UMTS Radio Planning : Fundamentals UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview on 3GPP, IMT2000, etc. Mathematical background of SS-CDMA Systems

Multiple Access Spread Spectrum Modulation Properties of Spread Spectrum System Tolerance of Narrow-band interference

DS-Spread Spectrum Modulation Example Processing Gain in BPSK DS-SS Systems Tolerance to Wide-Band interference

WCDMA in Cellular Radio Networks Multipath Environment characteristics Soft, Softer, and Hard Handover Power Control : Inner-loop, outer-loop, etc. WCDMA Load Equation : Definition of Eb/No

UMTS RF Fundamentals

UMTS Radio Planning : Dimensioning UMTS System Dimensioning

General Guidelines Dimensioning Workflow Link budget Parameters

Eb/No for different Multipath Radio Propagation Channels Load Factor Bit Rates as defined in the ETSI Recommendations WCDMA Spectral Efficiency (throughputs in kbps per carrier per cell) Orthogonality HO Gains BTS Static Sensitivity : TMA, Antenna Gain, Sectorization Gain,

SOHO Overhead, Signaling Overhead, Link budgets and Coverage Efficiency of WCDMA

Cell Ranges Selection Process Dimensioning Guidelines

Guidelines for Traffic-per-cell computation

UMTS Radio Planning : Dimensioning Dimensioning Rules

BTS Processing Capability BTS Dimensioning Principles

Examples of Dimensioning for Different Operator Strategies

Detailed Planning : A Step further in Network Dimensioning Requirements for Detailed Planing Capacity and Coverage Planning

WCDMA / GSM co-location requirements and constraints

Pilot Planning Uplink : Channelisation codes, Scrambling Codes Downlink : Channelisation codes, Scrambling Codes

Cell Search Procedure

UMTS Radio Planning : Site Consideration

Interference Checking :Per Environment basis Background noise interference notion Site clearance and roof-top selection UMTS/UMTS and UMTS/GSM co-location issues from RF standpoint Site-sharing : Practical guidelines Results of Isolation measurements between antennas in collocation in

the UMTS frequency band : Vertical Polarization results Dual Polarization results Conclusions

CDMA Fundamentals W/R : Defined as the system processing gain

In CDMA, the Reverse Link Capacity is often the limiting link in terms of capacity

In CDMA : Uplink Receive Power is equal from all MSs. Per user : S/N = 1/(M-1) M : Total Number of users in the cell S = S (The wanted signal) N = (M-1)S => S/N = 1/(M-1) Example : If M=7 then S/N = 1/7

if M>>1 then

M : The Number of simultaneous users a CDMA cell can support

o

b

NERW

M

CDMA Multiple Access : Principal of Spread Spectrum (SS)

Each User encodes its signal Code Signal Bandwidth (W) > Information Bandwidth

The Receiver knows the code sequence

Transmission

Spread Spectrum

f f

f

P

f

Reception

Despreading

CDMA Multiple Access : Principal of Spread Spectrum (SS)

Eb = Signal Power / Bit Rate = S/Rb

No = Noiser Power / Bandwidth = N/W bo

b

R

W

N

S

N

E

Signal to Noise Ratio

Processing Gain

Example :Given a Demodulator Performance

Bit rate Rb = 8 kpbsBandwidth W = 1.2 Mbps => G = W/Rb = 150 = 21 dB

dBN

E

o

b 6

dBdBdBR

W

N

E

N

S

dBbdBo

b

dB

15216

CDMA Multiple Access PrincipleShannon Theorem

N

SWC 1log2

Channel Capacity C (Bit/s) given by Shannon Theorem :

W : System Bandwidth (Hz)S/N : Signal to Noise Ratio (numerical value)C : System Capacity (bit/s)

Same Capacity

Wide W and Low S/N (such as in WCDMA)

Narrow W and Large S/N (such as in GSM)

CDMA Multiple Access Advantages : Multiple Access Features

1. All Users’ Signals overlap in TIME and FREQUENCY2. Correlating the Received Signal despreads ONLY the WANTED SIGNAL

p

f f

S1 p

S1xC1

p

f f

S2 p

S2xC2

f

p

f

p

S2 X C2 X C1

S1 = S1 X C1 X C1

RECEIVER of USER 1

CDMA Multiple Access Advantages : Interference Rejection

p

f f

S1 p

S1xC1

p

f

I

f

p

f

p

IxC1 I

S1

Correlation Narrowband Interference Spread the power

CDMA Principles

Radio PropagationChannel

D/AA

A

B1

B2

m1(t)

m2(t)

c1(t)

c2(t)

c1(t)

c2(t)

c1(t) and c2(t) are Orthogonal Codes : 0)()(0

21 T

dttctc

m’1(t)

D/A

m’2(t)

Transmitter Receiver

CDMA Principles Cross-Correlation Rxy() :

Cross-correlation if =0 :

If x and y are discrete sequence (binary signals):

Example of orthogonal codes :

T

xy dttytxR0

)()()(

T

xy dttytxR0

)()()0(

iIii

T yxYXRxy

1

.)0(

1

1

1

1

X

1

1

1

1

Y 01111

1

1

1

1

.1111)0(

xyR

CDMA Principles To be used in DS-SS CDMA Codes must satisfy the

following conditions : Zero Cross-correlation Number of +1s and -1s must be the same Dot Product must be equal to 1

Example : Dot product of the previous example is :

14/)1111(4/. XX T

CDMA Principlesm1(t)

Tb 2Tb

1 -1 1

3Tb

f

M1(f)

1/Tb

Tc 4Tc

f

C1(f)

1/Tb

c1(t)

1/Tc

Tc : Chip Rate of the PN CodeTb : Information rate (voice/data)

f

C1(f)* M1(f)

1/Tb 1/Tc

m1(t).c1(t)

CDMA Principles

/2

Mobile

distance

Am

plitu

de

The MS crosses 2 fades in v2

Example : @ 900 MHz and v = 90 km/h (25 m/s)MS crosses fades every 6.67 ms

@ 1800 MHz MS crosses fades every 3.335 ms

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread

t

Received Power

Time (s)

1= 3s2= 4s

3

Inter Symbol Interference can occur if the delay spread n is greater than

one symbol period : The higher the bit rate, the more ISI occur

Example 1: Let us consider a Mobile Communications System that uses Rb = 270.83 kbps

The bit period is thus Tb = 1/270830 = 3.69 s

Conclusion : bit period almost equal to 4 s as shown on the delay spread power profile => ISI would normally exist ! Without use of EQUALIZER

Example 2: Let us consider a Mobile Communications System that uses Rb = 1.2288 Mbps

= 1228800 bps The bit period is thus Tb = 1/ 1228800 = 1 s

Conclusion : bit period is much LESS than 4 s as shown on the delay spread power profile => ISI would normally exist !

Important note : CDMA Rake Receive uses a special form of Time Diversity to recover the signal. CDMA Rake receiver combines multipath components and suppresses phase differences provided that delays are not very small

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread

The Principal of Maximum Ratio Combining in CDMA Rake Receiver

Transmitted Symbol- Amplitude- Phase

Received Signalat each time delay

Modified SignalUsing Channel Estimator

CombinedSymbol

Figure #1

Figure #2

Figure #3

Block Diagram of CDMA Rake ReceiverCorrelator

Phase Rotator

DelayEqualizer

CodeGenerator

ChannelEstimator

Finger # 1

Matched Filter

I

Q

I

Q

CorrelatorPhase

RotatorDelay

Equalizer

CodeGenerator

ChannelEstimator

Finger # 2

CorrelatorPhase

RotatorDelay

Equalizer

CodeGenerator

ChannelEstimator

Finger # 3

Combiner

Timing (finger allocation)

Input RF Signal

Q

I

Digitized input samples are received from RF Front-end in the form of I and Q components

Code Generator and Correlator : Perform despreading and integration to user data symbol

Channel estimator : Uses the Pilot symbols to estimate the channel state

Phase Rotator : aligns the symbols to the initial phase (phase cancellation)

Delay Equalizer : Compensates the Delay in the arrival times of the symbols in each finger

Rake Combiner : Sums up the channel-compensated symbols, thereby providing MULTIPATH DIVERSITY against Fading.

Matched Filter : Determines and Updates the Current Multipath Delay Spread. This is used to assign the Rake fingers to the largest Peaks (Maximum Combining)

CDMA Rake Receiver : Components

CDMA Principles: Delay Spread

In Multipath Environment : Received power can be written as :

Fourier Transfer Function :

N

n

N

nnnnn fjafSfRtsatr

1 1

).2exp()()()()(

N

n

fjn

neafS

fRfH

1

.2

)(

)()(

CDMA Principles : Delay Spread

f

H(f

)

Example with two-equal amplitude paths : a1=a2=A

2A

21

1

23

2

)cos(2)( ffH

1. Frequency-Selective Fading is evident in the nulls of the Magnitude Spectrum

2. WCDMA is more advantageous than CDMA when the delays are small such as 0.4 s (Dense Urban and Urban Environments)

3. WCMA using 5 Mbps (bit period of 0.2 s) better than IS-95 CDMA using only 1.2288 Mbsp (bit period 1 s) when ISI are to be considered in Dense Urban areas

1

1..

1

1

R

W

MN

E

o

b

CDMA FundamentalsIf other users from other cells are considered, the actual cell becomes loaded and :

where is the loading factor (0 < < 1)

We define F as the Frequency reuse :

1

1F

CDMA Fundamentals

Cell B

Cell A

Cell C

B1

B2

C1

C2

Interference Introduced by Users in the Neighboring Cells

CDMA Fundamentals

Cell B

Cell A

Cell C

Sectorization Reduces Interference and addsa Gain to the system : Sectorization Gain

Unwanted interferersrejected by antennapattern of Cell A

Sectorization Gain :

Tri-Sectors : = 3 (2.5 in practice)

6-Sectors : = 6 (5 in practice)

Sectorization Gain = = Total Interfering Power from all Directions/ Perceived Interference Power by the sector antenna. G is the antenna pattern in given direction

CDMA Fundamentals

2

0

2

0

)()0()(

)(

dIGG

dI

Voice Activity Factor : Interference is reduced when the user is not transmitting

The final value for M :

CDMA Fundamentals

vR

W

MN

E

o

b 1..

1

1..

1

1

v

NE

RW

M

o

b

.1

1.

UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview

ITU has advanced 3G Telecoms Standards The European Standard : IMT2000 for International

Mobile Telecommunications in year 2000 or UMTS The Northern American Standard is CDMA2000 Features :

Adds Multi-media capabilities to 2G standards (GSM, IS-136, IS-95, etc.)

Support for higher data rates Packet data networking IP Access

3G Standard Proposals WCDMA (up to 20 MHz bandwidth)

Rake Reception possible in both UL and DL CDMA IS-95 is 1.25 MHz of bandwidth

Dedicated Pilot Channels associated with each dedicated data channels intended for adaptive antenna techniques, interference

cancellation, coherent demodulation Variable rate transmission for the data channels Forward Link spreading uses Orthogonal variable spreading factor

(OVSF) codes Asynchronous cell specific signature sequences (UL)

3G in Europe : 3G ETSI will be dual-mode GSM/WCDMA 3G in USA : Smoother migration from IS-95 to CDMA2000

UMTS Standards : Brief Historical Overview

IMT2000 formerly FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System)

World-wide Roaming Small, Low-cost pocket terminals High rate data services Advanced Multimedia services : interactivity Data Services Delivery :

Vehicular Environment : 144 kbps Pedestrian Environment : 384 kbps Indoor Environment : 2 Mbps

Single System for Residential, Office, Cellular, Satellite Environments

UMTS Standards : IMT200 Requirements

Air Interface Compromise in ETSI UMTS Air Interface

W-CDMATeam:EricssonNokiaNTT DoCoMoNEC

W-CDMA for FDDSystems

TD/CDMATeam :AlcatelBoschItaltelMotorolaNortel SiemensSony

TD/CDMA for TDDSystems

UMTS Total bandwith for Europe : 215 MHz

Important Note :15 MHz less the initial IMT-2000 by WARC 92 because DECT operation

FDD Paired Bands : 1920 – 1980 MHz (Uplink) ; 2110 – 2170 MHz (Downlink)

FDD supports W-CDMA

TDD Unpaired bands : 1900 – 1920 MHz and 2010 – 2025 MHz for TDD CDMA systems

IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS

IMT2000 Frequency Allocation for UMTS

MSSUL

MSSDL

TDDUL/DL

TDDUL/DL

1900 1920 1980 2010 2025 2110 2170 2200

FDDUL

FDDDL

FDL

FUL

FDD Mode TDD Mode

FDL/UL

Radio Access : GSM vs UTRA and TDD vs FDD

Frequency

Time

Power / Code

UTRA/FDD

5 MHz

16 Timeslots per frame : 10 ms

UTRA/TDD

5 MHz

625 s

0.2 MHz577 s

GSM

W-CDMA Air Interface

W-CDMA = Frame structure of 72 frames

1 frame = 15 Time slots corresponding to one Power Control period (or a rate of 1500 Hz)

The Slot structure UPLINK is different from the DOWNLINK

Each Link comprises a Data Channel = DPDCH and a Control Channel = DPCCH

UMTS Frame Structure10 ms (one frame)

S1 S2 Si S15

DATADPDCH

PILOT TFI FBI TPCDPCCH

TFI : Transport Format combination IndicatorFBI : FeedBack InformationTPC = Transmit Power Control

Spreading and Modulation : Uplink

X

X

IQMUX

I

Q

X

Cd

DPDCH

DPCCH

Cc

Cscramble

To QPSK Modulator

Example of UMTS Spectrum Allocation : United Kingdom

One licence reserved for a new Operator 2*15 MHz paired spectrum + 5 MHz of unpaired spectrum (for TDD component)

One licence for 2*15 MHz paired spectrum

Three licences for 2*10 MHz paired spectrum + 5 MHz of unpaired spectrum

UMTS Radio Planning : Maximum Bit Rates Rural Outdoor :

384 kbps has been evaluated Up to 500 km/h is supported (SMG2 Q&A Workshop)

Suburban Outdoor : 384 kbps at the required velocity

Indoor and low-range outdoor : 2048 kbps

Range of bit rates : 100 bps to 2048 kbps with a granularity of 100 bps

Note :Transmitted bit rate can change during a call on a 10ms (frame) basis for efficient spectrum usage, i.e. variable rate due to nature of speech

UMTS Parameters for UDD Services in DL

SourceRate

64 kbps 144 kbps 384 kbps 2048 kbps

Informationbit rate

30.4 kbps 60.8 kbps 243.2kbps

486.4kbps

PhysicalChannelRate

64 kbps 128 kbps 512 kbps 1024 kbps

AntennaReceiverDiversity

ON ON ON ON

Radio Access Network Planning WCDMA System operates with a frequency reuse of 1

Common Radio Resource in WCDMA for all users is Power

WCDMA Supports different bearer services

Bearer Services characterized by : Bit Rate, Delay and BER

Different Settings for different Services

No need need for planning of code or code phase

Asynchronous Operation : No need for inter-base synchronization

UMTS System Characteristics

W-CDMA : 5 MHz or more can be offered Carrier Spacing : multiples of 200 kHz W-CDMA spreading rate = 3.84 Mchip/s Information bit rate = between 8 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s

Multiple Access Scheme : Wideband DS-CDMA Duplex Scheme : FDD Chip Rate : 3.84 Mchip/s Carrier Spacing : 4.2 – 5.4 MHz

Spectrum Efficiency Speech :

78-189 kbps/MHz/Cell depending on type of propagation and mobile speed. Numbers are higher than in GSM

Connection Oriented Service (384 kbps @BER=10-6) at 120 km/h : 85-250 kbps/MHz/Cell depending on antenna diversity

Packet Service (384 kbps) in pedestrian environments : 470 to 565 kbps/MHz/cell, UL and DL respectively

Packet Service (2048 kbps) in Indoor environments : 230 to 500 kbps/MHz/cell, depending on DL antenna diversity

Coverage and Capacity in UMTS Trade-off between Capacity and coverage

Lower Capacity means a larger cell

New Cells can be inserted to facilitate capacity expansion as no frequency re-planning is needed

Extend coverage in case od asymmetric data traffic (more DL than UL) as UL is limited by MS power and interference is less

Simplified UMTS Network Architecture

IurIubi

s

Gb

IuCS

IuPSIubis

Abis

RNC

RNC

Node B

Node B

Node B

SGSN

BSCBTS

BTS

MSC

AbisA

Iubis IuPS

PCUTRAU

Ater

UMTS RNS

GSM BSS

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Dimensioning WCDMA Network dimensioning uses the following

inputs : Coverage :

RF Propagation Environments (urban, suburban, rural) Area Type information (Clutter, terrain shape, etc.) Coverage Regions : need for Marketing input

Capacity : Traffic Density Data Available Spectrum Subscriber Profile and Growth forecast

QoS : Coverage Probability (Area) Outage/Blocking Probability End User Requirements : Throughput, speed, etc.

Dimensioning involves : Radio Link Budget Analyses Coverage Analyses Required Capacity Estimation Cell-count estimation in terms of number of sites

required Number of RNCs (Radio Network Controller)

required Equipment at different Interfaces Core Network Elements : Circuit Switched and

Packet Switched Domain Core Networks

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Dimensioning

Three Main additional Link Budget Parameters have to be considered when designing UMTS Networks :

Interference Margin : Due to the Loading of the cell from MSs that are in other cells. The higher

the loading allowed, the larger interference margin to be added. Between 20 to 50 % require 1 to 3 dB of interference margin, respectively.

Fast Fading (=PC headroom) : Slow-moving pedestrian mobiles need fast power control to compensate

the fast fading (2 to 5 dB are needed). No Fast Fading Margin is required for high speed mobiles because no Fast Power control is able to compensate for Fast moving mobiles.

SOHO Gain (or SOft HO) : SOHO is a kind of Reception Diversity, which brings an additional gain to

the UMTS System. Generally called : MACRO DIVERSITY COMBINING (2 to 3 dB)

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Assumptions for the MS : Speech Terminal

Maximum Transmit Power = 21 dBm Antenna Gain = 0 dBi Body Loss = 3 dB

Data Terminal Maximum Transmit Power = 24 dBm Antenna Gain = 2 dBi Body Loss = 0 dB

Note : No body loss for Data Terminal as the MS is used away from the body for Fax, Internet, etc…unlike the Speech terminal where the body effect is straightforward ! Antenna gain is also affected by the body effect, which justifies the 0 dBi for Speech Terminals …

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Assumptions for the Base Station :

Noise Figure = 5 dB (without TMA of course !)

Antenna Gain = 18 dBi (tri-sector BS)

Eb/No requirement : 12.2 kbps Speech = 5 dB 144 kbps Real-Time Data = 1.5 dB 384 kbps non-Real-Time Data = 1 dB

Cable Loss = 3 dB

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

The following parameters are needed :

Effective Eb/No :

where : IM = Implementation Margin, PCerror = Power Control Error

Thermal Noise Spectral Density = k*T = -174 (dBm/Hz)

Information Rate R(dBHz) = 30 + log(R(kpbs))

BTS Noise Figure NF = 5 dB (or less using a TMA)

BTS Receiver Noise N = R(dBHz) + NF

BTS RX Sensitivity S :

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Erroro

b

Effectiveo

b PCIMN

E

N

E

NN

ES

Effectiveo

b

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

Cable, Combiner and Connector Loss LCCC = 3 dB

BTS Rx Antenna Gain GRX_Ant = 18 dBi BTS RX Sensitivity @ Air Interface :

Log-Normal Fade Margin (@ 98 % Area Probability) LNF = 9 dB Handover Gain (Macro Diversity Gain) GHO = 3 dB Penetration Loss Table :

AntRxCCCceAirInterfa GLSS _

In-building penetration loss dense urban 20In-building penetration loss Urban 15In-building penetration loss SubUrban 12Low In-building penetration loss Rural 7In-car penetration loss 6Outdoor 0

Interference Margin (@ 50% Load) INT_Margin = 3 dB This margin is in fact a tolerance of a load of 50 % due to interference from MSs

in neighboring cells

Maximum Allowed Path Loss MAPL(dB) :

Cell Radius : MAPL = A + B*Log(r) from Okumura-Hata extended to 2.2 GHz

A and B are frequency, antenna height and environment - dependent

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Link Budget

inMINTLGLNFLEiRPdBMAPL npenetratioHObody arg_)(

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Cell Count

r Surface of a tri-sectorial cell :

Number of Sites = Number of Cells /3

2

2

3rASector

Example :

if MAPL = 127 dB (typical for Dense Urban) A = 137.67 for f = 1980 MHz and Hb = 30 m and 3 dB Correction factor for

a Metropolitan Environment (cf. Extended Okumura-Hata) B = 35.22

then r = 0.409 km and Asector = 0.144 km2

We assume Stotal = 100 km2 for Belgium (Dense Urban) : the Number of Sectors required is thus 100/0.144 = 690 leading to 230 tri-sectorial Sites.

Dense Urban/Urban

Suburban

Rural/Open

Parameter Definition Unit Speech Speech LCD LCD LCD UDD UDD UDD

1 Information rate kbit/s 8 12,2 64 144 384 64 144 384

Transmit: MS

2 Average TX power (per carrier) dBm 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21

3 TX cable, conn. and combiner losses dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

4 TX antenna gain dBi 0 0 2 2 2 2 2 2

5 EiRP (per carrier) (2 - 3 +4) dBm 21 21 23 23 23 23 23 23

6 Radiation and body loss dB 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Receive: BTS

7 Required Eb/No dB 5 5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1 1 1

8 Implementation margin dB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 Effect power control error dB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 Effective required Eb/No (7 + 8 + 9) dB 7 7 3,5 3,5 3,5 3 3 3

11 Spectral dens. thermal noise k*T dBm/Hz -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0 -174,0

12 Chip Rate 10*log10(3840000) dBHz 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8 65,8

13 BTS Noise figure dB 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0 5,0

14 BTS Receiver Noise Power (11 + 12 + 13) dBm -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2

15 Interference Margin dB 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0

16 Receiver Interference Power dBm -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2 -103,2

17 Total Effective Noise + Interference dBm -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2 -100,2

18 Processing Gain 10*log10(38400/Rkbps) dB 26,8 25,0 17,8 14,3 10,0 17,8 14,3 10,0

19 Cable Loss dB 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0

20 BTS Antenna Gain dBi 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0 18,0

21 BTS Effective Sensitivity (10 -18 + 17) dBm -120,0 -115,1 -114,4 -110,9 -106,7 -114,9 -111,4 -107,2

22 Standard deviation lognormal fading dB 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0

23 Lognormal margin (95% area cov) dB 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3 7,3

24 Handover gain dB 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0

25 In-building penetration loss dense urban dB 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

26 In-building penetration loss Urban dB 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

27 In-building penetration loss SubUrban dB 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

28 Low In-building penetration loss Rural dB 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

29 In-car penetration loss dB 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

30 Outdoor dB 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

31 Interference margin (@50% Load) dB 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

32 MAPL dense urban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 125,7 120,8 125,1 121,6 117,4 125,6 122,1 117,9

33 MAPL urban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 130,7 125,8 130,1 126,6 122,4 130,6 127,1 122,9

34 MAPL Suburban (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 133,7 128,8 133,1 129,6 125,4 133,6 130,1 125,9

35 MAPL rural (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 138,7 133,8 138,1 134,6 130,4 138,6 135,1 130,9

36 MAPL roads (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 139,7 134,8 139,1 135,6 131,4 139,6 136,1 131,9

37 MAPL Outdoor (5 + 20 + 24 - 6 - 15 - 19 - 21 - 23 - 25) dB 145,7 140,8 145,1 141,6 137,4 145,6 142,1 137,9

Let N the BTS Receiver Noise power :

Let IM the Interference Margin (Equivalent Noise Rise above Thermal Noise) : IM = 3 dB for a 50% Load (usually as a standard value)

The Equivalent BTS Receiver Interference power :

Total Noise + Interference :

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Noise and Interference Equations

dBNFkTWN )(log10 10

1010

10101010 1010log10log101010

NIMNNIMN

iIi

IMNIN dBmdBm

Interference Margin = 6.0 dB

N = -103.2 dBm

I = -98 dBm and (N+I)dBm = -97.2 dBm

Power

I is the BTS Receiver Interference Power subject to 6 dB Noise Rise (75 % load)above Thermal Noise.

If IM = 3 dB (50% Load) I would be = N = -103.2 dBm and N+I = -100.2 dBm

UMTS Radio Network Planning : Noise and Interference Power Diagrams

RF Propagation and Cell Count

Model : COST231-HATA A=(46,33+33,9*log(f)-13,82*log(hb)B=(44,9-6,55*log(hb)PL = A + B * log (R) + correction factorR (cell radius) = 10^((PL-A-correction factor)/B)

frequency f (MHz) 1980base station height hb (m) 30A 137,67B 35,223 dB correction for Metropolitan areas 3

USING COST231-HATA Unit Speech Speech LCD LCD LCD UDD UDD UDDCell radius dense urban m 375 273 362 288 218 374 297 225Cell radius urban m 633 461 611 485 367 631 502 380Cell radius suburban m 770 561 744 591 447 768 610 462Cell radius rural m 1067 778 1031 819 620 1065 846 641Cell radius roads m 1140 831 1101 874 662 1137 903 684Cell radius outdoor m 1687 1230 1629 1294 980 1684 1337 1012

Dense Urban Area 3-sector km² 0,12 0,15 0,26 0,16 0,09 0,27 0,17 0,10Urban Area 3-sector km² 0,35 0,41 0,73 0,46 0,26 0,78 0,49 0,28Suburban Area 3-sector km² 0,51 0,61 1,08 0,68 0,39 1,15 0,73 0,42Rural Area 3-sector km² 0,99 1,18 2,07 1,31 0,75 2,21 1,39 0,80Roads Area 3-sector km² 1,13 1,35 2,36 1,49 0,85 2,52 1,59 0,91Rural Outdoor Area 3-sector km² 2,46 2,95 5,17 3,26 1,87 5,53 3,48 2,00

)(10 rLogBAMAPL Cell Radius Computation achieved using :

Where MAPL is Bit-rate (Service) and Environment - dependent