and flushed the irrigation system to avoid algae buildup. There was a concern that DAQ 12 was not saving data due to the instrument’s memory card; however, MIT reported that they are still receiving up-to-date data. The next day, the irrigation system was flushed and new results for a Uniformity Test at sites 13 and 14 were taken. MIRRA agreed with NCARE to reduce irrigation time at the sites. Concluding activities in October were new Uniformity Tests (October 19, 29 and 31).and Met with the station manager to discuss and agree on Field Day arrangements. MIRRA continued Uniformity Tests on November 2.

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The following week was the first Field Day at Sharhabeel. Farmers who attended the Field Day were informed of the project work through discussions about low-energy drip irrigation, an elaboration of the advantages the emitters can provide farmers, as well as a tour of the station to see the system first hand. MIRRA assured farmers, who agreed to be participants of the program that the team would give their full support in installing and following up with the emitter’s application on their farms.

Year-End Wrap Up

Field Visits* Uniformity Tests* Field Days* Sharhabeel 44 Sharhabeel 44 1 Ramtha 24 Ramtha 9 Mafraq 28 Mafraq 19 *until November 30/2017

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Site illustration, click for full view; (top right) the newly installed 3 HP pump; (bottom left) pond during pumping; Khalid taking measurements for the Uniformity Test on July 8.

RAMTHA STATION (Site 15)

Al-Ramtha Station is the second farm of the National Center for Agricultural Research and Extension (NCARE) selected for project work. Its located 7 km north of Ramtha and covers 16 dunums, of which 1 dunum of unplanted field is being used by MIRRA. The fields are fed with treated wastewater from the Ramtha purification station in open quantities during working hours, as per agreement between NCARE and the Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ).

MIRRA started at Al-Ramtha Station at the start of May. At that time, ADRITIC had installed a drip irrigation system. The experimental area was divided into four plots, each plot divided into two sections, where traditional ADRITIC and MIT low-pressure emitters were installed. Both types of emitters were set to operate at three different pressures – (1, 0.5, and 0.25) bar.

Water storage became an issue at the site and MIRRA installed water tanks with a total volume of 8m3. However, it was not enough to conduct a uniformity test. So, MIRRA then replaced the water tanks with a pond on June 13, sealed with 400 microns of new mulch to solve the problem. Later, the 1.5 hp pump was replaced with a 3 hp to improve efficiency and conduct a Uniformity Test.

All in all, an electric pump 3 HP, a pump kit, a disk filter, sand filter,(3) pressure relief valve (PRV), (10) manometers, (3) flow meters, (3)pressure sensors, (3) flow sensors, and (1) data loggers were installed.

The station’s workers clean the experiment filters every irrigation day. A week later (on July 9), MIRRA replaced the manometer for accuracy issues. The MIRRA team conducted Uniformity Tests on July 19 plot by plot to ensure accuracy. During testing, it was observed that when the water level

in the pool drops (a half meter), the pressure in the system is also reduced.

The four tanks that were later replaced by a pond.

Crops: none Water Source: treated wastewater from the Ramtha purification station. Irrigation: online irrigation (PC) Devices Installed: an electric pump 3 HP, a pump kit, a disk filter, sand filter, (3) pressure relief valve (PRV)), (10) manometers, (3) flow meters, (3) pressure sensors, (3) flow sensors, and (1) data loggers were nsta.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6rQ-oxeCq0hSUdodVpwRGw4bHM

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At Block 2, there was a challenge to get the appropriate pressure. To remedy the issue, one of the valves was switched off until the Uniformity Tests could be completed. On July 26, a group of students from the Jordan University of Science and Technology’s (JUST) Faculty of Agriculture accompanied by Dr. Naji Mufleh visited the project site at this station. The MIRRA team was at the site and explained the project to the students. Uniformity Tests were conducted at Block 4 on August 1. The following week, (August 9) the team went to Ramtha station to calibrate the flow sensors and found that the pressure was low. The filter was cleaned as a result and the problem was fixed. The team’s aim was also to clean the submain lines and had installed valves at the end of each line, three valves one for each line. The team then took a sample of water from the pond for NCARE to examine. August 14, the team disassembled the laterals on which the local emitters had been fixed, and at the request of the MIT team, their place was closed. MIRRA headed to Ramtha Station to receive the Tunisian Delegation September 5. whose aim was to study wastewater and its uses in agriculture. The team used the opportunity to explain the project, the emitters and their efficiency.

MIRRA installed new laterals with MIT emitters, replacing the laterals with the local emitters (September 18). The following week, MIRRA and MIT teams replaced the flow sensor, cleaned flow sensors 1 and 2, and calibrated flow sensors 1, 2 and 3. In October, it was noted that the rubber in the sand filer was leaking. It was later replaced.

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The large number of weeds and soil moisture, due to the inability of the soil to absorb irrigation water, made it difficult for the MIRRA team to conduct work. The irrigation schedule was altered from three days a week (half an hour on Sunday, half an hour on Tuesday and three hours on Thursday during the Uniformity Test) to once a week (3 hours). Uniformity Tests were conducted October 8 (filters were cleaned), 15 (no issues observed), 22 and 29.

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MAFRAQ STATION (Site 16)

The 5-dunnum site of the olive orchard at site 16 was chosen to be included in the study. This site is divided further into two parts: Plot 1 – with 12 rows, 96 trees, 12 laterals and affixed with MIT’s low-pressure emitters; Plot 2 – 103 trees, 12 laterals and affixed with ADRITIC emitters.

Field Stats of Mafraq

Site 16 • 5 Dunums • Plant spacing for most varieties and trees

spread at 6x6m apart

Plot 1 Plot 2

96 trees 12 laterals Low-pressure MIT emitters (site illustration below)

103 trees 12 laterals ADRITIC emitters (site illustration below)

The electric panel is located far from the location of the experiment. To extend the access to electrical power, the team installed solar panels in order to sufficiently operate the equipment, excluding the pump. The Uniformity Test on May 29 was conducted without any problems. However, there were a lot of weeds at the site. The team discussed this with the farm workers. The following month the team went to supervise the installation of mulch around certain trees.

Crops: 80 percent of the farm is planted with Olives and the other 20 percent is covered with apricots, peaches, grapes, persimmon and cacti. Black mulch covers around the tree to prevent the growth of weeds and evaporation. Water Source: Groundwater is utilized and drawn using an electric 50-hp, 37 Kw pump. Irrigation: Uses PC emitters covered with black plastic mulch to prevent evaporation. Devices Installed: (for plots 1 & 2) (2) flow meters, (2) manometers, (2) flow sensors, (2) pressure sensors, a data logger and a solar panel.

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6rQ-oxeCq0hUFRISlE2OFphbkE

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B6rQ-oxeCq0hQXg2dlBVSWNwbTA

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The Uniformity Tests on June 21, July 19 and July 31 were successful without any problems to report. However, during the tests, the MIRRA team noticed that there were trees infected with Verticillum fungi, which causes the tree’s branches to dry out. The owner of the farm was notified and farm workers began removing some injured branches from the site. There weren’t many activities at Mafraq in August. Monitoring the irrigation and recording the pressure readings was ongoing.

On August 15, pressure measurements checked out, and information from the data logger was downloaded. Results of the minimum pressure test on August 29 were measured at 0.35 bars.

The team noticed that the trees are increasingly infected with the fungus and that no attempt to control its spread or treatment has been attempted.

MIRRA visited the Mafraq Farm on September 7 to take samples of the tree branches. Because there is an infection among the olive crops, MIRRA worked to ascertain the cause of infection and confirm that it is not due to project operations at the farm. During this work, the team noticed that some of the rubber on the emitters had been removed and/or were missing.

Figure (Left to Right) Trees infected by Verticillum fungi August 15/2017; During the work of the Uniformity test- Khalil – July 31/2017; Olive fruits.

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On September 24, the team returned to take additional samples from the crops branches, the soil and water to examine them. MIT adjusted the pressure at the traditional site so that the pressure recorded at the farthest tree would be 1 bar. They then adjusted the flow sensor’s calibration. Uniformity Tests were conducted on September 11. MIRRA met with the owner of the farm to arrange for the crops to be irrigated once a week without altering the pressure (October). This was to ensure that MIRRA would be able to conduct Uniformity Tests regularly once a week. MIRRA noted that the flowmeter at the plot was not working, possibly due to a defect. ADRITIC was notified. Also, the memory card in DAQ 15 was defective and was not storing information at which time Julia was notified. The results of the minimum pressure test for the TRD plot, conducted on October 7, were measured at 1.4 bars.

Later, the action of the flowmeter had completely stopped. The ADRITIC team removed the flowmeter and found that there were rubber lashes, of which the source was unknown. Then reinstall it again after cleaning it. Uniformity Tests were conducted October 7, 12, 21, 24, 28 and 31.

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MIRRA-MIT END-OF-First Year MEETING MIT’s Visit to Jordan (September 2017)

To wrap up the first year of the partnership, MIRRA welcomed the MIT team to Jordan and made a complete round of site visits following the team’s arrival on September 25. The first site visit was to Ramtha, where the teams changed the second flow sensor, cleaned flow sensors numbers 1 and 3 and calibrated sensors 1-3.

On Wednesday, the teams ventured to Sharhabeel and observed operations at the citrus (sites 11 and 12) and pomegranate orchards (sites 13 and 14). At the citrus site, teams cleaned flow sensors 1 and 2 of algae, fixed the pressures sensor at the MIT site by replacing electrical wires 1 and 2 and recalibrated them. Flow sensors at sites 13 and 14 were also cleaned and calibrated. The following day, the team met with Naeem Mazahreh. NCARE measured the Emission

Uniformity at Sharhabeel. The results are as follows:

Pressure at end of MIT lateral was set to 0.15 bar

Result: DU of ~72% for MIT and ~89% ADRITIC traditional drippers.

The results of the field tests were consistent with previous CV measurements taken lab. MIT plans to conduct a sensitivity analysis to test whether manufacturing tolerances are the source of the higher CV. An Update Meeting was held between MIRRA and MIT on September 30. The following was established:

Phase I

All issues regarding the flow and pressure sensors have been resolved and that a new procedure is in place to regularly clean and calibrate flow sensors.

Including farm sites that make use of different water sources has been valuable. The teams were pleased to see that there has been no clogging at the Ramtha site, which uses treated wastewater in its irrigation system.

For Phase 1-B, the teams will focus on about 3-5 farmers, with 2-4 laterals only, with existing drip irrigation systems.

Concerning in-line trials, a low flow rate for solar installations and a higher flow rate may be needed for grid installations.

Formbook 1 is to be slightly modified to measure the pressure at the end of the lateral using the handheld manometer in addition to emitter output. New workbooks and detailed instructions are to be shared with MIRRA.

The Annual Plan was revised and the latest version was sent to all partners.

Amos and Susan check the manometers, pressure and filters. Julia and Elizabeth examine the flow sensors at Ramtha.

21

Phase II

The teams are considering replacing the MIT drippers at Sharhabeel prior to starting Phase II because they may be clogged with algae.

MIT urgently needs information about the rated flow rate and duration of irrigation for potential Phase II sites; MIRRA is working on it.

On September 30, the teams met with Dr. Fayez Khasawneh at which time he expressed his desired outcomes of the collaboration as well as his intentions for his farm:

Irrigation:

Overall, he wants a reliable dripper.

He uses ADRITIC GR drippers because they use newly manufactured material; recycled materials have a shorter life span.

His GR drippers are 30 cm apart, 4L/hour, and laterals per plant. GR is used on his apricots, peaches, persimmons and grapes.

Future of the farm:

He is leaving olives because they are high-risk regarding the climatic conditions as well as the seasonal hot, dry desert wind that carries the potential to ruin his entire crop. Additionally, labor is too expensive: shaking the trees to gather the fruits damages the root system whereas hiring pickers is not financially feasible. Also, government import and export policy is also high risk as Dr. Khasawneh could lose his market or market prices fall to a level that he cannot export his crop.

By the end of November, he plans to have cut down most of his olive trees and plant stone fruit by February 1.

Labor costs are a burden for the entire agricultural sector. The particular case with olives is harvesting the fruit in an economical way for farmers without damaging the trees or future crops at the same time.

On the first of October, the teams were at NCARE headquarters where they were acquainted with the organization’s activities. NCARE has previously worked with the National Science Foundation, USAID and USDA. They said that they would be eager to work with MIT to take on a larger role and, potentially, scale up after this USAID grant. Concluding the week was a site visit to Mafraq, where the teams recorded a pressure of TRD 1 bar at the furthest tree at the site. Flow sensors 1 and 2 were also calibrated. MIT departed from Amman October 1.

22

CONCLUSIONS AND FEEDBACK During the first year of the project, MIRRA met with many farmers and had close views on agriculture,

its costs and difficulties. Interesting farmer opinions and feedbacks expressed during the first year are

summarized as follows:

In Mafraq, farmers' opinions were about the problem of pumping costs from wells. Most preferred to

use the GR system and the so called K- clip, which gives irrigation water up to 20 liters per hour. The

majority agreed that the PC points are very problematic in terms of slowness, disorientation, failure to

give fixed flow rates of the beginning of the line to an end, and farmers complaining about the problem

of miss-manufacturing points.

The Jordan Valley also suffers from problems at least from the difference in terms of the availability of

water. There is suffering in providing it, so that farmers depend on the water of the Jordan Valley

Authority, which arrives once or twice a week and possibly in other areas three or four days a week but

for a few hours, forcing them to rely more on the open irrigation systems without the use of emitters, in

order to gain time and greater quantity of water.

The farmers also consider the filters to be expensive. They were concerned about the repeated cleaning

of the filters and that if they were not cleaned continuously they would affect water pressure.

Everyone welcomes the installation of modern irrigation systems but they are looking for lower costs.

Solar energy is also a welcomed idea, but everyone also needs financial support to install it for their high

costs. They are also hesitant about whether the solar energy system can operate a pump of more than 3

hp.

Following is a list of issues that MIRRA had to deal with during the first year:

Mafraq:

1. Like many farms in Jordan, this farm is run by foreign workers. In this case, it is a family from

Pakistan that have been living in Jordan and working in Agriculture since the late 1970’s. They are

considered to be loyal workers but their level of education and knowledge of irrigation principles or

engineering is very limited. Hence, we ran into a number of technical issues with them. On the other

hand, the owner of the farm is a highly educated Jordanian with great knowledge in irrigation

principles. However, he only visits the farm 1-2 time a month.

2. The workers in Mafraq farm used to change the valve settings on the MIT plot on irrigation events

when MIRRA staffs were not there. He thought this will increase the amount of water reaching the

plants. He was also afraid of the explosion of the main lines because of reducing the pressure at the

MIT plot. It took several attempts to convince the farmer with our methodology.

3. The workers of the Mafraq farm at a certain time removed the rubber inside the emitters to increase

the amount of irrigation water. After some explanations, we convinced them not to do that.

4. Because of the frequent shutdown of the pump (it shuts down for 15 minutes every hour), there was

not enough time sometimes to conduct uniformity tests properly and it was challenging to conduct

minimum pressure tests.

5. Very little attention is given to weed control in this farm. This made our work challenging and

unsafe at times especially when investigating clogging and conducting uniformity tests. We had to

hire workers to remove the weeds from our plots.

6. Power outages were common especially during the summer months. This led to delays in work and

sometimes failure to complete a uniformity test.

23

7. Due to the large farm size, the pump used on the farm is a large one resulting in a high pressure

value. It was challenging to adjust the valves to reduce the pressure to our desired level.

Ramtha:

1. This NCARE research site was poorly maintained with almost no infrastructure that we could use

(so we had to build the system from scratch) and workers on this site were poorly trained on

management of irrigation systems.

2. Due to the absence of crops to absorb the irrigation system waters and the clay-nature of the soil,

the site used to get muddy especially during the fall. This resulted in conditions that are challenging

to conduct a uniformity test or monitor clogging. We had to adjust the irrigation schedule to

mitigate this condition.

3. Weeds grew at a high rate due to the nature of the water (treated wastewater) used which was rich

in nutrients. The research station workers were not able to control the weeks and complained often

from our requests to keep the site clean. This resulted in condition un-safe for our staff to work. We

had to pay extra service fees to keep the site clean.

4. Water storage capacity at this site was a problem at the start of the work, but eventually we

invested in a large irrigation tank (~200 m3) and that solved this problem.

5. Workers at this site were not trained properly to operate sophisticated irrigation systems. They

were unable to read the pressure meters correctly, which required us to train them.

6. It took several attempts for the irrigation supplier to provide the adequate sand grain size

appropriate for this type of water used at the site.

Sharhabeel:

1. This is also an NCARE research site. Again, here, we had to build the irrigation system from

scratch. There was no functioning infrastructure that we could use like we did in the private farm at

Mafraq.

2. The water quality at this site was challenging to work with because of the presence of fish in the

irrigation pond. This resulted in the buildup of algae in the irrigation system and clogging of the

flowmeters and emitters. To resolve this we started acid injections in the system. This turned into a

frequent practice.

3. Workers on the site had very short working hours, from 7:00 am to 1:00 pm. It was difficult to work

around that. Hence, we had to buy additional working hours in order to be able to collect the needed

data during irrigation events after 1:00 pm.

4. Workers also were not able to read – they were unschooled. We could not rely on them in taking

readings of the pressure gages or flow meters. To resolve this, we had to rely on them taking

pictures during irrigation events when we were not on site. In addition, we encountered a problem

training them to reduce the pressure to 0.25 bar at times when we were not present at the site.

5. The site was not maintained properly as desired for favorable working conditions. Weed growth

was a common problem; we had to request weed removal several times. Pesticides were not used

adequately; the entire pomegranates yield was lost to a disease; therefore, we could not measure any

impact of our irrigation management on the yield of trees. For the oranges plot, we were not able to

measure the yield properly.

24

APPENDICES

Appendix A: Background documents: Drip Irrigation Systems Manufacturers and Installers (List)

Farms surveyed, drippers used, reasons for PC/GR, crops cultivated, region of Jordan (List)

Irrigation Events, Uniformity Tests and Pressure Tests Excel Sheet

Appendix B: The final layout of the Irrigation systems in the three sites:

Layout B-1: Sharhabeel Station- Orange Site.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1EjY-iuFIYc6a186dLpCz9RB_KYT7J98CeWrZTIrngY4/edit?usp=sharing

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1prmLM1JOLOLE09wtWHe8Gf0AdFGzXYmvHNcJU4XtLwA/edit?usp=sharing

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AkjMhgi1dfh38SjVIkN1SKUOQ9f78f4D/view?usp=sharing

25

Layout B-2: Sharhabeel Station- Pomegranate Site.

26

Layout B-3: Al-Mafraq Farm-MIT Site.

27

Layout B-4: Al-Mafraq Farm-TRD Site.

28

Layout B-5: Al-Ramtha Station.

29

Appendix C: Water Analysis Results Table C-1: Water analysis results for water samples from the Sharhabeel Station water sources.

Unit Analysis #1 Analysis #2 Analysis #3

Date 11-Jun-17 11-Jun-17 17-Sep-17

Lab No.

199*2017 200*2017 269*2017

Water Source

Spring Water Pool Pool

PH

8.10 8.30 8

EC (ds/m) 1.29 1.24 1.22

Ca (meq/L) 5.51 4.11 4.29

Mg (meq/L) 5.36 4.73 3.25

Na (meq/L) 3.39 9.23 8.23

K (meq/L) 0.21 0.21 0.89

CL (meq/L) 5.00 6.50 2

CO3 (meq/L) 0.00 0.00 0

HCO3 (meq/L) 0.60 0.50 1

SO4 (meq/L) 7.39 11.97 13.66

Total Cation

14.47 18.27 16.66

Na (%) 23.45 63.27 49.41

SAR

1.45 2.00 4.23

Water Class

C3-S1 C3-S1 C3-S1

P (ppm) 0.46

Table C-2: Water analysis results for water samples from the Ramtha Station water sources.

Unit

Analysis

#1

Analysis

#2

Analysis

#3

Analysis

#4

Date 10-Jul-17

17-Sep-

17 17-Sep-17 4-Oct-17

Lab No. 225*2017 270*2017 274*20174 338*2017

PH 7.7 8.7 8.3 8.6

EC (ds/m) (ds/m) 2.70 2.45 2.3 2.35

Ca (meq/L) 3.71 3.08 3.56 4.7

Mg (meq/L) 3.73 5.77 4.45 4.8

Na (meq/L) 17.92 25.59 21.25 30.93

30

K (meq/L) 0.92 4.67 0.47 4.07

CL (meq/L) 20.00 5.8 15.5 13.5

CO3 (meq/L) 0.00 0 0 0

HCO3 (meq/L) 0.50 1.5 1 1.25

SO4 (meq/L) 8.74 31.81 13.23 29.75

Total Cation 26.28 39.11 29.73 44.5

Na (%) 68.19 65.43 71.48 69.51

SAR 9.29 12.16 10.62 14.2

Water Class C4-S2 C3-S2 C3-S2 C4-S4

Total coliform/100 ml

water 2419.2< >2419.2

fecal coliform/100 ml

water 2419.2<

E.Coli/100 ml water 93.3 14.5

P (ppm) 0.32 -

COD mg/L 41

BOD mg/L 13

Table C-3: Water analysis results for water samples from the Mafraq water sources.

Unit Analysis #1

Date 20-Jul-17

Lab No. 233*2017

Field No. Mafraq

PH 8.30

EC (ds/m) 1.35

Ca (meq/L) 3.40

Mg (meq/L) 5.55

Na (meq/L) 16.19

K (meq/L) 1.26

CL (meq/L) 9.00

CO3 (meq/L) 0.00

HCO3 (meq/L) 0.45

SO4 (meq/L) 16.95

Total Cation 26.40

Na (%) 61.32

SAR 7.70

Water Class C3-S2

31

Appendix D: Soil Analysis Results

Table D-1: Soil analysis results for soil samples from the Sharhabeel Station.

Extract PPM

Analysis

No. Date Lab No. Location Depth/cm PH

EC

(ds/m) P K

1 16/5/2017 2017/416 Orange 20 8 1.1 17.5 377.6

2 16/5/2017 2017/417 Orange 60 8.2 1.1 8 331.1

3 16/5/2017 2017/418 Pomegranate 20 8.3 1.01 6.8 303.3

4 16/5/2017 2017/419 Pomegranate 60 8.2 1.52 11.5 517.1

% Infiltration Rate FC pwp Bulk D

CaCo3 Clay Silt Sand Texture (mm/ hr.)

43.5 36.3 37.9 25.8 Clay loam 3 35% 20%

1.29

gm/cm³ 45.4 34.8 42.9 22.3 Clay loam 3

49 39.6 30.6 29.8 Clay loam 3 36% 22%

1.29

gm/cm³ 47.2 35.5 34.9 29.6 Clay loam 3

Appendix E: Irrigation Events

Table E-1: Irrigation Days in Sharhabeel Station by Site:

Date Site ID

01-Jun-17 11 12 13 14

Days of

Presence

03-Jun-17 / /

04-Jun-17 / / /

05-Jun-17 / /

06-Jun-17 / /

07-Jun-17 / /

08-Jun-17 / /

10-Jun-17 / /

11-Jun-17 / /

32

12-Jun-17 / / /

13-Jun-17 / / /

14-Jun-17 / /

15-Jun-17 / / /

17-Jun-17 / /

18-Jun-17 / /

19-Jun-17 / / /

20-Jun-17 / / /

21-Jun-17 / /

22-Jun-17 / /

24-Jun-17 / /

25-Jun-17 / / /

26-Jun-17 / /

27-Jun-17 / /

28-Jun-17 / /

29-Jun-17 / /

1-Jul-17 / /

2-Jul-17 / /

3-Jul-17 / /

4-Jul-17 / /

5-Jul-17 / /

6-Jul-17 / /

7-Jul-17 / /

8-Jul-17

9-Jul-17 / /

10-Jul-17 / /

11-Jul-17 / / /

12-Jul-17 / /

13-Jul-17 / / /

14-Jul-17 / /

15-Jul-17

16-Jul-17 / /

17-Jul-17 / /

18-Jul-17 / /

19-Jul-17 / /

20-Jul-17 / /

21-Jul-17 / /

22-Jul-17

23-Jul-17 / /

24-Jul-17 / /

33

25-Jul-17 / /

26-Jul-17 / / /

27-Jul-17 / /

28-Jul-17 / /

29-Jul-17

30-Jul-17 / /

31-Jul-17 / /

1-Aug-17 / /

2-Aug-17 / /

2-Aug-17 / /

3-Aug-17 / /

4-Aug-17 / /

5-Aug-17

6-Aug-17 / /

7-Aug-17 / /

8-Aug-17 / / /

9-Aug-17 / / /

10-Aug-17 / /

11-Aug-17 / /

12-Aug-17

13-Aug-17 / /

14-Aug-17 / /

15-Aug-17 / / /

16-Aug-17 / /

17-Aug-17 / / /

18-Aug-17 / /

19-Aug-17

20-Aug-17 / /

21-Aug-17 / /

22-Aug-17 / /

23-Aug-17 / /

24-Aug-17 / /

25-Aug-17 / /

26-Aug-17

27-Aug-17 / /

28-Aug-17 / /

29-Aug-17 / /

30-Aug-17 / /

31-Aug-17 / /

1-Sep-17 / /

34

2-Sep-17

3-Sep-17 / /

4-Sep-17 / /

5-Sep-17 / /

6-Sep-17 / /

7-Sep-17 / /

8-Sep-17 / /

9-Sep-17

10-Sep-17 / /

11-Sep-17 / /

12-Sep-17 / /

13-Sep-17 / /

13-Sep-17 / /

14-Sep-17 / / /

15-Sep-17 / /

16-Sep-17

17-Sep-17 / /

18-Sep-17 / /

19-Sep-17 / /

20-Sep-17 / /

20-Sep-17 / / /

21-Sep-17 / / /

22-Sep-17 / /

23-Sep-17

24-Sep-17 / /

25-Sep-17 / /

26-Sep-17 / /

27-Sep-17 / /

28-Sep-17 / /

29-Sep-17 / / /

30-Sep-17

1-Oct-17 / /

2-Oct-17 / /

3-Oct-17 / /

4-Oct-17 / /

5-Oct-17 / /

5-Oct-17 / / /

6-Oct-17 / / /

7-Oct-17

8-Oct-17 / /

35

9-Oct-17 / /

10-Oct-17 / / /

11-Oct-17 / /

12-Oct-17 / / /

13-Oct-17 / /

14-Oct-17

15-Oct-17 / /

16-Oct-17 / /

17-Oct-17 / /

18-Oct-17 / / /

19-Oct-17 / /

20-Oct-17 / / /

21-Oct-17

22-Oct-17 / /

23-Oct-17 / /

24-Oct-17 / /

25-Oct-17 / / /

26-Oct-17 / /

27-Oct-17 / / /

28-Oct-17

29-Oct-17 / /

29-Oct-17 / / /

30-Oct-17 / / /

31-Oct-17 / /

1-Nov-17 / / /

2-Nov-17 / /

2-Nov-17 / / /

3-Nov-17 / /

4-Nov-17

5-Nov-17 / /

6-Nov-17 / /

Table E-2: Irrigation Days in Ramtha Station:

Site ID

Date 15 Days of Presence

04-Jun-17 / /

06-Jun-17 /

36

07-Jun-17 /

08-Jun-17 / /

15-Jun-17 /

18-Jun-17 /

20-Jun-17 /

22-Jun-17 /

2-Jul-17 / /

4-Jul-17 / /

5-Jul-17 /

6-Jul-17 /

9-Jul-17 / /

11-Jul-17 /

13-Jul-17 /

16-Jul-17 /

17-Jul-17 / /

18-Jul-17

19-Jul-17

20-Jul-17 /

21-Jul-17

22-Jul-17

23-Jul-17 /

24-Jul-17 / /

25-Jul-17

26-Jul-17 / /

30-Jul-17 /

1-Aug-17 / /

3-Aug-17 /

6-Aug-17 /

8-Aug-17 /

10-Aug-17 /

13-Aug-17 /

15-Aug-17 /

17-Aug-17 /

20-Aug-17 /

22-Aug-17 /

24-Aug-17 /

27-Aug-17 /

29-Aug-17 /

31-Aug-17 /

3-Sep-17 /

37

5-Sep-17 / /

7-Sep-17 /

10-Sep-17 /

12-Sep-17 /

14-Sep-17 /

17-Sep-17 /

19-Sep-17 /

21-Sep-17 /

24-Sep-17 /

26-Sep-17 /

28-Sep-17 /

1-Oct-17 /

3-Oct-17 /

5-Oct-17 /

8-Oct-17 / /

15-Oct-17 / /

22-Oct-17 / /

Table E-3: Irrigation Days in Al-Mafraq Farm:

Date Site ID 16 Days of Presence

03-Jun-17 /

05-Jun-17 /

07-Jun-17 /

12-Jun-17 /

17-Jun-17 /

21-Jun-17 / /

25-Jun-17 /

30-Jun-17 /

3-Jul-17 /

6-Jul-17

7-Jul-17 /

9-Jul-17 /

10-Jul-17 /

14-Jul-17

15-Jul-17

16-Jul-17

17-Jul-17

18-Jul-17

38

19-Jul-17 / /

20-Jul-17

21-Jul-17

22-Jul-17

23-Jul-17 /

24-Jul-17

25-Jul-17

26-Jul-17

27-Jul-17 /

28-Jul-17

29-Jul-17

30-Jul-17

31-Jul-17 / /

6-Aug-17 /

7-Aug-17

8-Aug-17

9-Aug-17

10-Aug-17 /

15-Aug-17 / /

20-Aug-17 /

24-Aug-17 /

30-Aug-17 / /

2-Sep-17 /

7-Sep-17 /

11-Sep-17 / /

14-Sep-17 /

19-Sep-17 /

22-Sep-17 /

25-Sep-17 /

28-Sep-17 /

2-Oct-17 /

7-Oct-17 / /

12-Oct-17 / /

17-Oct-17 / /

21-Oct-17 / /

24-Oct-17 / /

28-Oct-17 / /

31-Oct-17 / /

4-Nov-17 / /

39

Appendix F: Pressure and Flowrates

Table F-1: Pressure and Flowrate in Sharhabeel Station-Orange Site:

Date Pressure (Bar) Flow Rate (m

3)

Before

Filter After Filter Before Valve After Valve MIT TRD

MIT TRD

21-Jun 2.3 1.8 1.7 0.2 1.3 12 14

28-Jun 2.6 2.1 2 0 1 * *

1-Jul 2.3 1.8 1.6 0 0.8 9.4692 11.2889

3-Jul 2.4 1.8 2 0 1.1 16.7607 17.4453

5-Jul 2.7 2.5 2.3 0.6 * 14.5635 13.0853

8-Jul 2.4 2.2 2 0.9 * 5.946 7.1011

10-Jul 2.5 2.1 1.6 0.4 1.2 20.599 18.1624

12-Jul 2.8 2.5 1.9 0.6 1 11.9116 16.7364

15-Jul 2.4 1.7 1.8 0.5 0.9 13.8751 15.8298

17-Jul 2.4 1.9 1.9 0.7 1.3 * 11.2146

19-Jul 2.2 1.5 2.2 0.8 0.6 13.2566 15.7364

22-Jul * * * * * 26.3716 24.2459

24-Jul 2.6 2.1 2.5 * 1.4 27.229 23.4507

25-Jul 2.3 1.6 0.8 0.25 1 5 4

26-Jul 2.6 1.9 1.3 0.8 0.5 23.4497 18.3465

29-Jul 2.4 1.5 1.5 * 0.8 21.9126 18.5982

31-Jul 2.4 2.2 2.1 * 1 15.8838 15.4519

2-Aug-17 * * * * * 28.3635 14.6548

5-Aug-17 * * * * * 27.2301 12.1012

7-Aug-17 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.2 * 2.702 1.8879

9-Aug-17 2.5 2.2 2 1.3 1.5 36.9017 15.4559

12-Aug-17 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.6 12.5013 22.4488

14-Aug-17 2.3 2.1 2 * 1.5 31.627 31.1496

16-Aug-17 2.5 2.3 1.8 0.3 1.4 9.4361 8.3927

40

19-Aug-17 2.7 2.5 2.5 1.3 1.9 20.9873 29.0927

21-Aug-17 2.6 2.4 2.4 1.4 1.7 8.7724 29.3204

23-Aug-17 2.4 2.2 2.4 1.4 2 21.4424 32.4264

26-Aug-17 2.5 2.3 2.5 1.4 * 17.5858 24.3669

28-Aug-17 2.5 2.4 2.5 1.4 1.45 21.6978 34.3389

30-Aug-17 2.3 2 2.1 1 1.3 19.6897 25.1214

2-Sep-17 2.5 2.3 2.4 1.2 * 13.6824 9.507

4-Sep-17 2.5 2.2 2.3 1.3 2 20.3752 29.3052

6-Sep-17 2.6 2.3 2.7 1.6 0.8 18.3747 17.2993

9-Sep-17 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.6 1.8 8.5896 21.8408

11-Sep-17 2.6 2.4 2.5 1.2 * 9.9408 5.6293

13-Sep-17 3.7 3.7 3.7 1.8 * 5.4001 1.4581

16-Sep-17 2.6 2.5 2.6 2 * 17.9315 20.6821

18-Sep-17 2.4 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.1 18.1257 20.1574

20-Sep-17 2.5 2.4 2.4 1.9 * 12.8377 6.24

23-Sep-17 2.5 2.3 * 2 1.2 20.1742 19.3314

25-Sep-17 2.5 2.4 2 1.4 0.8 20.1068 17.7018

27-Sep-17 2.6 2.2 2 1.8 1.5 8.5641 7.6994

30-Sep-17 2.6 2.5 2.6 2 * 21.1334 22.2822

2-Oct-17 2.4 2 2.1 1.5 1.2 11.5529 19.7797

4-Oct-17 2.6 2.5 2.6 2 1.5 13.8819 11.6686

5-Oct-17 2 1.8 1.6 0.25 1.2 11.2119 13.3558

7-Oct-17 * * * * * 19.4284 20.0359

9-Oct-17 2.5 2.4 2.5 2 1.8 26.638 14.5438

11-Oct-17 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.3 1.9 23.0801 21.6488

14-Oct-17 * * 2.6 2.1 * 13.626 2.5102

16-Oct-17 * * * * * 18.1153 28.2248

18-Oct-17 2.7 2.6 2.3 1.8 1.8 27.3717 28.2735

19-Oct-17 2 1.8 1.25 0.3 1.2 5.1594 9.0131

21-Oct-17 2.7 2.6 2.15 1.8 * 13.1051 17.5395

23-Oct-17 2.5 2.4 2.5 2 2 19.2592 23.6875

25-Oct-17 2.4 2.3 2.45 1.95 1.9 20.1379 26.8872

28-Oct-17 * * * * * 12.1442 22.0926

29-Oct-17 1.8 1.4 1 0.25 1.2 3.2335 6.0009

30-Oct-17 2.5 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.4 14.8706 19.7616

1-Nov-17 2.4 2 2.1 1.6 1.3 11.6042 6.9972

2-Nov-17 1.9 1.7 0.85 0.3 1.2 3.347 4.5996

4-Nov-17 2.7 2.5 2.4 1.7 1.9 18.0277 23.0065

6-Nov-17 2.8 2.4 2.5 2 *

41

Table F-2: Pressure and Flowrate in Sharhabeel Station-Pomegranate Site:

Date Pressure (Bar) Flow Rate (m3)

Before

Filter

After

Filter

Before

Valve After Valve MIT TRD

MIT TRD

20-Jun 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.2 0 15 15.5

22-Jun 1.5 1 0 0 0 * *

29-Jun 2.4 1.5 1.5 * 0.8 22 13

2-Jul 2.5 1.6 0.8 0.4 0 5.2549 10.3892

4-Jul 2.4 0 0 0 0 23.8869 23.8872

6-Jul * * * * * * *

9-Jul 2 1.1 0.5 0.2 * 16.8936 25.1864

11-Jul 3.1 2.3 2.3 0.4 1.1 14.5896 11.9431

13-Jul 2.8 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.4 16.9983 16.8141

16-Jul 2.6 1.5 1 0.3 0.8 2.7393 11.8763

18-Jul 3 1.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 13.255 17.9667

20-Jul * * * * * * *

23-Jul 3 1 0.7 0.2 * 4.0494 12.3596

27-Jul * * 0.5 0 0 12.6816 12.6057

30-Jul 1.5 0.5 0.4 0 0 9.3455 11.4408

1-Aug * * * * * 18.7189 10.8964

2-Aug 1.6 1.3 0.7 0.2 0.4 17.1273 17.8077

3-Aug 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.2 0 5.5454 2.3697

6-Aug * * * * * 16.3539 16.9132

8-Aug 2.3 2 1 0.3 0.4 18.9908 6.3859

10-Aug 1.8 1.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 17.7093 17.9238

13-Aug 1.9 1.6 0.8 0.3 * 17.9467 20.2442

15-Aug 1.7 1.5 0.8 0.3 1.2 4.889 18.2434

17-Aug 1.3 1 0.7 0 0.2 12.6944 13.7261

20-Aug 2 1.8 0.9 0.3 0.4 18.5183 17.8064

22-Aug 1.7 1.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 * 15.8801

24-Aug 1.5 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 18.3167 17.4759

42

27-Aug 1.7 1.5 1 0.3 0.3 19.6949 18.8754

29-Aug 1.3 1 0.8 0.2 0.2 15.6939 17.0297

31-Aug 1.7 1.5 1 * 0.4 18.6129 18.9447

3-Sep 1.7 1.5 1 0.3 0.3 18.5881 18.2757

5-Sep 1.7 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 17.9518 17.4444

7-Sep 1.7 1.5 1 0.3 0.3 17.9139 18.1848

10-Sep 1.8 1.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 18.1789 16.9087

12-Sep * * * * * 8.4003 4.5175

13-Sep 2.5 2.3 1.2 0.3 1.2 6.8188 7.4019

14-Sep 2.6 2.3 1.8 * 1.4 15.7847 15.3365

17-Sep 1.7 1.6 1 * 0.4 10.5063 15.3584

19-Sep 2.6 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.3 19.5453 16.4466

20-Sep 3 2.6 1.5 0.5 * 21.2056 *

21-Sep * * * * * 21.7326 18.8818

24-Sep 1.7 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 20.4002 18.4922

26-Sep 2.6 2.2 1.6 0.5 1.1 18.7717 18.2995

28-Sep * * * * * 20.5751 22.21

1-Oct 2.5 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.2 16.3625 20.0422

3-Oct 2.5 2.2 1.5 1.3 1.2 6.3727 25.125

5-Oct 2 1.8 0.9 0.4 1.2 8.9792 12.5899

8-Oct 2.5 2.4 1.6 0.4 1.2 18.4485 17.7692

10-Oct 2.7 2.4 1.5 0.4 1.1 24.0179 25.5419

12-Oct 2.9 2.8 1.9 * 1.5 0 18.7801

15-Oct 2.7 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.4 21.7846 9.6745

17-Oct 2.4 2.3 1.1 1.25 0.55 29.0476 10.1264

22-Oct 3 2.9 1.95 * 1.5 4.3418 0

24-Oct 2.6 2.5 1.75 * 1.4 17.4583 16.8852

26-Oct 2.9 2.3 2 0.55 1.2 0 4.2484

29-Oct 2.5 2.2 1.6 * 1.2 23.1311 24.8894

31-Oct 2.6 2.3 1.6 * 1.2 9.219 17.1977

2-Nov 2.9 2.7 1.9 * 1.5 0.7208 18.1379

5-Nov 3 2.8 1.95 1.4 1.5 12.2577 13.6903

Table F-3: Pressure and Flowrate in Ramtha Station:

Date Pressure (Bar) Flow Rate (m3)

Before Filter After Filter Before Valve After Valve P1 P2 P3

P1 P2 P3

43

4-Jul 1.9 * * 0.5 0.7 1.2 * * *

6-Jul 1.9 * * 0.5 0.7 1.2 2.24 1.508 2.11

9-Jul 1.9 * * 0.5 0.7 1.1 4.855 7.442 7.984

11-Jul 1.9 * * 0.3 0.4 0.8 4.345 3.004 3.773

13-Jul 1.9 1.7 * 0.3 0.8 0.8 1.603 3.055 2.22

16-Jul 1.9 1.7 * 0.3 0.8 0.8 3.495 2.777 3.049

17-Jul 1.9 1.7 * 0.3 0.8 0.8 7.426 8.005 9.34

20-Jul 1.9 1.5 * 0.5 0.8 1.2 3.186 3.518 3.553

23-Jul 1.9 1.5 * 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.797 1.894 2.5

24-Jul 1.9 1.4 * 0.3 0.5 1 9.279 8.937 9.071

26-Jul 2.5 2.4 2.2 0.3 0.5 1 6.792 8.37 4.392

30-Jul 1.9 1.4 1.2 0.3 0.25 0.9 3.275 3.714 4.562

1-Aug 2.5 2.4 2.2 0.3 0.5 1 7.513 8.723 6.073

3-Aug 2 1.8 1.6 0.4 0.3 1.1 3.538 2.844 1.676

6-Aug 2 1.4 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.6 1.854 3.237 3.244

8-Aug 2 1.4 1.6 0.25 0.3 1.1 3.793 3.164 3.549

10-Aug 2 1.4 1.6 0.25 0.3 1.1 7.62 7.223 9.036

13-Aug 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.6 1.357 2.486 2.261

15-Aug 2 1.4 1.6 1.1 1 1.2 2.057 3.192 3.504

17-Aug 2 1.4 1.6 1 1.1 1.1 4.363 3.839 3.855

20-Aug 2 1.8 1.6 1 1.1 1.2 1.396 1.76 1.55

22-Aug 2 1.8 1.6 1 1.1 1.2 4.678 3.978 4.073

24-Aug 2 1.8 1.5 1 1.1 1.2 2.133 2.459 3.319

27-Aug 2 1.8 1.6 1 1.1 1.2 1.209 2.517 1.296

29-Aug 2 1.8 1.5 1 1.1 1.2 2.257 2.465 2.55

31-Aug 2 1.8 1.6 1 1.1 1.2 2.91 2.785 2.877

3-Sep 2 1.8 1.5 1 1.1 1.2 3.465 2.539 2.622

5-Sep 2 1.8 1.5 1 1.1 1.2 1.574 2.901 3,817

7-Sep 2.2 2 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 3.645 5.31 4.248

10-Sep 2.2 2 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.66 2.789 2.428

12-Sep 2.2 2 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.493 2.896 3.7

14-Sep 2.2 2 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.799 2.563 2.92

17-Sep 2.2 2 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.108 2.959 3.599

19-Sep 1.95 1.9 0.25 0.2 0.3 1.5 2.862 2.606 3.181

21-Sep 1.95 1.9 0.25 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.262 3.234 3.374

24-Sep 1.95 1.9 1.4 0.35 0.6 0.4 3.48 1.601 2.262

26-Sep 1.95 1.9 1.4 0.35 0.6 0.4 5.096 6.251 6.5

28-Sep 1.95 1.9 1.4 0.35 0.6 0.4 1.391 2.602 3.431

1-Oct 1.95 1.5 1.4 0.7 0.6 1.1 3.002 2.248 1.772

3-Oct 1.95 1.9 1.4 0.7 1 1.1 1.998 2.942 4.366

44

5-Oct 1.95 1.9 1.4 0.7 1 1.1 5.596 4.829 4.495

8-Oct 1.8 1.2 1.15 0.25 0.5 1 18.0869 13.0179 17.8649

15-Oct 1.95 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.5 1 14.5511 14.8579 11.3251

22-Oct 2 1.7 1.3 0.25 0.5 1 16.8919 15.8254 15.7034

Table F-4: Pressure and Flowrate in Al-Mafraq Farm:

Date Pressure ( Bar ) Flow Rate (m3)

After Valve MIT site TRD site

MIT site TRD site

6-Jul * * 23.984 17.758

9-Jul 1.2 1.5 15.462 11.274

15-Jul 1.2 1.5 11.664 8.652

19-Jul 0.3 1 10.434 18.244

23-Jul 0.5 1.2 21.32 24.177

27-Jul 1.3 1.25 9.253 14.921

31-Jul 0.3 1 11.026 26.465

6-Aug 1.2 1.7 14.099 13.565

10-Aug 1.3 1.4 11.161 14.885

15-Aug 0.3 1 11.790 17.298

20-Aug 0.6 1.2 18.625 24.892

24-Aug 0.9 1.5 7.07 37.649

30-Aug 0.35 1.2 9.476 8.621

2-Sep 1.60 1.20 15.278 24.762

7-Sep 1.30 1.40 7.220 37.473

11-Sep 0.35 1 10.212 14.089

14-Sep * 1 6.886 31.954

19-Sep 0.8 * 18.928 19.237

22-Sep * 1 11.971 27.926

25-Sep * 1.5 10.766 15.85

28-Sep 0.35 1.5 5.919 9.709

2-Oct * * 0.217 12.522

7-Oct 0.25 1.4 * 7.769

12-Oct 0.35 1.4 1.347 47.544

17-Oct 0.45 1.4 17.237 20.065

21-Oct 0.4 1.4 7.54 10.646

24-Oct 0.4 1.4 13.626 19.168

45

28-Oct 9.553 18.972

31-Oct 0.4 1.4 15.35 20.767

4-Nov 17.541 17.223

Appendix G: Uniformity Test Results

Table G-1: Uniformity test results in Sharhabeel Station- Orange Site:

Uniformity Test Results

Date Avg. - MIT Avg. – TRD

24-Jun-17 0.61 0.81

10-Jul-17 0.7 0.68

25-Jul-17 0.85 0.76

5-Oct-17 0.9 0.91

11-Oct-17 0.84 0.87

19-Oct-17 0.81 0.91

29-Oct-17 0.81 0.89

2-Nov-17 0.85 0.92

9-Nov-17 0.89 0.92

19-Nov-17 0.85 0.89

Table G-2: Uniformity test results in Sharhabeel Station- Pomegranate Site:

Uniformity Test Results

Date Avg. - MIT Avg. – TRD

24-Jun-17 0.68 0.78

12-Jul-17 0.55 0.66

13-Sep-17 0.74 0.86

5-Oct-17 0.7 0.86

17-Oct-17 0.79 0.88

26-Oct-17 0.8 0.88

31-Oct-17 0.85 0.9

46

7-Nov-17 0.88 0.88

11-Nov-17 0.92 0.92

16-Nov-17 0.91 0.95

Table G-3: Uniformity test results in Al-Mafraq Farm:

Date Avg. Plot

29-May-17 0.65 Traditional

0.65 MIT

21-Jun-17 0.79 Traditional

0.60 MIT

19-Jul 0.84 Traditional

0.73 MIT

31-Jul 0.86 Traditional

0.74 MIT

15-Aug 0.83 Traditional

0.76 MIT

11-Sep 0.66 Traditional

0.75 MIT

7-Oct 0.9 Traditional

0.86 MIT


0.79 MIT


0.91 MIT


0.86 MIT


0.89 MIT


0.89 MIT


0.85 MIT

4-Nov 0.91 Traditional

0.89 MIT

47


0.88 MIT


0.88 MIT


0.91 MIT


0.9 MIT


0.89 MIT

Table G-4: Uniformity test results in Ramtha Station:

Uniformity Results for each pressure

Date Block 1

Lateral

Address ¼ bar ½ bar 1 bar Plot

2-Jul-17 L01A 0.68 Traditional

L01B 0.79 MIT

L03A 0.81 Traditional

L03B 0.74 MIT


L05B 0.79 MIT

Block 3 L13A 0.84 Traditional

L13B 0.69 MIT


L15B 0.87 MIT

L17B 0.80 Traditional

L17A 0.70 MIT

9-Jul-17 Block 2 L07B 0.63 Traditional

L07A 0.79 MIT


L09A 0.86 MIT


L07B 0.66 MIT

Block 4 L19B 0.82 Traditional

L19A 0.90 MIT


L21A 0.74 MIT


L23B 0.89 MIT

48

17-Jul-17 Block 1 L01A 0.83 Traditional

L01B 0.83 MIT


L03B 0.74 MIT


L05B 0.87 MIT

24-Jul Block 3 L13A 0.81 Traditional

L13B 0.78 MIT


L15B 0.89 MIT


L17B 0.92 MIT

26-Jul Block 2 L07B 0.67 Traditional

L07A 0.64 MIT


L09A 0.86 MIT


L11B 0.88 MIT

1-Aug Block 4 L19B 0.46 Traditional

L19A 0.83 MIT


L21A 0.78 MIT


L23A 0.94 MIT

8-Oct Block 1 L01A * Traditional

L01B 0.73 MIT


L03B 0.54 MIT


L05B 0.7 MIT

Block 2 L07B * Traditional

L07A 0.2 MIT


L09A 0.89 MIT


L11A 0.66 MIT

Block 3 L13A * Traditional

L13B 0.59 MIT


49

L15B 0.87 MIT


L17B 0.94 MIT


L19A 0.7 MIT


L21A 0.69 MIT


L23A 0.96 MIT


L01B 0.88 MIT


L03B 0.81 MIT


L05B 0.94 MIT


L07A 0.67 MIT


L09A 0.84 MIT


L11A 0.84 MIT


L13B 0.83 MIT


L15B 0.8 MIT


L17B 0.78 MIT


L19A 0.85 MIT


L21A 0.88 MIT


L23A 0.93 MIT


L01B 0.9 MIT


L03B 0.91 MIT


L05B 0.94 MIT

50


L07A 0.88 MIT


L09A 0.89 MIT


L11A 0.85 MIT


L13B 0.63 MIT


L15B 0.87 MIT


L17B 0.96 MIT


L19A 0.9 MIT


L21A 0.88 MIT


L23A 0.92 MIT


L01B 0.94 MIT


L03B 0.93 MIT


L05B 0.95 MIT


L07A 0.82 MIT


L09A 0.87 MIT


L11A 0.9 MIT


L13B 0.9 MIT


L15B 0.97 MIT


L17B 0.9 MIT


L19A 0.9 MIT


51

L21A 0.9 MIT


L23A 0.95 MIT

5-Nov Block 1 L01A * Traditional

L01B 0.94 MIT


L03B 0.93 MIT


L05B 0.95 MIT


L07A 0.89 MIT


L09A 0.94 MIT


L11A 0.92 MIT


L13B 0.85 MIT


L15B 0.92 MIT


L17B 0.85 MIT


L19A 0.94 MIT


L21A 0.93 MIT


L23A 0.92 MIT


L01B 0.92 MIT


L03B 0.92 MIT


L05B 0.95 MIT


L07A 0.91 MIT


L09A 0.89 MIT


L11A 0.85 MIT

52


L13B 0.62 MIT


L15B 0.91 MIT


L17B 0.95 MIT


L19A 0.94 MIT


L21A 0.91 MIT


L23A 0.86 MIT


L01B 0.92 MIT


L03B 0.93 MIT


L05B 0.95 MIT


L07A 0.87 MIT


L09A 0.94 MIT


L11A 0.91 MIT


L13B 0.92 MIT


L15B 0.92 MIT


L17B 0.93 MIT


L19A 0.94 MIT


L21A 0.9 MIT


L23A 0.96 MIT

53

54

7 Abdelaziz Al-Tha’alibi Str., Shmeisani P.O. Box 941454 Amman 11194 Jordan http://mirra-jo.org/

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