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Things and Relationships In Detail
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Conceptual Model of UML
Things Structural things
Behavioral things
Grouping things
Annotation things
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Structural Things
Nouns of UML models
Examples:
Class
Interface
Collaboration
Use case
Components
Artifacts
Node
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Structural Modeling: Core Elements
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Construct Description Syntaxclass a description of a set of objects
that share the same attributes,operations, methods, relationshipsand semantics.
interface a named set of operations thatcharacterize the behavior of anelement.
component a modular, replaceable andsignificant part of a system that
packages implementation andexposes a set of interfaces.node a run-time physical object that
represents a computationalresource.
interface
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Structural Modeling: Core Elements(contd)
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Construct Description Syntax
constraint a semantic condition or restriction.
{constraint}
An extension mechanism useful for specifying structural elements.
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Class
Description of a set of objects that share the same
attributes, operations, relationships and semantics.
Note that the operations open( ), close( ), etc. are
behavioral things, so a class can also be a grouping thing
Window
display ()
size: Areavisibility: Boolean
hide ()
Window
Window
+default-size: Rectangle#maximum-size: Rectangle
+create ()
+display ()
+size: Area = (100,100)#visibility: Boolean = true
+hide ()
-xptr: XWindow*
-attac
hXWindow(xwin:Xwindow*)
{abstract,author=Joe,status=tested}
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Interface
Collection ofoperations that
specify a service of a
class or component
Describes the
externally visible
behavior of a
componentUsually attached to a
class or other
component
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Interfaces: Shorthand Notation
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+create()
+login(UserName, Passwd)
+find(StoreId)
+getPOStotals(POSid)
+updateStoreTotals(Id,Sales)
+get(Item)
-storeId: Integer
-POSlist: List
Store
POSterminal
POSterminalHome
StoreHome
Store
POSterminal
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Interfaces: Longhand Notation
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+create()
+login(UserName, Passwd)+find(StoreId)
+getPOStotals(POSid)
+updateStoreTotals(Id,Sales)
+get(Item)
-storeId: Integer
-POSlist: List
Store
POSterminal
POSterminalHome
StoreHome
POSterminal
+getPOStotals(POSid)
+updateStoreTotals(Id,Sales)
+get(Item)
Store
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Components & Nodes
Component Modular part of system
design that hides itsimplementation behindset of external interfaces
A physical packaging ofotherwise logicalelements (i.e., accessiblethrough the interfaces)
Node Physical element that
exists at runtime andrepresents acomputational resourcehaving some memoryand processing ability
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Conceptual Model of UML
Building blocks of the UML Things
First class citizens Relationships
Tie things together Diagrams
Group interesting collections of things Things
Structural things
Behavioral things
Grouping things
Annotation things
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Behavioral Things
Dynamic part of UML models Verbs of model, representing behavior over time and space
Generally connected to classes, collaborations & objects.
3 kinds:
Interaction
State Machine
Actions
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Interaction
Set of messages exchanged among objects within a context to
accomplish a purpose.
An interaction includes messages, action sequences(behavior invoked
by a message) and links (relationships between objects)
Points to object that receives the messages
display
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Example
Message is called show
Sent from button to window
In real world, a button object sends a show message to a window
object.
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Annotational Things
Comments to describe, illuminate or remark about any element in a
model.
Note
Used for informal or formal text
Used for specifying some aspect outside the model
This is a note which acts
like a comment!
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Structural Modeling: Core Relationships
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Construct Description Syntax
association a relationship between two or moreclassifiers that involves connectionsamong their instances.
aggregation A special form of association thatspecifies a whole-part relationship
between the aggregate (whole) andthe component part.
generalization a taxonomic relationship between amore general and a more specificelement.
dependency a relationship between two modelingelements, in which a change to onemodeling element (the independentelement) will affect the other modelingelement (the dependent element).
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Structural Modeling: Core Relationships(contd)
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Construct Description Syntax
realization a relationship between a specificationand its implementation.
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Relationships
Dependency
Relationship between two things where a change in one thing (the
"independent" thing) may affect the meaning of another thing (the
"dependent" thing)
Alternatively dependent thing uses independent thing Arrow goes from the "dependent" thing to the "independent" thing.
Example:
Window depends on Event
Window uses Event
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Association
Structural relationship that describes a set of links; i.e., relationships
between objects.
May have direction, may include a label, and often containing
adornments such as multiplicity and role names:
Example:
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Generalization
Specialization/generalization relationship in which objects of the
specialized element ("child") are substitutable for objects of the
generalized element ("parent").
Child shares structure and behavior of parent
Example: Employee is a kind of Person
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Realization
One element specifies a "contract" that another element must carry out.
Open-headed arrow points from the realizer to the element with
the contract
The element carrying out the contract is said to realize the other
element. Example:
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Aggregation
A composite aggregation (filled diamond) means that the multiplicity
at the composite (part) end may be at most one.
Shared aggregation (hollow diamond) means that the multiplicity at
the composite end may be more than one.
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Construct Description Syntax
aggregation A special form of association thatspecifies a whole-part relationship
between the aggregate (whole) andthe component part.
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Aggregation
Aggregation is the part-whole relationship. It relates classes,
representing parts (or components) to the whole (or assembly) class.
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UML Aggregation
In UML there are three types of aggregation:
Normal Aggregation
Shared Aggregation
Composition aggregation
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Composition Aggregation Example
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Aircraft
Engine Wing Fuselage
Door LandingGear
2+
21+
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Composition
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Window
scrollbar [2]: Slidertitle: Headerbody: Panel
Window
scrollbar title body
Header Panel
21 1
Slider
111
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Composition (contd)
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scrollbar:Slider
Window
2
title:Header1
body:Panel1
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Aggregation
Aggregation is most useful when there are common
properties of components that can be attached to the
assembly as a whole
Or where operations can propagate from container to
contained objects
Parts explosions are the most compelling examples of
aggregation
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