ULTRASONIC SENSING SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF PIPE...

ULTRASONIC SENSING SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF PIPE

SURFACE DEFORMATION

NOR SYAHIRAN BIN ZAHIDIN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

ULTRASONIC SENSING SYSTEM FOR DETECTION OF PIPE SURFACE

DEFORMATION

NOR SYAHIRAN BIN ZAHIDIN

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

OCTOBER 2012

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To my beloved family, my father Zahidin Bin Ali, my mother Nor Aiti Binti Mat Ali, my brothers Nur Syahmi, Nur Syahir, Nur Syakir and Nur Syafiq.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, praise be to Allah SWT for HIS favors in guiding and helping me

in to complete this thesis. No such word can show my gratefulness except

Alhamdullillah with the humble position in completing the work within the limited

time given. Thank to HIM over anything in this world.

Second, I would like to express my gratitude and special thanks to my

supervisor, PM Dr Sallehuddin bin Ibrahim for her professional guidance, wisdom,

endurance, advices, motivation and encouragement throughout the project.

I am very glad to meet the kind and helpful persons in the Wireless Data

Acquisitions Laboratories who help me from the early till the end while doing this

project. Treat like friend from these groups motivate me to do the work.

Finally, I really appreciate to have this responsibility to finish this project.

This task has taught a lot of lesson and knowledge which would be valuable to me in

the future.

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ABSTRACT

The utilisation of ultrasonic is widely applied for strain measurement.

However, most of the measurements are performed using strain gages. The method

used in this research made use of reflected signal using air as its working medium.

The purpose of this experiment is to provide an alternative to the strain gage.

Ultrasonic wave from transmitter transducer is transmitted to a point, and then

reflected by the surface medium which experienced strain towards the ultrasonic

receiver transducer. Aluminum probe cones attached to both ultrasonic transducers

collimate the transmission and reception of the signals. The strain experienced by a

PVC pipe is measured by the ultrasonic transducer. The difference in distance

resulted in the difference of the ultrasonic wave as well as the electrical signal. When

the strain started to deform, the length of deformation increased and the electric

signal became weak due to the reduction of sound intensity. The received electric

signal due to this change will undergo signal conditioning consisting of pre-

amplifier, amplifier, band-pass filter and rectifier before being displayed onto the

oscilloscope screen. There are two types of strain measured in this experiment:

tensile and compression strain. The result is consistent throughout the experiment.

An experiment using a strain gage and an experiment on the deflection measurement

were also carried out to determine the value of strain due to deformation. From these

two experiments, the relationship between strain formation created and sound

intensity rate which relies on voltage change can thus be identified.

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ABSTRAK

Penggunaan ultrasonik dalam bidang pengukuran terikan semakin meluas

digunakan pada masa kini. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan pengukuran terikan

masih menggunakan tolok terikan. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini

menggunakan konsep isyarat terpantul yang menjadikan udara sebagai medium

kerja. Tujuan eksperimen ini adalah untuk mengemukakan alternatif baru bagi

menggantikan penggunaan tolok terikan. Gelombang ultrasonik dari transduser

pemancar akan ditala menuju ke satu titik, kemudian akan dipantulkan semula oleh

permukaan yang mengalami terikan ke transduser penerima. Satu corong yang

diperbuat dari alumunium dipasang pada kedua-dua transduser untuk memudahkan

proses penerimaan dan pemancaran gelombang. Terikan yang dialami oleh sebuah

paip PVC (Polivinil Klorida) diukur oleh transduser ultrasonic tersebut. Perbezaan

jarak mengakibatkan perbezaan pada penerimaan gelombang bunyi dan isyarat

elektrik. Apabila terikan tegasan berlaku, jarak terikan menjadi lebih panjang dan

isyarat elektrik menjadi lemah kerana kekuatan bunyi berkurangan. Isyarat elektrik

yang terhasil dari perubahan ini akan melalui proses penyesuaian isyarat pra-penguat,

penguat, penapis, dan penerus sebelum disambungkan ke papan pemuka osiloskop.

Dua jenis terikan yang diukur di dalam ujikaji ini: terikan tegangan dan juga terikan

tekanan. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan alat ini memberi pola bacaan yang seragam

dan konsisten. Eksperimen menggunakan tolok terikan dan eksperimen lenturan

dilakukan juga untuk mengukur nilai terikan yang terbentuk. Melalui kedua-dua

eksperimen ini, maka satu bentuk hubungan antara jarak terikan yang terhasil dan

kadar kekuatan bunyi yang bersandarkan pada perubahan voltan boleh dikenalpasti.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii

ABSTRACT viii

ABSTRAK ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS x

LIST OF TABLES xv

LIST OF FIGURES xvii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xxiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xxv

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Background of case study 2

1.3 Statement of the problem 2

1.4 Purpose of the study 3

1.5 Objective of the study 4

1.6 Scope of the study 4

1.7 Significance of the study 5

1.8 Organization of the thesis 5

1.9 Research Methodology 6

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2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Ultrasonic 9

2.3 Ultrasonic system 10

2.3.1 Introduction 10

2.3.2 Ultrasonic transmitter and receiver

transducer 10

2.3.3 Signal processing 11

2.3.4 Ultrasonic testing principles 12

2.4 Mechanical deformation of surfaces 14


2.4.2 Strain measurement 15

2.4.3 Other mechanical deformation researches

study of surfaces 15

2.5 Deformation at pipe surface 18


2.5.2 Element in pipe 20

2.5.3 Bending deformation 21

2.5.4 Deflection 26

2.6 Sound physic 27


2.6.2 Types of waves 28

2.6.3 Reflection, refraction, diffraction and

attenuation 29

2.7 Sound Pressure Level 30


2.7.2 Transducer 31

2.7.3 Decibel 33

2.8 Air-couple ultrasonic transducer 33


2.8.2 Propagation profile 34

2.8.3 Characteristic 35

2.8.4 Factor 36

2.9 Ultrasonic as Non-Destructive Test 36

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2.9.2 Plate quality 37

2.6.3 Ultrasonic measurement of physical strain 38

2.10 Ultrasonic probe cone 38


2.10.2 Huygen’s principle 39

2.10.3 Acoustic Impedance 40

2.11 Tip opening 42


2.11.2 Tip cross-section diameter 42

2.11.3 Physical properties 42

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 44

3.1 Introduction 44

3.2 Pipe bending 44

3.2.1 Pipe dimension 45

3.2.2 Pipe properties 46

3.3 Circuit 46

3.3.1 Transmitter 47

3.3.1.1 Transducer part 48

3.3.1.2 Frequency controlled part 48

3.3.2 Receiver 49

3.3.3 Decibel conversion from voltage signal 54

3.4 Ultrasonic direct measurement 56


3.4.2 Methodology 57

3.5 Tip opening 58



3.6 Ultrasonic controlled-space direct measurement 60


3.6.2 Controlled range 60

3.6.3 Controlled cross-section diameter 61

3.6.4 Controlled opening 62

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3.7 Ultrasonic probe cone 63

3.7.1 Dimension 63

3.7.2 Evaluation 64

3.7.3 Angled taper cone 65

3.7.3.1 Introduction 65

3.7.3.2 Methodology 65

3.8 Angle determination for ultrasonic to measure

strain 66


3.8.2 Surface strain and angle 66

3.9 Experimental procedure 69

3.9.1 Load 70

3.9.2 Deflection measurement 70

3.10 Ultrasonic system setting – First Method 71

3.10.1 Location 72

3.10.2 Displacement evaluation 73

3.11 Ultrasonic system setting – Second Method 74


3.11.2 Experiment setting 75


3.12 Strain measurement using a strain gage 78


3.12.2 Experimental set up 78

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 80

4.1 Introduction 80

4.2 Result for direct measurement 80

4.3 Result for controlled space 84

4.3.1 Variable distance 84

4.3.2 Variable cross-section diameter 84

4.3.3 Variable opening 85

4.4 Result for angle justification 86

4.5 Result for angled taper cone 89

4.5.1 Table and graph 89

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4.6 Result for tip size 95


4.6.2 Table and graph 95

4.7 Result for first method experiment 102


4.7.2 Experiment output using theoretical

Young Modulus 102

4.7.3 Result from deflection 104

4.7.4 Final result 106

4.7.5 Graph strain formation versus load for

Strain gage and experimental Young

Modulus 107

4.8 Result for second method experiment 109

4.8.1 Tensile 110

4.8.2 Compression 111

4.9 Result for strain gage calibration 113

4.10 Condition capability test 114

4.10.1 Underwater 114

4.11 Different transducer 114

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 116

5.1 Introduction 116

5.2 Conclusion 117

5.3 Recommendations 118

5.3.1 Clamp 118

5.3.2 Improve reproducibility 118

5.3.3 Design specifically transducer 119

5.3.4 Portable device 119

REFERENCES 120

Appendices A - H 125 – 139

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 2.1 Acoustic Impedance for air, PVC and aluminum 41

3.1 Pre-amplifier gain 50

3.2 Amplifier gain 51

3.3 Low and high pass filter calculation 52

3.4 Ultrasonic transducer calculation for distance equal 0.5 meter 55

3.5 Calculation for ultrasonic receiver transducer 56

3.6 Calculation for best angle between 20⁰ and 70⁰ 68

3.7 Strain gage properties FLA-5-8 78

4.1 Voltage data for direct measurement at 90⁰ 82

4.2 Voltage data for direct measurement in angles 83

4.3 Result for controlled space with variable distance 84

4.4 Result for controlled space with variable cross section

diameter 85

4.5 Voltage data for ultrasonic transducer: angle against voltage 87

4.6 Voltage data for angled taper cone 60⁰ 89





4.11 Voltage data for 4 mm diameter tip hole 95


4.13 Voltage data for 2.5 mm diameter tip hole 97




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4.17 Voltage data for graph voltage versus strain using theoretical

Young Modulus value 103

4.18 Deflection data for graph deflection versus PL3/3I 105

4.19 Voltage data for graph voltage versus strain using experiment

Young Modulus 106

4.20 Data for graph strain versus load from strain gage and

calculation 108

4.21 Voltage data for voltage versus strain for tensile strain 110

4.22 Voltage data for voltage versus strain for compression strain 112

4.23 Voltage data for different transmitter against constant

ultrasonic receiver 115

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Research methodology flow chart 7

2.1 The sound categories 8

2.2 Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducer type 400ST/R160 11

2.3 (a) The pulse echo technique and (b) received signal 12

2.4 Pulse resonance to examine blood vessel condition 13

2.5 Heated body volume undergoes expansion 14

2.6 Deformation of body due to force 15

2.7 Pipeline in industry and fix force act on the pipe from

support structure 19

2.8 Element of the pipe before weigh is loaded 20

2.9 Element at pipe after weight is loaded 20

2.10 Simple bending on a beam, a support and force at the end

of extrude beam 21

2.11 Deformation after load is applied 22

2.12 The bending beam shows curve from circular part 22

2.13 An element taken from a beam (a) before and

(b) after bending deformation 23

2.14 Strain distributions at x element 24

2.15 Pipe cross-section 25

2.16 Slope and deflection of beam 26

2.17 Stress divisions at cross section pipe beam 27

2.18 Types of wave 28

2.19 Sound wave reflections 29

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2.20 Sound diffraction reaches point A after passing a barrier

from a source 30

2.21 Speaker component 32

2.22 Flow diagram of sound from transmitter to receiver 32

2.23 Air ceramic ultrasonic transducer cross-section 33

2.24 The near field and far field from a transmitting transducer 35

2.25 The combination of diffraction and Huygens’s Principle

when sound passed through the slit 39

2.26 The reflection and refraction of ultrasonic when it hits

the different medium 40

2.27 The possible situation from ultrasonic wave from

probe cone 43

3.1 Dimension of the pipe used in the experiment 45

3.2 Pipe cross-section 46

3.3 Transmitter circuit for the ultrasonic system 47

3.4 Boolean Logic table for ultrasonic transmitter part 48

3.5 Frequency Control Part 49

3.6 Pre amplifier 49

3.7 Amplifier 50

3.8 Band pass filter 52

3.9 Rectifier 53

3.10 Buffer 53

3.11 The complete receiver circuit for ultrasonic receiver 54

3.12 Absorption coefficients versus frequency for air 55

3.13 Top view of experiment set up 57

3.14 Front view of experiment setting 57

3.15 The actual experiment setting 57

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3.16 Acrylic plate with hole diameter starting from left

0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, and 4 mm 59

3.17 The experiment set up for tip opening experiment 59

3.18 Experiment setting for variable range 60

3.19 The actual modified tube with three ranges 60

3.20 The experiment setting for variable tube diameter 61

3.21 The actual tube with different diameter 61

3.22 The experiment setting for variable controlled opening 62

3.23 The set of housing with different opening diameter 62

3.24 The dimension of the ultrasonic probe cone 63

3.25 The operation in the probe cone 64

3.26 A set of cone with 20⁰, 30⁰, 40⁰, 50⁰ and 60⁰ angles 65

3.27 The experiment setting for angled taper cone 66

3.28 Possible angle positions to put the ultrasonic probe cone 67

3.29 Each perpendicular triangle with 70º and 20º 67

3.30 The same triangle at Figure 3.30 is extend 1 mm to right 68

3.31 The experimental set up to measure deflection 70

3.32 The pipe bend and deflection 71

3.33 The ultrasonic transducer arrangement 71

3.34 The actual setting for the ultrasonic transducer on the pipe 72

3.35 Experimental set up to find the strain and deflection 72

3.36 Distance evaluation for ultrasonic after deformation 73

3.37 Displacement change due to strain formation 74

3.38 The experiment setting for second method 75

3.39 The actual second experiment setting 76

3.40 Second experiment method with labels 76

3.41 A strain gage patched on the pipe 79

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4.1 Half of transducer front area 81

4.2 New graph rearrange from Figure 4.1 81

4.3 Graph the average voltage versus distance for 90⁰

direct measurements 82

4.4 Graph of voltages versus distance for direct measurement 83

4.5 Graph of voltages versus distance in controlled space 84

4.6 Graph of voltages versus cross-section diameter in

controlled space 85

4.7 Distance travelled from transmitter to receiver at every

angles 86

4.8 Graph of voltage versus angle 87

4.9 The condition at the tip of probe cone 20º after being

enlarged 88

4.10 The condition at the tip of probe cone 70º after being

enlarged 88

4.11 Graph of voltage versus distance with angle for 60⁰ 90





4.16 Graph of voltage versus distance with angle for

4 mm diameter 96


3 mm diameter 97


2.5 mm diameter 98


1.5 mm diameter 99


1 mm diameter 100

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0.5 mm diameter 101

4.22 Graph of voltage change (mV) versus strain formation

(µm/m) using Young Modulus Taken from ASTM D638 103

4.23 Graph of deflections (m) versus PL3/3I 105

4.24 Graph of voltage change (mV) vs strain formation

(µm/m) for experimental Young Modulus 107

4.25 Graph of strain formation (µm/m) versus load (N) for strain

gage and experimental Young Modulus value 108

4.26 Graph of voltage versus strain formation for tensile strain 110

4.27 Graph of voltage versus strain formation for

compression strain 112

4.28 Graph of strain formation versus load using strain gage 113

4.29 Transmitter and receiver assembly 114

xxii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ASTM - American Standard Testing & Material

CT - Computed Tomography

DAS - Data Acquisition System

DC - Direct current

ECG - Electrocardiogram

ESPI - Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry

HMA - Hot Melt Adhesive

Hz - Hertz

IC - Integrated Circuit

LRS - Laser Range Scan

NDT - Non Destructive Test

POBF - Pulsatile Orbital Blood Flow

PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride

3D - 3 Dimension

xxiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

P - Force

ϵ - Strain

ρ - Radian

θ - Angle

dx - Element on pipe

σ - Stress

E - Young Modulus

y - Distance from neutral axis

c - Distance from neutral axis to pipe surface

I - Moment of Inertia

ri - Internal radian of pipe

ro - Outside radian of pipe

L - Beam length

v - Deflection from beam

v - Wave velocity

f - Wave frequency

λ - Wavelength

Z - Acoustic Impedance

xxiv

ρ - Material density

R - Reflection coefficient

M - Moment

V - Voltage

xxv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Air Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducer Datasheet 125

B Moment of Inertia taken from R.C Hibbeler (2005) 127

C PVC Pipe Specification 128

D Cantilvered Beam Slopes and Deflection from

R.C Hibbeler (2005) 129

E Strain Gage Information 130

F Strain Gage Data 137

G Material Properties from R.C Hibbler (2005) 138

H Publications – Conference, Book Chapter 139

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

Ultrasonic is widely used in the engineering industry because of its abilities

such as excellent long term stability and low power consumption (Valentin, 1994).

Since ultrasonic has many useful functions, miscellaneous investigations have been

proposed to improve the present performance and explore new potential

applications. Ultrasonic has always been used to justify quality control for plate

typically for metal plate thickness quality, scan the mother womb to obtain fetus

image and also functioning as motion sensor in automation in the industries. There

are lots of other applications beside what we already know in our mind. Research

and study programs are continuously ongoing to improve the ultrasonic

instrumentation performance in measurement related to the fluid flow in pipe and

duct (Çengel and Cimbala, 2006). Even solid bolt deformation including translation

and rotational in laboratory are detected using ultrasonic (Koshti, 1997). Recently,

ultrasonic is applied in the biological field, one of them is to determine the

mechanical properties of cells using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, part of

ultrasonic approaches (Kundu, 1994). The agricultural sector uses the ultrasonic

system to predict shelf life and maturity of food quality for avocado (Mizrach and

2

Flitsanov, 1995). The good aspects from these developments show that ultrasonic

are suitable to be implemented in various applications.

1.2. Background of the study Ultrasonic in Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is well known in detecting the

flaws in plate composition as part of quality inspection. The plate may be a part of

water tank, pipe or others which similar. The other application of ultrasonic is as a

range sensor for movement object. The improvement for this type of sensor for

mobile robot is well-evaluated to run smoothly (Park et al, 2010). The range sensor

developed by most industrial companies deal with large distance using meter unit

scale. The sensor is also used for liquid level indicator, car parking safety system

and others. The sensor is also applied in bottom vessel to monitor coral seabed

distance and to find schools of fishes. However, this research deals with small

strain formation between micrometer units with minimal cost of ultrasonic

equipment application.

The axial elongation of the PVC pipe is investigated when the pipe bent due

to perpendicular force. The elongation of the PVC pipe depends on the deflection

from initial state and Young Modulus of the material. The results from the

theoretical calculation and experiment are analyzed to observe the relationship

between both of them. The air-coupled ultrasonic propagation is transmitted

towards a point of the interested deformation area, and the reflected ultrasonic wave

is captured with ultrasonic transducer before being displayed for analyzing process.

1.3. Statement of the problem

When ultrasonic wave from air hits a solid medium, diffraction and deflection

phenomenon will occur (Bindal, 1999). There must be a deep comprehension of the

3

sound physical properties phenomenon of diffraction and deflection in order to

determine the optimum angle of reflection. Basically, when the ultrasonic wave

encounters different medium it will form shear and longitudinal waves at certain

angle (Trevor and Peter, 2009) which makes the analysis more complex to handle.

It is also necessary to identify other types of waves which occur simultaneously like

Lamb, Love, and Rayleigh waves.

Ultrasonic behaves as part of sound physical properties operating at a higher

frequency. The sound energy obeys the conservation energy equilibrium law which

can be formed or transformed. When the sound energy propagates on a surface, it

will scatter into three condition i.e. transmission, absorption or reflection depending

on the surface’s acoustic properties (Trevor and Peter, 2009). Since the wave

divides into three conditions further investigation must be performed for every

parameter that affects the transmission, reflection, and absorption process need to

be clear. After that it will lead to selection process between either one of them.

1.4. Purpose of the study

Ultrasound for measurement process uses transducers for both transmitting

and receiving process. They need medium for transmission process which may

consist of gaseous, liquid, or solid phase. This study aims to minimize the cost for

surface deformation measuring instrument by using ultrasonic sensors in comparison

with strain gages.

There are lots of selections to find strain gage in the market and the price

differs according to the type, purpose, durability and others. The price for single

strain gage is quite expensive and unfortunately it is one-time disposable stuff. In

contrast to strain gage, an ultrasonic transducer can be used many times and the

power consumption is lower.

4

1.5. Objectives of the study

The objective of this project is to measure the mechanical deformation when

a pipe bends due to a perpendicular load on the pipe using the ultrasonic

instrumentation system. The air-coupled ultrasonic system detects deformation at

the point of interest which is designed to be in tensile and compression state.

1.6. Scope of the study A one meter PVC pipe is placed horizontally and supported only at one edge

of the pipe. The weigh is hanging at the edge of the other side just one meter from

the support. The experimental set up is discussed in methodology (Chapter Three)

in this thesis. The pipe is bent to create the strain. As a result of the strain ultrasonic

wave which is generated from the ultrasonic transmitter strikes the surface and

reflects to the ultrasonic receiver. In this experiment, two aluminum probe cones

are used for both transducers to collimate the ultrasonic wave. The idea to use cone

for this experiment came from a research on ultra-high distance resolution (Imano

et al, 2005), ( Imano et al, 2006) and has also been implemented in another research

to check fruit quality (Mizrach and Flitsanov, 1995).

The transducers are installed on a PVC pipe permanently. The ultrasonic

transmitter transducer operates at 40 kHz using circuits while the ultrasonic

receiver transducer is connected to a signal conditioning circuit containing a filter,

amplifier, and rectifier circuit. The signal from the experiment is displayed on an

oscilloscope. An air-coupled ultrasonic transducer has its own characteristic to

investigate even though after the installation of alumunium probe cone. The scope

will cover the factors that are affecting the measurement reads. Ultrasonic and

acoustic impedance have close connection to each other.

5

1.7. Significance of the study

Ultrasonic technique in Non-Destructive Technique can be used to measure

the physical surface deformation and it also can be utilized repeatedly compared to

an electrical resistance strain gage which suffers from performance degradation if it

is used repeatedly. The technique discussed in this research use air-couple

ultrasonic transducer and it is an enhancement to the existing ultrasonic technique.

This technique helps many people to measure strain deformation especially for

pipe.

1.8 Organization of the thesis

Chapter one is an introduction to this thesis. It includes background of the

study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objectives, scope of the study,

research question, significance of the study, organization of the thesis and research

methodology.

Chapter two is about literature review. This chapter elaborates on ultrasound,

the ultrasonic sensing system, mechanical deformation of surfaces, deformation on

pipe surface, physics of sound, sound pressure level, air-coupled ultrasonic

transducer, the use of ultrasonic in non-destructive testing, ultrasonic probe cone, and

tip opening.

Chapter three expounds the methodology of the thesis from start until the end.

The process to conduct the experiment due to the bending of the pipe until the

collection of data is elaborated in detail.

Chapter four expounds result and discussion on the experiment. After the

experiment was carried out, the data analyzed to observe the information gathered in

6

tables and graphs. The information from both tables and graphs will determine the

result of the thesis objective in section 1.5.

Chapter five is the last chapter which consists of conclusion and

recommendation. The output from this research can be used and any weakness can

be improved by other people.

1.9 Research Methodology

The flow chart showing the research methodology in Figure 1.1 starts with

literature review to understand the ultrasonic and surface deformation. Every single

information about these elements is vital to run the experiment. Then the process

goes to fabrication stage to build electronic circuit for ultrasonic transducer and

signal conditioning process, besides making the experiment work piece using PVC

pipe. The first preliminary method experiment is done to get the relationship between

ultrasonic and strain formation and obtain Young Modulus of PVC material. The

interested spot is patched with electrical strain gage to calibrate the strain

deformation.

The next step is second literature review to find out about another research

technique, probe cone evaluation, and ultrasonic physic properties. After that, the

second fabrication process is started by making new electronic circuit and new

experiment work piece. The second experiment able to test the surface deformation

under two condition states; tensile and compression. The second experiment also

improves the first experiment from design aspect and range of deformation.

7

Figure 1.1 Research methodology flow chart

Literature review about ultrasonic and surface deformation

Fabrication process to run the experiment

Electronic circuit to test ultrasonic transducer

Experiment set up, build PVC stand and probe cone

Literature review for improvement; looking another research technique, ultrasonic properties, and probe cone

Second fabrication process to run the experiment

First preliminary method experiment to test ultrasonic against strain formation

Electronic circuit modification from previous

Experiment set up, built acrylic stand

Second method experiment; the experiment being under two conditions tensile and compression state.

Calibration using strain gage at interested spot

120

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