UMSlaveryandtheUniversityWorkingGroup:

2-YearReportandProposalforFutureProjects,

October15,2015

{Partialversion}

PhotoofthecarriagehousebehindProf.EdwardBoynton’sfacultyresidence,UniversityofMississippicampus,circa1860.Source:UMSpecialCollections

UMStudentsKyaraWilliamsandHaliNilesconductinganarchaeologicalexcavationnearthekitchen/slavequartersattheHughCraftHouseaspartofthe“BehindtheBigHouseProject,”HollySpringsMS,Fall2014.

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“Itispartoftheironyofslaverythathistoriansstudyingtheinstitution...havefailedtoprovidealltheanswers;indeed,perhapstheyhavenotyetaskedalltherightquestions.”--HarryOwens,introductiontothe1975PorterFortunesymposium.“TheUniversityofMississippihasanobligationtoitselfbutitalsohasanobligationtoMississippi,theSouthandtheNation.Itsitsinaleadershipposition.Andwecan’tshrinkfromthatleadershippositionwhenthequestionsgettough.That’swhenweneeduniversitiestoreallystandupand,infact,setanexampleforhowwedealwithadifficult,contentious,attimespainfulpast…butultimatelyapastthatwe’requitecapableofdealingwith.”--CraigStevenWilder,Feb.11,2014,UniversityofMississippivisit.

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MembersoftheUMSlaveryandtheUniversityWorkingGroup:CharlesK.Ross(Co-Chair),AssociateProfessor,History/AfricanAmericanStudiesJeffreyT.Jackson(Co-Chair),AssociateProfessor,SociologyMikaelaAdams,AssistantProfessor,HistoryJoelAmidon, AssistantProfessor,SecondaryEducationDeborahE.Barker,AssociateProfessor,EnglishTonyBoudreaux,AssociateProfessor,AnthropologyandDirector,Centerfor

ArchaeologicalResearchDonaldCole,AssistantProvost,AssistanttotheChancellorforMulticulturalAffairs KirstenDellinger,AssociateProfessorandChair,SociologyandAnthropologyLynnDietrich,ClinicalAssistantProfessor,TeacherEducationLeighAnneDuck,AssociateProfessor,EnglishJenniferFord,AssociateProfessorandHeadofSpecialCollections,LibraryDeborahFreeland,GraphicDesigner,OutreachandContinuingEducationShennetteGarrett-Scott,AssistantProfessor,History/AfricanAmericanStudiesPhillisGeorge,AssistantProfessor,LeadershipandCounselorEducationWilliamD.Griffith,Curator,UniversityMuseumandHistoricHousesKirkJohnson,AssociateProfessor,Sociology/AfricanAmericanStudiesMarvinKing,AssociateProfessor,PoliticalScience/AfricanAmericanStudiesKatieMcKee,AssociateProfessor,English/SouthernStudiesLeighMcWhite,AssociateProfessor,LibraryKBMelear,AssociateProfessor,LeadershipandCounselorEducationMaureenMeyers,AssistantProfessor,AnthropologyJohnNeff,AssociateProfessor,HistoryMandyPerryman,AssistantProfessor,LeadershipandCounselorEducationPaulPolgar,AssistantProfessor,HistoryJarodRoll,AssociateProfessor,HistoryRobertSaarnio,Director,UniversityMuseumandHistoricHousesJodiSkipper,AssistantProfessor,Anthropology/SouthernStudiesJenniferStollman,AcademicDirector,WilliamWinterInstituteAnneTwitty,AssistantProfessor,HistoryJosephP.Ward,ProfessorandChair,HistoryJayWatson,Professor,EnglishAmyWellsDolan,AssociateProfessor,HigherEducationLoriA.Wolff,Professor,LeadershipandCounselorEducation

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ZoomedinportionoftheBoyntonphotofromtitlepage,showingwomanandbabycarriage,UniversityofMississippi,(circa1860):UMSpecialCollections

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Introduction: Onedayinwhatwasprobablytheyear1860,EdwardC.Boynton,the

newProfessorofChemistry,Minerology,andGeologyattheUniversityof

Mississippi,tookapictureofthecarriagehousebehindhisfacultyresidence.

Boyntonwaspracticingusinghisnewphotographyequipmentbytaking

shotsofcampusbuildingsaswellashisownfamilymembers.Thenew

photographictechnologyhewastesting,knownas“thewet-collodion

process,”hadjustbeeninvented.Thetechniqueutilizedindividualglass

platenegativeswhichwerefragileand“somewhatcumbersomeand

tedious,”butweresuperiorto“earlierdaguerreotypeandcalcotype

processes…andproducedimagesofremarkablesharpnessandfinegrain.”1

AlloftheantebellumphotographsoftheUMcampuswerearesultof

Boynton’snewhobbyandthefortunatecoincidencesthatresultedinthe

survivalofhisboxofhigh-qualityfragileglassnegatives.

Inthephotohetookofthecarriagehouse,wecanclearlyseethree

figures.OnthefarrightstandsBoynton’swife,MaryHubbardBoynton,ina

longdress.Onthefarleft,weseehis6year-olddaughter,Lizza,dressedin

petticoatsandasportybrimmedhat.Andinthemiddle,framedbythe

openingofthecarriagehouse,standsanAfricanAmericanwoman.Wearing

alongcottondresswithawhitecollarandascarfcoveringherhead,she

restsherrighthandonthehandleofawheeledbasinet,likelyholding

Boynton’s4month-oldbaby,Florence.

Wedonotknowthenameofthiswoman,nordoweknowanything

aboutherlifeattendingtotheBoyntonfamilyandcaringfortheBoynton

children,butsheislikelythepersonlistedasthesoleslaveownedby

Boyntoninthe1860FederalSlaveSchedule:age,“45;”sex,“Female;”color,

“Black.”

1Lloyd,JamesB.“TheUniversityofMississippi:TheFormativeYears,1848-1906,”p.19

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Whilethephotographconnotesherprobableroleasnannytothe

Boyntonchildren(Mrs.Boyntonisnotholdingthebasinethandle),her

image--thisfragiletraceofherlife--serendipitouslypreservedastheonly

imageofantebellumslaveryattheUniversityofMississippifoundtodate,

leavesuswithmanyquestions:Whatwashernameandwhowasshe?What

washerlifelike?Whatwasherrelationshiptoherownersandmasters,the

Boyntons?Whatdidherworkentail?Whereexactlyoncampusdidshelive?

WhatwasherrelationshiptotheUniversity?And,mostimportantly,what

washerrelationshiptotheotherdozens,perhapshundreds,ofAfrican

AmericanslaveswhoworkedontheUniversityofMississippicampus,andin

thesurroundingtownofOxford,duringthoseantebellumyears?Washer

experiencesimilartothosewhoworkedthecampusfieldsandgardensthat

providedforthestudentmealsintheSteward’sHallorthecooksandwaiters

whoservedthesemeals?Wasitdifferentfromthosewholaboredtofirethe

hand-madebricksandconstructtheearliestcampusbuildings,suchasthe

LyceumandtheObservatory?Didsheinteractwiththeotherslaveswho

undertookthedomesticchoresofcaringforthestudentsandfaculty:

buildingtheirfiresinthemorning,makingtheirbeds,launderingtheir

clothes,makingtheirmeals,emptyingtheirchamberpots?Andwhat

happenedtoherafterthewar,afterherownerandmaster,EdwardBoynton

hadbeendismissedforharboringNorthernsympathiesandleftthe

University?DidsheleaveOxfordalongwithotherfreepeopleofcolorto

buildanewlifeelsewhere,ordidsheremain,perhapsevenreturningto

workontheverycampusonwhichshewasstandingwhenthisphotowas

taken?

WeknownoneoftheanswerstothesequestionsbecauseBoynton’s

slave,sofarasweknow,leftnolettersordocumentsofherown.Itis

unlikelythatshecouldevenreadorwrite,thoughshemayhavebeenableto

doso.Likemostofherblackcontemporaries,herlifeisshroudedin

obscurity;almostcompletelyabsentfromthematerialtracestypicallyleftby

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society’smoreprivilegedcitizens.NoteventheFederalGovernment,

requiredbylawtoenumerateeveryindividualinthenationeverytenyears,

askedforhername.Whathopedoesthehistorianorarchaeologisthaveto

everrecoverthesetracesneverrecorded?Especiallywheneventhefaintest

signalshavebeenlost,denied,hidden,andevenintentionallyrepressedfor

over150years?

ButthestoriesofslaveryandtheUniversityofMississippiarenot

completelylost.Manyfragiletracesofantebellumslavelifeonthiscampus

areactually“hiddeninplainsight.”2Weknow,forinstance,thenamesofthe

enslaversandtheextentoftheirslaveownership.Wealsoknowthatslavery

wasafactoflifeinNorthMississippipriortotheCivilWar.Nevertheless,

eventhesefactsanddetailsareoftenobscuredbylensesofmisperception

andmisunderstanding.Theyareminimized,even,bythedynamicsof

nationalshameanddenialassociatedwithourcollectivememoriesof

Americanslaveryandtheracialbiasesofthescholarswhohavespent

decadesconstructingthem.Theenslaversarecalled“wealthyplanters”in

ourinstitution’sofficialhistory,theslavelaborcampsthatenrichedthem

andcreatedtheeconomicwherewithalforthefoundingoftheUniversity

itself:“plantations.”3Thedetailsofthefounders’slaveholdings,perhaps

castingtoodarkandpainfulashadowfortheauthororhisinstitutiontofully

contemplate,areconvenientlyomittedandcarelesslyneglected.

Nevertheless,thefragiletracesarethere,waitingtobefullyrecovered,

explored,andunderstood.

Inthisdocument,theUMSlaveryandtheUniversityWorkingGroup,

whichwasformedin2014outofaninteresttoexplorenewscholarshipon

slaveryandthelegaciesofslavery,seekstoaddressthesehistorical2WorkinggroupmemberJodiSkipper,asquotedin“UMStudentsDigforCluesaboutSlaves’DailyLives,”UMPressRelease,April24,2015.http://news.olemiss.edu/um-students-dig-clues-slaves-daily-lives/#.VUgE1c5Wtfs3Sansing,David.TheUniversityofMississippi:ASesquicentennialHistory,pp.36&32.

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omissionsandsocialneglect.Hereweoutlineourworkoverthepastthree

semesterstomorecarefullyunderstandtherelationshipbetweenourown

institution—TheUniversityofMississippi—andthe“peculiarinstitution.”

Wealsolayoutournextstepsforcreatinganongoingcampus-wide

interdisciplinaryresearch,teaching,andcommunityoutreacheffortaimedat

recovering,preserving,exploring,andunderstandingslaveryanditslegacies

hereinourownlocale.

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Background:

InFallof1975,theUniversityofMississippihostedthefirstinaseriesof

HistorySymposiumswhichwouldeventuallybenamedfortheChancellorwholent

hissupporttotheeffort:PorterFortune.Theeventwashistoricnotonlyforits

inauguralimplicationsbutalsoforitssubjectmatter:“TheSlaveExperiencein

America:ABicentennialPerspective.”ThefactthataUniversityintheDeep

South—apreviouslyall-white

Universitythathadexperiencedonly

adecadeearlieroneofthemost

tumultuousracialconflicts

associatedwithdesegregationinthe

nation—washostinganacademic

conferenceonasubjectsocentralto

theAfricanAmericanexperience

wassoextraordinarythatthe

symposiumitselfmadenational

headlines.Thesymposiumwasalso

momentousbecauseofthecaliberof

scholarsitattracted.Theseven

speakersincludedtwoBancroft

HistoryPrizewinners(Engerman

andGenovese),oneLincolnPrize

Winner(Stampp),oneNational

HumanitiesMedalwinner(Davis),

twowinnersofthePulitzerPrize(CarlDegler,DavidBrionDavis),andoneNobel

Laureate(Engerman).Perhapsitwastheintriguingopportunitytospeakabout

slaveryinaplacethathadrecentlygonethroughsuchtumult,andaplacethatwas

socentraltothehistoryofthesubjectoftheirexpertisethatattractedsuchalarge

numberofdistinguishedslaveryscholarstothiscampus.Perhapsitwasthe

progressiveeffortsofthesymposiumorganizers,includingHistoriansHarryOwens

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andDavidSansing,butalsoChancellorFortunehimself,thatmadeithappen.These

organizerswereallwrestlingwithrecentcampusdifficultiesinwhichthe

predominatelywhitestudentsweremakinglifedifficultforthesmallbutgrowing

AfricanAmericanstudentbodyandHarryOwens,inparticular,hadjustfiveyears

earliercreatedtheuniversity’sfirst“BlackStudiesProgram.”Certainly,a

symposiumlikethiswasexactlywhathehadinmindwhenhesaid:

[Blackpeople’s]historicstruggleagainstalmostoverwhelmingodds,notonlyenlargesourunderstandingofAmericanhistory.ButitalsooffersagreatlessontoallAmericans.Thehistoryofmillionsofblackpeoplefighting,notonlytosurvive,butmoreimportant,toovercomeinstitutionalizedracism,canprovideanhistoricalperpectiveofthepresentandahopeforthefuture(Cohodas,TheBandPlayedDixie,p.177)

Owens,Sansing,Fortuneandtheothersupportersandorganizersofthe

eventsurelymusthaveseenthepotentialinwhattheywerecreating.Forinthe

yearsthatfollowed,the1975symposiumbecametheimpetusforseveralnew

facultypositionsintheHistoryDepartmentfundedbytheFordFoundation,the

arrivalofsymposiumparticipantandeminentslaveryscholarWinthropJordantoa

fulltimepositionintheUMDepartmentofHistory,thefoundingofnewcampus

initiativesandcenters,includingCenterfortheStudyofSouthernCultureand,of

course,thePorterFortuneSymposiumseriesitself,whichcontinuestothisday.In

short,the1975symposium,borneofaprogressivevisioninauniversitycommunity

tryingtohealfromtumultandcrisis,openedupalastingspaceonthiscampusfora

moreinclusivediscussion.Sincethattime,therehavebeenmanyothersignificant

achievementsonthiscampusthathavesoughttobroadenthisspaceandwidenthe

opportunitiesforamorehonestreflectionontherelationshipbetweenour

University(andourState’s)relationshipwithourracistpast.Overthepast40years

theUniversityhasbuiltuparespectablerecordofteachingandresearchonthe

topicofAmericanslaveryanditslegacies.Itisthisspiritandtraditiononwhichwe

hopetobuild.

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HistoryoftheUMSlaveryandtheUniversityWorkingGroup InSeptember2013,ChuckRoss(DirectorofAfricanAmericanStudiesand

AssociateProfessorofHistoryandAfricanAmericanStudies)andJeffJackson

(AssociateProfessorofSociology)metwithJoeWard(HistoryDepartmentChair)

andKirstenDellinger(SociologyandAnthropologyDepartmentChair)todiscuss

theideaofinvitingCraigStevenWilder,authorof“EbonyandIvy:Race,Slavery,and

theTroubledHistoryofAmerica’sUniversities”tocampus.Frustratedbyrecent

incidentsofracismoncampusandconcernedwhetherourrespectivedepartments

mightbeabletodomoretoprovideopportunitiesforourstudentsandfacultyto

engagequestionsregardingthelegaciesofracialinequalityinourlocalcontext,we

hadjustemailedeachotheranNPRstoryfeaturingWilderontheradioandsaw

immediatelythepotentialofstudyingtherelationshipheexploredinourown

locale.ChuckRosscontactedWilderaboutthepossibilityofvisitingourcampusin

February2014andlearnedthathewouldbeinterestedandavailable.

Thebasicideathatemergedfromthediscussionwastocreateafaculty

readinggroup,readDr.Wilder’sbookcollectively,andinvitehimtocampusfora

discussionwiththegroupandseewhereitmightlead.Wewereveryencouraged

when,uponpresentingourideatoChancellorDanJones,herespondedwith

enthusiasticsupportandafinancialcommitmenttosupportthereadinggroup.This

fundingwouldprovideforWilder’scampusvisit,thepurchaseofthebooks,aswell

asaseriesofluncheonsthatwouldallowthereadinggrouptodiscussthebook

priortoWilder’svisitanddiscusstheimplicationsofthebookfortheUMcampus

followingWilder’svisit.Inaddition,Dr.Jonespressedustousetheremainingfunds

toexplorewhatothercampusesweredoingonthisissue(BrownUniversityandthe

UniversityofVirginia,inparticular)andto,ifpossible,developasetofpreliminary

initiativesthatfacultyandstudentsonthecampusmightbeabletotacklewith

regardtothehistoryofslaveryattheUniversityofMississippi.Dr.Jonesalso

emphasizedthattheseeffortsshouldattempttoconnecttherealitiesofantebellum

slaverytothelegaciesslaveryinthepost-bellumandcurrentcontexts.

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Whenwesentoutthecampuswideinvitationforfacultytoparticipateinthe

readinggroup,wehopedwewouldgetatleast15-20readinggroupmembersto

signontoreadthebookandattendtheseriesofluncheonsduringtheSpring2014

semester.Wewereencouragedandsurprisedwhen58peoplefromallovercampus

signedup!Thisincludedfacultyfromseventeendifferentdepartmentsandcenters

andanumberofpeoplefromthecentraladministration,includingChancellorJones.

DuringtheSpringsemester,2014our“UMReadingGrouponSlaveryandthe

University”metthreetimes.Thefirstmeetingwastodiscussthebookandprepare

questionsforDr.CraigWilder.Duringthesecondmeeting,wehadtheopportunity

tomeetwithDr.Wildertodiscussthebookanditsbroaderimplications.Atthe

thirdmeeting,wediscussedwhatwehadlearnedasagroupanddecidedtoforma

“workinggroup”thatwouldcontinuetoexploretheseissues.4

Thediscussionswehadwithinthereadinggroupwereengagingand

robust.Itbecameclearearlyinourmeetingthatwedidn'twanttolimitourwork

solelytodiscussionsaboutenslavedpeopleandtheirhistoricsignificancetothe

university,butratherwewantedtofocusoureffortsonaddressingbiggerand

broadercontemporaryissuesofraceoncampus.Inthewakeofeventsacrossthe

countryinthepastyear,wefeltthiswasacriticaltimetoexaminewhatiscurrently

happeningoncampusandbecomemorepurposefulandhonestaboutraceand

diversity.Weagreedthatfacultyoftenavoiddiscussionsaboutracebecausethey

feelunpreparedorareill-equippedtohandlethetopicappropriately,andwesaw

oneofourmissionstobeprovidingtraining/supporttofacultysotheyallwouldbe

abletofacilitatetheseconversationsinconstructiveandrespectfulways.

Whilethenatureandcontentofthesenumerousdiscussionsaretoomuchto

recaphere(notesfromourmeetingsareavailableinourUMBoxaccount),what

becameclearisthattherewasagreatdealofenergyandinterestamongreading

groupmemberstodelveintothistopicmorefully.Inparticular,thereadinggroup

concludedthattherewastremendouspotentialinexploringtherelationship

betweenslaveryandourinstitutionanditrecommendedthatweshouldforma

4NotesfromourmeetingsandWilder’svisitareavailableinourUMBoxaccount:

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faculty“workinggroup”devotedtoinvestigatingandlayingoutpotentialplansand

initiativesthatwemightundertake.

Oftheoriginal58membersofthereadinggroup,28signedupforthe

workinggroupwhichmetmultipletimesintheFallof2014andSpringof2015to

builduponthereadinggroup’srecommendations.Wedecidedtoform

subcommitteesinthreemainareas:Research,Teaching,andCommunityOutreach.

Eachsubgroupwasaskedtomeetindependentlyfromthelargergrouptotryto

identifythe“mostfruitfulfirststeps”wemighttakeineacharea.Thisreportand

proposalisbasedupontherecommendationsthatemergedfromthisprocess.

(GroupreportsonwhichthesewerelargelybasedcanbefoundinAppendixB).

InOctober2014,twoofourgroupmembers,AnnieTwittyandLynnDeitrich,

volunteeredtotravelonbehalfofourgrouptotheUniversityofVirginiafora

nationalconferenceonthetopicof“UniversitiesConfrontingtheLegacyofSlavery.”

Theirreportbacktothegroupwasextremelybeneficialintermsofsituatingour

ownactivitieswithinthelargernationalcontextofwhatotherUniversitieswith

historiesdirectlyconnectedtoslaveryweredoing.

TheworkinggroupalsoinvitedNancyBercaw,curatorattheSmithsonian

Institution’snewNationalMuseumofAfricanAmericanHistoryandCulturein

WashingtonD.C.(currentlyunderconstruction,scheduledtoopenin2015)togivea

presentationandmeetwiththegroupinApril2015.Dr.Bercawisaformerfaculty

memberhereatUMandherexpertiseintheareasofslaveryinterpretationand

engagingthepubliconthesematterswasextremelyhelpfulforaddressingmanyof

thequestionswehad.Notonlydidshehelpusreflectonwhatcommunity

engagementmightmeanforourownpotentialactivities,butshealsoofferedmany

ideasabouthowwemightconnecttolargerfundingopportunitiesandother

nationalandinternationallevelinitiatives.

WehadoriginallyhopedtoalsosendgroupmemberstovisitBrown

Universitytomeetwithrepresentativesoftheirnewlyestablished“Centerforthe

StudyofSlaveryandJustice.”Wewereparticularlyhopingtobeabletospeakwith

itsnewDirector,AnthonyBoguesandtheChairofthecommitteewhichdraftedthe

originalBrownUniversity“SlaveryandJustice”report,JamesCampbell.Whileplans

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todothisinMarch2015fellthrough,wearestillhopingtobeabletodothisinthe

comingyear:WeareplanningtosendgroupmemberstovisitBrownUniversity

andalsotoinviteJamesCampbell(currentlyatStanford)totheUniversityof

Mississippi.

Inaddition,weareplanningtoinviteDr.JillianGalletocampusthiscoming

Fall.SheistheProjectDirectorfortheDigitalArchaeologicalArchiveof

ComparativeSlavery(DAACS-http://www.daacs.org).Partoftheirproject

involvesanonline,relationaldatabasethatcontainsthedigitizedresultsfrom

"multiplearchaeologicalsiteswhereenslavedAfricansandtheirdescendantsonce

livedandworked.”Upuntilthispoint,thisdatabasefocusedoncomparative

archaeologicalresearchintheCheseapeake,theCarolinas,andtheCaribbean

areas.Nothinginthedeepsouth.However,theremaybepotentialforustobecome

apartofthesecomparativeslaveryeffortsifwewereto:a.)becometrainedinthe

DAACSmethodology;andb.)doanarchaeologicalexcavationofasiteusingourown

resources.Furthermore,therecouldbefuturefundingopportunitiesifwewereto

becomeinvolved.OneofthemembersofourUMSlaveryandtheUniversity

WorkingGroup,Dr.MaureenMeyers,hashadpreliminaryconversationswithDr.

GalleandlearnedthatDr.Gallewouldbeverywillingtocomeandspeakwithus

aboutthepotentialopportunitiesofcollaboratingwiththeDAACSproject.

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OverarchingWorkingGroupGoals:

• CreateopportunitiesforUMstudentsandfacultyinterestedinstudyingslavery,Indianremoval,settlercolonialismandthelegaciesofslavery

• BringstateoftheartresearchtechniquesandmethodologiesforexploringtheseissuestotheUMcampus.

• Supporttheseeffortsthroughexternalgrantsandfundingopportunities

• BecomeknownasasiteforinnovativepracticesinAmericanslaveryresearchthroughtheuseoftraditionalmanuscriptcollections,archaeology,publicanthropology,culturalgeography,historicalcomparativesociology,ethnography/oralhistory,criticalraceanalysis,literaryanalysisandengagedcommunityresearch.

• Becomeaclearinghouseforscholarsinterestedinstudyingslaveryingeneralandslaveryinthelowersouth,inparticular.Developvisitingscholars’program.

• Buildconnectionsamongourcampuscommunityinterestedintheseissues:SpecialCollections,Academicdepartmentsandcenters,Museum,RowanOak,etc.

• Developclasseson“SlaveryandtheUniversityofMississippi”forundergraduateandgraduatestudents.

• Buildconnectionstoourlocalcommunity:Oxfordschools,OxfordLafayettehistorygroups;HollySpringsandPontotocaswell.

• DevelopsummerclassesforMississippiteachersandcommunitymembersonthehistoryofslaveryoncampusandinNorthMississippigenerally.

• Buildconnectionstoourstatewidecommunity:MSState,HistorymuseuminJackson

• BuildconnectionstothelargernationaldiscussiononslaveryandtheUniversity:e.g.Brown,Virginia,SouthCarolina,Alabama,Alcorn,MissState.

• Buildconnectionstothelargernationalandglobaldiscussiononslavery:DAACSarchive,SmithsonianInstitution,

• BuildapermanentsiteordestinationforstudentsandvisitorstolearnaboutslaveryoncampusandinNorthMississippigenerallybyexhibitingartificatsandobjectsrelatedtoslaveryourlocale

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PreliminaryFindingsandDiscoveriesRelatedtoSlaveryatUM:Existingprimarysourcesconsulted:

FacultyMinutes(FM),“MinutesoftheFacultyoftheUniversityofMississippi”BoardofTrusteesMinutes(BTM)1850and1860FederalCensuses1850and1860FederalSlaveSchedules

Existingprimarysourcesnotyetconsulted:

LibraryFacultyandworkinggroupmembersJenniferFordandLeighMcWhitehaveassembledanextensivelistof“antebellumUMcollectionsandpublications”whichwilllikelyproveusefulforourgroupgivenenoughstudentandfacultyresearcherstogothroughthem(attachedasAppendixA).Themostpromisingoftheseinclude:theAlumniMinutes(whichstartin1848);theUM“AnnouncementsandCatalogue”;theBarnardCollection;theHermeanandPhiSigmaminutes;theHilgardPapers;theMSUniversityMagazine(whichbeginin1856);thePhiSigmaMagazine;andthe“RulesandRegulationsofUM”(whichbeginin1850).Libraryfacultyhavealsocreatedaspreadsheet listingalladministrators,boardmembers,faculty,staff,andstudentsduringantebellumtimes.Thisisanimportantresourcethatcanbeusedtotracetheslaveowninghistoryofuniversitycommunitymembers(inparticularthedegreetowhichUMstudentsderivedfromslave-owningfamilieswhosetuitionhelpedtofundtheuniversity).Thesedatahavealreadybeencompiledandareessentialforfutureresearchonuniversity-relatedslaveowners.ThesourcesusedincreatingthespreadsheetwerefromtheRegistrarLedgersCollectionandtheHistoricalCatalogueoftheUniversityofMississippi,1849-1909(Nashville,TN:Marshall&BruceCompany,1910).

ExistingSecondarysourcesconsulted:

Cabaniss,Allen.“TheUniversityofMississippi:ItsFirstHundredYears”Sansing,David.“TheUniversityofMississippi:ASesquicentennialHistory”Lloyd,JamesB.“TheUniversityofMississippi,TheFormativeYears:1848-1906”

Partialnamesofcampusslavesdiscovered:

George:--July12,1849:“OrderedbytheboardthattheTreasurerpaytheCollegeservantGeorgeFivedollarsasapresentforthefaithfulmannerinwhichhehasperformedhisdutiesduringthepastsession.”BTMp.110

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--July13,1853:“Onmotionitwasorderedthatthea/cofDr.MillingtonforservicesofservantGeorgeasJanitorbeallowedbydeductionthetimehewassick,andthattheProctorpaythesame.”BTMp.193--ItisprobablethatGeorgeislisted,unnamed,inthe1850slavescheduleunderMillington’snameasoneofhis7slaves(2male:oneage53,theotherage40)Jane:SlaveownedbyChancellorBarnard.NameiscitedinFacultyMinutesandBoardofTrusteeMinutesinwhatisknownasthe“BranhamAffair”inwhichshewasassaultedonDr.Barnard’spremisesbystudentS.B.Humphreys(seebelow).Sheisalsoprobablylisted,unnamed,inthe1860slavescheduleunderBarnard’snameasoneofhistwofemaleslaves(oneage30,theotherage35)Martin?Accordingto“AfricanAmericanExperience”websiteintheDept.ofAfricanAmericanStudies,“Martin”islistedasoneofthe“twoservantshired”byUniversityintheProctorreport1859Marcus?Accordingto“AfricanAmericanExperience”websiteintheDept.ofAfricanAmericanStudies,“Marcus”islistedasoneofthe“twoservantshired”byUniversityintheProctorreport1859

Unnamedcampusslaves1850

Accordingtothe1850SlaveSchedule,55slavesarelistedasthepropertyofindividualslistedasfaculty(orsteward)oftheUniversityofMississippi.Itisnotclearwhethertheseslaveslivedoncampus,orelsewhereinthecounty.

10slaveslistedunderPresidentAugustusB.Longstreet’snameasslaveownerinthe1850SlaveSchedule,probablylivingoncampus,dwellingunknown(maybePresident’sresidenceonsouthsideofcircle?):

Unnamed,50,M,BUnnamed,35,M,BUnnamed,30,M,BUnnamed,25,M,BUnnamed,10,M,BUnnamed,52,F,BUnnamed,50,F,BUnnamed,50,F,BUnnamed,53,F,BUnnamed,30,F,BUnnamed,28,F,B

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7slaveslistedunderLanguageProfessorJohnWaddel’snameasslaveownerinthe1850SlaveSchedule,probablylivingoncampus,dwellingunknown:

Unnamed,70,F,BUnnamed,5,M,BUnnamed,45,F,BUnnamed,28,F,BUnnamed,14,F,BUnnamed,10,F,BUnnamed,15,F,B

2slaveslistedunderMathematicsandAstronomyProfessorAlbertTaylorBledsoe’snameasslaveownerinthe1850SlaveSchedule,probablylivingoncampus,dwellingunknown(maybefacultyresidence?):

Unnamed,40,F,BUnnamed,4,F,B

7slaveslistedunderProfessorJohnMillington’snameasslaveownerinthe1850SlaveSchedule,probablylivingoncampus,dwellingunknown(maybefacultyresidence?):

Unnamed,55,M,BUnnamed,50,F,BUnnamed,40,M,BUnnamed,22,F,BUnnamed,18,F,BUnnamed,4,F,BUnnamed,2,F,B

15slaveslistedunderCollegeStewardA.G.Ellis’nameasslaveownerinthe1850SlaveSchedule,probablylivingoncampus,dwellingunknown(maybeSteward’sHall?).UnclearifEllisownedtheslavesorhisislistedasowneronbehalfoftheUniversityofMississippi:

Unnamed,45,F,BlackUnnamed,32,F,MulattoUnnamed,25,F,BUnnamed,25,F,BUnnamed,25,M,BUnnamed,18,M,BUnnamed,13,M,BUnnamed,4,M,BUnnamed,4,M,BUnnamed,2,M,BUnnamed,42,F,BUnnamed,30,F,BUnnamed,30,F,BUnnamed,28,F,B

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Unnamed,4,F,B

14slaveslistedunderMathematicsAssistantProfessorL.Q.C.Lamar’snameasslaveownerinthe1850SlaveSchedule,possiblylivingoncampus,possiblylivingoffcampus,dwellingunknown(maybefacultyresidence?):

Unnamed,28,F,BUnnamed,28,F,BUnnamed,24,F,BUnnamed,16,F,BUnnamed,15,F,BUnnamed,12,F,BUnnamed,11,F,BUnnamed,9,F,BUnnamed,6,F,BUnnamed,7,F,BUnnamed,6,M,BUnnamed,4,M,BUnnamed,4,M,BUnnamed,2,M,B

Unnamedcampusslaves1860

Accordingtothe1860FederalCensusSlaveSchedule,118slavesarelistedasthepropertyofindividualslistedasthefaculty(andsteward)oftheUniversityofMississippi.Itisnotclearwhethertheseslaveslivedoncampus,elsewhereinthecounty,oreveninneighboringcounties.FacultymemberslivingoncampuswhoownedslavesincludePresidentFrederickBarnard(2slaves),EdwardBoynton(1),WilliamF.Stearns(5),HenryWhitehorne(5),LQCLamar(31),andWilliamD.Moore(46).Therearetoomanytolisthereindividually,butwewouldliketotrytomatchupthe1860listwiththe1850and1870liststofindpossiblenamesofslavesthatworkedoncampusduringthistime.

UnnamedslaveswhowerehiredoutbylocalslaveholderstoworkontheUniversityofMississippicampus:

RobertSheegoghiredslavestotheUniversity(twicementionedintheBTM)JacobThompsonhiredslavestotheUniversity(BTM)J.E.MarketslaveshiredslavestotheUniversity(BTM)Multipleotherslaveshiredbyunnamedslaveowners(manylistingsintheBTM)

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InformationregardingthelivesofcampusslavesDutiesofcampusslaves:--May20,1850--“ItwasfurtherresolvedthattheCollegeservantsallbeemployedunderthedirectionofthePresidentincleaninguptheCampus&puttingitinorder,whennotengagedinthebusinessofthebuildings.”FMP.26(p.38oftypescript)--September16,1856—“itwasResolved,Thatisshallbedutyoftheservantsemployedinthedormitoriestosweeptheroomsandentriesdaily,adjustthebedding,carryfuel,makefires,bringwaterdaily,fromthe1stOctobertillthefirstApril,andtwiceadaytherestofthecollegeyear.WhenunemployedthustheyshallbeatthedispositionofthePresident.”FMP.67(page83oftypescript).Othersignificantachievements/activitiesofslavesoncampus:

• Clearingthelandfororiginalcampusbuilding(detailsunknown)• Creatinghand-firedclaybricksforallbuildings(detailsunknown)• BuildingtheLyceum(detailsunknown)• Buildingtheoriginalcampusbuildings(detailsunknown)• BuildingtheChapel(detailsunknown)• BuildingtheObservatory(detailsunknown)• Buildingcisterns,wells(referredtoinBTM,detailsunknown)• Creating“Hilgard’sCut”whichallowedthetraintopassthroughOxford.

(Accordingtosomesources,theseslaves—alargenumbertodothiswork—werehiredoutbyThomasIsom)

AbusesSufferedbycampusslaves:AssaultofPresidentBarnard’sslave,JanebyMr.Humphreys;“TheBranhamAffair”:“--February2,1860:….Mr.S.B.Humpheys,astudentoftheUniversity,havingbeenpreviouslycited,appearedandplead‘NotGuilty’tothefollowingchargedpreferredagainsthimbythePresidents—1.‘VisitingthedwellingofthePresidentinhisabsenceandwhileitwasoccupiedbydefenceless[sic.]femaleservants,withshamefuldesignsupononeofthesaidservants.2.Committingaviolentassaultandbatteryupontheservantaforesaid,andinflictingseverepersonalinjury,wherebythesaidservantwasforsomedaysincapacitatedforlabor,andofwhichthemarksarestillafterthelapseofmanydays,plainlyvisible.’FMP.130(pages174ofthetypescript)Beatingof“collegenegro”byMrGage:--May7,1860—“TheProctorreportedMr.GageoftheSeniorclassashavingseverelybeatenoneofthecollegenegroes,andashavingacknowledgedtheact:WhereupontheChancellorwasinstructed,unanimously,toconverse

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withMr.GageuponthesubjectandtoreferthecasetotheExecutivecommitteeunlesshe(Gage)showedaproperspiritinrelationtotheoccurrenceintheinterviewwiththeChancellor.”FMP.143(page194oftypescript).Whipping,beatingandothermaltreatmentofCollegenegroes:--October16,1860--“Inconsequenceofcomplaints,madebytheProctor,ofwhipping,beating,andothermaltreatmentoftheCollegenegroes,byaselfconstituted‘VigilanceCommitteeofStudents’whoproposedtoapprehendageneral‘negroinsurrection’fromthefactthatanounceortwoofpowderhadbeenfoundinoneoftheservants’rooms-…anditwasdeterminedthatarepetitionofsuchconductbystudentsshouldbedealtwithathediscretionoftheFaculty.”FMP.151(Page202oftypescript).CollegeservantburnedoncheekbyMr.Wright:--November5,1860—“…TheProctorreportedtotheFacultythatoneofthecollegeservantshad,anightortwoprevious,beenbrutallyandseverelyburnedonthecheckbyaStudent,andwithoutprovocation.ThecasewasconsideredbythememberspresenttobeworthyofthenoticeoftheFaculty.ButnoactioninthepremiseswastakenorsuggesteduntilthestudentchargedwiththeoffensecouldhavetheopportunitytodefendhisconducttoafullmeetingoftheFaculty.”FMP.151(p.203oftypescript).--November6,1860—“PursuanttoadjournmenttheFacultymetat10A.M.intheLibrarytoinvestigatethechargespreferredagainstastudentasstatedonthelastpage.Severalstudentsweresummonedtoanswersuchquestionsasshouldbeaskedthemandcamebeforethemeeting;butnothingofimportancewasencited[sic.]excepttheconfessionofMr.Wrightthathehadburnedthenegro’scheekwithacigar-anactionwhichhehimselfpronouncedindefensible.ThestudentswereallowedtoretireaftereachoneofthemhadexculpatedhimselffromanyshadowofachargeofaidingorabettinginthebadtreatmentoftheNegro…Amotionwasmade‘thatMr.Wrightbeindefinitelysuspended’and,havingfirstpassedbyamajorityitwasafterwardsmadeunanimous-whentheFacultyadjourned.”FMP.152(page204oftypescript).--November26,1860--“TheChancellorreadaletterfromMr.WrightwhohadbeenrecentlysuspendedfromhisconnectionwiththeUniversity,askingtobereadmittedtohisclassandexpressingsorrowforhisactwhichhascausedthesuspension.Votedthathebereadmittedprovidedhepledgehimselfinwritingtoavoidarepetitionoftheoffenceforwhichhehadbeenarraignedandpunished.”P.154(page206oftypescript).CollegeservantbeatenbyMr.Rice:--November26,1860—“Metattheusualhour.AbsentProf.Lamar.Mr.RiceoftheJuniorClass,wassummonedbeforetheFacultytostatewhetherornothehadafewnightspreviously,beatenacollegeservant,indefianceoftheResolutionsoftheFacultyrecentlyreadbeforethestudentsbythe

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Chancelloronthatsubject.Aftersomehesitation,heacknowledgedthathehadwhippedthenegrobutdeniedthathehadtreatedhimbrutally-andstatedthathisprovocationhadbeenwhatheconsideredapersonalinsultfromthenegro.WhenMr.Ricehadretiredfromthemeetingadiscussionastothemeritsofthecaseensued-andseveral‘motions’weremadeandlostwithregardtoit.Itwasfinallymovedthat:Mr.Riceshouldberequiredtosignawrittenpromiseneveragaintotakethelawinhisownhandsinsuchacase,andnevertochastiseacollegeservantformisdemeanors,whichshouldinallcasesbereportedtotheauthoritiesoftheUniversityforpunishment;andResolved,Moreover,thatunlessMr.Ricedoessignapromisetothateffecthebeherebyindefinitelysuspended.FMP.153(Page205oftypescript).--November26,1860—“Mr.Ricesignedthepledgerequiredofhim.”FMP.154(Page206oftypescript).CollegeservantbeatenbyMr.Melton:--January14,1861—“…Mr.MeltonwascalledbeforetheFacultyandexaminedrelativetoachargewhichhadbeenpreferredagainsthimandbewhichhewasaccusedofhavingbeatenoneofthecollegenegroes,inviolationofaregulationrecentlypassedbytheFacultyandannouncedbytheChancellorintheChapel.Hepledguilty,butsofarsucceededinjustifyingtheact,that,underthecircumstances,hewasnofartherpunishedthanbytheimpositionof25demeritmarksandbebeginrequiredtosignapaperpromisingneveragaintoattempttochastiseoneoftheCollegeNegroes.”FMP.158(page209oftypescript).

Namedcampusservantsafter1865:

Alford:---November11,1869---“Mr.Whartonpresentedhimself&statedinanswertoachargeofthreatenedviolenceagainsttheCollegeservant,Alford,thathehadnotbeenguiltyofanythingofthekind:andtheChancellorstatedthattheservanthadwithdrawnthechargesandadmittedthathehadmisunderstoodMr.Wharton.”FMP.255(page345oftypescript).Collins:--January6,1874—“TheChancellorlaidbeforetheFacultythefollowingcommunicationfromtheMayorofOxford.‘Oxford,Miss.Jan’y20,74—DearSir,AnegromannamedCollinslivingbeyondtheUniversitynearAustinStates,hascomplainedtomethatLewisGreen,FrankWalter,andHallGill,gavehimaprettyseverewhippinglastWednesdayevening.PreferringthattheFacultyshoulddealwithsuchcases,Ihavedeclinedforthepresenttoissueawarrantforthearrestoftheyounggentlemen.Rev.J.N.Waddel,Uny.OfMiss.Yr.FriendJ.M.Phipps.’ThereforetheFacultyproceededtoinvestigatetheaffairbysummoningbeforethemMssrs.Walter,Green,Gill,Hamblin,Houston,McIntosh,Craig,TateandAdams—afterconsiderable

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debate,thefollowingResolutionwasadopted…Resolved—ThattheFacultyhavingthoroughlyexaminedthecasebysendingforeverystudentwhoknowsanythingofthetransaction,findthataviolationofthepeacehasoccurred,andthattheprovocationinthecaselargelyifnotentirelycondonestheoffenceuponthepartofthestudents.”FMP.381(p.535-536oftypescript).

1870censusnamesofservantsoncampus:ThecensusenumeratorwhovisitedtheUMcampusonthe21stofJuly,1870listed19blackindividualsinhabitingthecampus.AsfreeAfricanAmericancitizens,theirfullnameswerebeingrecordedforthefirsttimebytheU.S.census.Thelistincludestheirfullname,ageandoccupation.Italsolistschildrenofcampusservantswhowere“atschool.”Whiletheseindividualsmayhavecometoliveoncampusasemployeesafterthewar,thereisapossibilitythatsomeoftheseindividualswereformerslaveswhoworkedoncampuspriortothewarandremained.Livingintheirownsingledwelling:E.MFarill,55,Female,Black–CookLouFarill,12,Female,Black–atschoolAnnThompson,40,Female,Black--houseservantEmaJones,35,Female,Black–waiterFrankWatson,35,Male,Black–waiterLivingintheirownsingledwelling:TomBrown,75,Male,Black–cookSethBrown,64,Female,Black–houseservantClarecyBrown,19,Female,Black–houseservantPhillipBrown,17,Male,Black–houseservantLivingintheSteward’sHallwithJ.H.Ferrell,StewartoftheCollege:FrankOBrian,14,Male,Black–goingtoschoolTomGoodey,18,Male,Black–laborerJeffProfit,24,Male,Black–laborerJohnThompson,54,Male,Black–laborerJamesKerr,27,Male,Black--laborerLivingwithClaudiusSears,ProfessorofMathematics:PeterKenshaw,26,Male,Black–laborerLivingwithJohnWheat,ProfessorofGreek:CalliePillar,40,Female,Black–cookLivingwithA.J.Quinche,ProfessorofLatin:ANelson,29,Male,Black–laborerMaryNelson,40,Female,Black–houseservant

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SWilliams,24,Male,Black--laborerBuildingsthatservedasdwellingsforcampusslaves/servants:

Professors’residences:TwofacultyresidenceswerelocatedontheNorthandSouthsidesofthecircle.Eachresidencehousedtwofacultymembersandtheirfamilies(theresidenceontheSouthsidehousedthePresident).Accordingtophotographsandlatermapsofthebuildings,thereappeartobewhatmayhavebeen2attachedservantsquarters,oneoneachsideofeachbuilding.Itispossiblethatcampusslaves/servantsattendingtothefacultymembersandtheirfamilieslivedintheseattacheddwellings.Ortheremayhavebeendetached“outbuildings”behindthesebuildingsinwhichtheylived

“Unidentifiedbuilding”(mostlikelytheSouthfacultyresidence).Source:UMSpecialCollections,EdwardC.BoyntonCollection(circa1860)

Zoomedandcroppedportionofaboveimage,showingwhatmayhavebeenslavequarters.

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OriginalSteward’sHall:ThesmallSteward’sHallthatwaslocateddirectlybehindtheLyceummayhavealsoservedasadwellingforsomeofthecooksandwaitersthatservedmealsforstudentsandfaculty.

OriginalSteward’sHall(circa1860).Source:UMSpecialCollections,EdwardC.BoyntonCollection

NewSteward’sHall:ThelargerSteward’sHall(builtonthefarEasternportionofthecampusin1857)mayhavealsoservedasadwellingforsomeofthecooksandwaiterswhoservedmealsforstudentsandfaculty.Separateslavequarters:Thereisevidencetosuggestthatthereweretwo(ormaybethree)additional“outbuildings”behindthestudentdormitoriesthatservedasdwellingsforcampusslaves.Thisevidenceincludesthetwoseparatedwellingsenumeratedinthe1870census(oneholding5residents,theotherholding4)aswellasclearlymarkedbuildingsbehindthedormitoriesdisplayedonthe1895SanborneMapofcampus(heretheyaremarked“coalsheds”butmayhaveservedasservantsquartersatanearliertime.DeborahFreeland,whodidextensiveresearchtodoasketchoftheUniversityofMississippicampusasitstoodin1861alsorecallsseeingsomemapsordocumentsthatmayhaveshownthelocationoftheseoutbuildings(wehavelocatedthismapaswell,an1895campusmapdrawnbyAlfredHume).Thesematerialshaveallowedustoidentifypotentialsitesforfutureresearchand,perhaps,archaeologicalexcavation.

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DeborahFreeland’sdrawing,“TheUniversityofMississippiCampus,1861”showingthepossiblelocationofoutbuildingsthatmayhavebeenslavequarters

1895SanbornMapofUMCampus,redarrowsshowingoutbuildingsbehindstudentdormitories,herelabeled“coalsheds”

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Existingruinsofformerslavequarters?Oftheoriginalthreesuspectedantebellumslavequarters,itisprobablethattheruinsofonlyoneareavailableforarchaeologicalinvestigation.Theothertwohavelikelybeenbulldozedandcoveredbyexistingbuildings(OldChemistryandPeabodyHall).Itmaybepossibletoexcavatetheapproximatelocationofthethirddwelling.Ifso,wemaybeabletolocatetheoriginalfoundationorfootingsforthebuildingaswellasremnantsofantebellumslavelifefromnearbymiddens.Theapproximatelocationoftheruinsofthisdwellingareindicatedbelow(lightbluebox):

Potentialsiteofexistingslavequartersruins(inlightblue)

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Discoveryof1862mapsdocumentingslaveryinNorthMississippi:AspartofourefforttolocateinformationregardingtheoriginalUMcampusgeographyoverthepastyearandahalf,membersofourgrouphavelocatedsomepreviouslyunseencivilwareramapsthatcontainextensiveinformationregardingthegeographyofslaveholdingsinLafayetteCounty(andneighboringcounties)atthetimeofthewar.WorkinggroupmemberDeborahFreeland(currentlyintheUMOfficeofOutreach)wastheimpetusforthissearch.ShepreviouslyworkedinUMspecialcollectionsand,inthelate1970s,didextensiveresearchoftheoriginalcampusgeographyforhersketchoftheUniversityofMississippicampusin1861thatwaspublishedin“TheUniversityofMississippi,TheFormativeYears,1848-1906.”Inparticular,sherecalledusingsome“civilwareramaps”(nowlost)thatshowedtheoriginalcampusbuildinggeography.WiththehelpofDeborahandfacultymembersJeffJackson(Sociology),JayJohnson(Anthropology)andcommunitymemberRichieBurnette(PresidentoftheOxford-LafayetteCountyHeritageFoundation),webeganasearchoflocalandnationalarchivesforthesemaps.ThissearchledustotheNationalArchivesinCollegePark,Marylandwherewiththehelpofanarchivistthere,MarinaReid,wefirstfoundtwo,theneight,civilwareramapsofNorthernMississippi,includingLafayetteCountyandOxford,producedbytheUnionArmyinDecember1862.ThesemapshadpreviouslynotbeenapartofanycollectionintheState(includingtheStateArchivesinJackson)andarenowapartoftheUMLibrarycollection.SixoftheeightmapsshowdetailsrelatedtoslaveryinNorthernMississippiatthetimeofthewarincludingthelocationof“cottonfields,”“cottonpresses,”namesandlocationofslaveholdersandtheirhomes(includingmanywhohaddirectconnectionstotheUniversity,suchasThomasIsomandAlexanderPegues)andeven,insomecases,slavequartersandrowsofslavequarters.ThesemapsrepresentasignificantresourceforresearchersinterestedinreconstructingadeeperunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenslaveryandtheUniversityofMississippi.Theyarelistedhere:

1. “Plateno.III.MapoftheCountrybetweenLUMPKINSMILLandOXFORD,Mississippi,shewingtheRoutesfolledbytheR.Wing,13thArmyCorps,ArmyoftheTenn.undertheCommandofMaj.Genl.J.B.McPHerson,Dec.1862.Surveyedunderthedirectionof1stLieut.J.H.Wilson,ChiefTop.Eng.DepartmentoftheTennesseedrawnbyOttoH.MatzA.T.E.Scale=2inchesto1Mile.”(CWMFS9-3)ThismapshowsmostofLafayetteCountyin1862includingthetownofOxfordandtheUniversityofMississippibeginningfromjustSouthofOxford,andgoinguptowhatusedtobecalled“LumpkinsMill”(nowWallDoxeyStatePark).ItincludesAbbeville,CollegeHill,Tchulahoma,Waterford,WyattandportionsoftheTallahatchieRiverdItisalsoapartialmappingofmanylandholdingsinthecountyandincludesthenamesof84landownerslistednexttotheirpropertiesaswellasidentifyingaccompanyinghouses,“fields,”“mills,”“cottonpresses,”andslavecabins.

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2. Plateno.IV.CampoftheRightWing,13thArmyCorpsontheYOKNAPATAFA,Dec.21st,1862.Surveyedunderthedirectionof1stLieut.J.H.Wilson,ChiefTop.Eng.Scale=2inchesto1Mile”(CWMFS4)

ThismapshowstheareaofsouthernLafayetteandnorthernYalobushacountiesandincludesWaterValley,Springdale,YocknaStation(nowTaylor),andportionsofthe“Yoknapatafa”River.Itisalsoapartialmappingofmanylandholdingsinthecountyandincludesthenames62landownerslistednexttotheirpropertiesaswellasidentifyingaccompanyinghouses,“fields,”“mills,”“cottonpresses”andslavecabins.

3. “Plateno.II.MapoftheCountrybetweenLAMARandLUMPKINSMILL,

Mississippi.Surveyedunderthedirectionof1stLieut.J.H.Wilson,ChiefTop.Eng.DepartmentoftheTennesseedrawnbyOttoH.MatzA.T.E.Scale=2inchesto1Mile.(CWMFS9-2)”ThismapshowstheareaofNorthernLafayetteandSouthernMarshallcountiesandincludesHollySpringsandLamar.Itisalsoaverypartialmapping(mostofthemapisblank)ofsomeofthelandholdingsinthecountyandincludesthenamesofsomelandownerslistednexttotheirpropertiesaswellasidentifyingaccompanyinghouses,“fields,”“cottonpresses”andslavecabins.

4. “MapoftheNorthernPortionoftheSTATEOFMISSISSIPPI.Compiled,

surveyedanddrawnunderthedirectionof1stLieut.J.H.Wilson,ChiefTop.Eng.DepartmentoftheTennessee.DrawnbyOttoH.Matz,H.AUlffersandL.Zwanziger,Asst.Top.Eng.(CWMFS5)”ThisisamapofsixcountiesofNortheastMississippiin1862:Marshall,Tippah,Tishamingo,Lafayette,PontotocandItawamba.Itisalsoincludesthenamesofhundredsoflandownerslistednexttotheirproperties.

5. “MapoftheRoutePursuedbytheCalvaryExpeditionunderCol.TLysle

Dickey,ChiefofCav.IntheRAIDUPONTHEMOBILEANDOHIOR.R.Dec.13th-19th1862.SurveyedanddrawnunderthedirectionofLieut.J.H.Wilson,ChiefTop.Eng.DepartmentoftheMissbyToppingandHartwellAsst.TopEng.Scale=1inchto1mile.(CWMFS8,1of2)ThismapshowstheareaofsouthernLafayette,YalobushaandPontotoccountiesaswellassouthernLafayetteCounty.IncludesWaterValley,Springdale,YocknaStation(nowTaylor),Pontotoc,Tupeloandportionsofthe“Yoknapatafa”River.Itisalsoapartialmappingofmanylandholdingsinthecountyandincludesthenamesofmanylandownerslistednexttotheirpropertiesaswellasidentifyingaccompanyinghouses,“fields,”“mills,”“cottonpresses”andslavecabins.

6. “MapoftheRoutePursuedbytheCalvaryExpeditionunderCol.TLysle

Dickey,ChiefofCav.IntheRAIDUPONTHEMOBILEANDOHIOR.R.Dec.13th-19th1862.SurveyedanddrawnunderthedirectionofLieut.J.H.Wilson,ChiefTop.Eng.DepartmentoftheMissbyToppingandHartwellAsst.TopEng.Scale=1inchto1mile.(CWMFS8,2of2)Sameas#5above.

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PortionofLumpkin’sMilltoOxfordMapshowingUMCampusin1862

PortionofLumpkin’sMilltoOxfordMapshowing“Pigee”(Pegues)FieldwithCottonPressandrowsofslavequarters.

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AppendixA:AntebellumUMcollectionsandpublications

Alumni Association Minutes Collection. 1858-1976. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00512/ (1 box).

Announcements and Catalogue. 1852-present. Call Number: LD3406 M7 A5.

F.A.P. Barnard Collection. 1834-2000. Publications by and material related to Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, chancellor of UM from 1856 to 1861 and president of Columbia University. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00519/ (2 boxes).

Board of Trustees Reports and Minutes Collection. 1848-1992. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00524/ (15 boxes).

Edward C. Boynton Collection. Circa 1856-1861. Glass plate negative images of UM campus. The collection has been digitized and is available in the University Archives Photographs digital collection.

Richard C. Bridges Collection. 1861-1864. A student at UM in 1861, Richard C. Bridges became a Confederate soldier in the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment, Company A known as "the University Greys." Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM01789/ (1 box). Collection available as part of the Civil War Archive digital collection.

Catalogue of the Officers, Alumni and Students of the University of Mississippi, at Oxford, Mississippi. 1854-1860. Call Number: LD3408 U55.

Classbooks from 1861. Contains images compiled in 1861 of the faculty, students, and campus. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00542/ (1 box). The collection has been digitized and is available in the University Archives Photographs digital collection.

Commencement Collection. 1854-present. Programs primarily but also includes some invitations, articles, and speeches. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00543/ (8 boxes).

Diploma and Certificate Collection. 1850-1950. Contains a number of diplomas and certificates conferred by UM and other institutions. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00107/.

Faculty Minutes & Committees Collection. 1848-1995. Faculty minutes from 1848 to 1874; minutes of general faculty meetings from 1933 to 1945; minutes of Faculty Senate

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and its committees from 1946 to 1995. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00554/ (14 boxes).

Elijah Fleming Collection. Twenty-three daguerreotype images of UM faculty and students circa 1859. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00665/ (1 box). The collection has been digitized and is available in the University Archives Photographs digital collection.

Gage Family Collection. 1830-1937. Includes Civil War correspondence of Jeremiah Sanders Gage, a member of the University Greys (Company A of the 11th Mississippi Infantry Regiment). Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00196/ (3 boxes). This collection has been digitized as part of the Civil War Archive.

Graduating/Senior Theses Collection. 1858-1937. Handwritten and typed theses prepared by graduating and senior UM students. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00564/ (8 boxes).

William Franklin Hamilton Autograph Book. 1859-1860. A Carrollton, Mississippi resident, Hamilton graduated from UM in 1860. The autograph book contains inscribed entries by friends and a record of UM alumni. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00567/ (1 box).

Hermean/Phi Sigma Societies Collection. 1849-1934. Pins, programs, invitations, and minutes of these two UM debate clubs. Finding aids available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00568/ (5 boxes).

E.W. Hilgard Papers. 1856-1872. Transcriptions of correspondence largely from F.A.P. Barnard to Eugene Woldemar Hilgard. Barnard served as chancellor of UM from 1856 to 1861. Hilgard was appointed Mississippi state geologist in 1855 and served as professor of chemistry and agriculture at UM between 1869 and 1873. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00569/ (1 box).

Longstreet-Hinton Family Papers. 1844-1955. Augustus Baldwin Longstreet served as president of UM between 1849 and 1856. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00276/ (3 boxes).

Mississippi University Magazine. 1856-1877. Published by the Literary Societies. Continued as University of Mississippi Magazine. Call Number: LH1 M7 U5ma.

Thomas A. Moore Keepsake Album. 1858-1861. From Issaquena County, Mississippi, Moore graduated from UM in 1861. Album contains inscriptions from fellow students (1 box).

William Cowper Nelson Collection. 1843-1949. A student at UM when the Civil War broke, Nelson joined the 9th Mississippi Infantry Regiment and later the 17th Mississippi

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Infantry Regiment. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00688/ (11 boxes). This collection has been digitized as part of the Civil War Archive.

The Phi Sigma Magazine. 1856-1857. Call Number: LH1 M7 U5p.

Ann Rayburn Collection of Paper Americana. 1858-1997. Box 1 includes essays by and correspondence to Evan Jeffries Shelby, a UM student in 1861 who died in 1864 while serving in the Confederate States Army. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00380/ (84 boxes).

Registrar Ledgers. 1848-1921. Contain attendance records, grades, and vital statistics of students attending UM, as well as several faculty committee minutes. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00605/ (13 boxes).

Rules and Regulations of the University of Mississippi Collection. 1850-1911. 1 box. See also, catalogued holdings at LD3400.5 M5.

David G. Sansing Collection. 1840-1999. David G. Sansing is the author of The University of Mississippi: A Sesquicentennial History (1999). The collections contains his research files for the book. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00402/ (10 boxes).

Small Manuscripts 1986-1. 1860 letter from H.M. Rice to his father describing his experiences as a new student at UM (Folder 15).

William F. Stearns Collection. 1837-1993. Contains correspondence, lectures, legal materials, and other items related to the life of UM's first law professor William F. Stearns. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00430/ (2 boxes).

Andrew Baron Stewart Autograph Album. 1861. Album of Andrew Baron Stewart in the University of Mississippi Class of 1861. Transcription available in finding aid which is online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM00619/ (1 box).

University of Mississippi Small Manuscripts. Includes material on academic and administrative departments; alumni; athletics; budget & finance; faculty & staff; Greek organizations; other organizations and honor socities; publications; speakers & speeches; student life; and the University Greys. Finding aid available online at http://purl.oclc.org/umarchives/MUM01771/ (49 boxes).

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