UNCCD + SDGs -DLDD Issues and Mitigation Approaches in ...

UNCCD + SDGs

-DLDD Issues and

Mitigation Approaches

in Asia-Pacific Region Yang Youlin

Coordinator

Asia-Pacific Regional Coordination Unit,

UNCCD Secretariat

[email protected]

LDN TSP Inception workshop

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Dec. 27,2016, LDD, Bangkok

mailto:[email protected]

• What is DLDD

• Main causes of DLDD

• Deforestation

• Soil erosion and soil degradation

• Definition and negative effects of drought

• Impacts and disasters

• Response Measures and Roles of UNCCD/Partners

• Biology solutions to control DLDD Issues

• Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD (Possibility in Thailand)

• Recommendations

OUTLINES

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Drought, a natural phenomenon (precipitation below

normal recorded levels) adversely affecting land resource production systems

Desertification is land degradation in drylands

Land Degradation is the reduction or loss of the

biological or economic productivity of land including processes arising from human activities

What is DLDD? United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

3/48

Main Causes of DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Unsustainable

Human

Activities

International

Economic

Forces

Climate

Variability

Ignorance,

errors, and

natural & man-

made disasters

Low priority

given to

environmental

protection

Unsustainable

Human

Activities

Low priority

given to

environmental

protection

4/48

- Serious issues and capacity building to address them was recognized as a priority in Thai NAP to mitigate DLDD;

- Defined as the main cause of land degradation, priority

concerns are needed to forest rehabilitation and reforestation;

- Preventing previously forest degradation is a prerequisite for

successful reforestation and forest protection which is cross-cutting issue in environment-related programme, projects, initiatives and plans of Thailand.

Deforestation United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Erosion by

water

Rain drops Surface-

water Side-erosion

of streams Landslide

Sheet

erosion

Linear

erosion

Stream-

bed

erosion

Stream-

edge

erosion

Soil Erosions United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

6/48

Drought :

Refers to naturally occurring phenomenon that exists

when precipitation has been significantly below normal

recorded levels, causing serious hydrological

imbalances that adversely affect land resource

production systems (UNCCD).

Definitions of Drought United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Environmental

Wind and water soil erosion

Increased desertification

Biodiversity loss

Increased fires

Economic

Increased food prices

Loss of livestock production

Loss of hydroelectric power, navigation

Loss to tourism industry

Social

Increased poverty and reduced quality

of life

Mental and physical stress

Social unrest

Political conflicts

Where are the drought? United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Where does drought has the direct impacts?

Environmental

Land degradation, desertification, dust and sandstorms

Water scarcity

Socio-Economic

Agriculture and food security

Unemployment and market asymmetries

Poverty and social instability

Forced human migration

Poor health and diseases prevalence

Conflicts over use of resources

Definitions of Drought United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

9/48

Droughts are very widespread in Asia and the Pacific, - from Afghanistan to

the Pacific small island states, including SE Asia (drought-induced by El Niño)

Slow onset

Non-structural impacts - do not seem profound until famine strikes

Change of dynasty in Chinese history because of peasants uprising due to

drought-induced famines

Linkages to climate change, land degradation/desertification and loss of

biodiversity (UNFCCC, UNCCD and CBD)

Lead to forest fires

Affect food production and food security

Impacts and Disasters United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Drought events

10/48

Drought/Land Degradation Disasters

11/48

Top 10 most important Drought disasters for the period 1900 to 2013

sorted by numbers of killed at the country level:

Country Date No Killed

China P Rep, Drought 1928 3,000,000

Bangladesh, Drought 1943 1,900,000

India, Drought 1942 1,500,000



Soviet Union, Drought 1921 1,200,000

China P Rep, Drought 1920 500,000

Ethiopia, Drought May-1983 300,000

Sudan, Drought Apr-1983 150,000

Ethiopia, Drought Dec-1973 100,000

Source: http://www.emdat.be/result-disaster-

profiles?disgroup=natural&period=1900%242013&dis_type=Drought&Submit=Display+Disaster+Profile


12/48

Country Date No Total Affected

India, Drought May-1987 300,000,000

India, Drought Jul-2002 300,000,000

India, Drought 1972 200,000,000

India, Drought 1965 100,000,000

India, Drought Jun-1982 100,000,000

China P Rep, Drought Jan-1994 82,000,000

China P Rep, Drought Apr-2002 60,000,000

China P Rep, Drought Oct-2009 51,000,000

India, Drought

China P Rep, Drought

Apr-2000

Jun-1988

50,000,000

49,000,000




sorted by numbers of total affected people at the country level:


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Country Date Damage (000 US$)

United States, Drought Jun-2012 20,000,000

China P Rep, Drought Jan-1994 13,755,200

United States, Drought Jan-2011 8,000,000

Australia, Drought 1981 6,000,000

Spain, Drought Sep-1990 4,500,000

China P Rep, Drought

Iran Islam Rep, Drought

United States, Drought

Spain, Drought

Canada, Drought

Oct-2009

Apr-1999

Jul-2002

Apr-1999

Jan 1977

3,600,000

3,300,000

3,300,000

3,200,000

3,000,000




sorted by economic damage costs at the country level:


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Basic Facts

UNEP estimates that Desertification costs annually US $42

Billion; Over 250 million people are directly affected; One

billion populations are under threats or at risk.

About 1.7 billion ha.

of land is affected by

DLDD

1/3 of the entire

area is drylands

71% of its drylands

are affected

All Pacific islands states

face deforestation, soil

erosion, degradation,

drought disaster and

fresh water shortage

15/48

Step slope areas

96,006,984 rai

Shallow soils

43,365,620 rai

Saline soils

14,393,467 rai

Acid sulphate soils

5,510,144 rai

Sandy soils

12,769,833 rai

Peat Soils 265,348 rai

Acid soils 143,940,006 rai

16/48

Impacts and Disasters ► Soils Deterioration in Thailand United Nations Convention

to Combat Desertification

Area of Soil Loss in Thailand (Million)

Soil Loss

Classification

Central East West North Northeast South Total

Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai % Rai %

Low land (Peneplais and foots lope slope less than 35%

1.Slight 9.689 76.34 12.342 52.65 11.585 40.2 35.689 33.7 80.734 76.5 20.181 45.7 170.219 53.1

2.Moderate 1.771 14 4.951 21.1 4.733 16.4 11.038 10.4 14.163 13.4 6.258 14.2 42..913 13.4

3.Severe 0.243 1.91 2.384 10.2 0.928 3.22 2.937 2.77 2.185 2.07 1.114 2.52 9.789 3.05

4.Very severe 0.0254 0.02 0.056 0.24 0.029 0.10 0.371 0.35 0.116 0.11 0.115 0.26 0.690 0.22

5.Extremely

Severe

0.03 0.24 0.143 0.61 0.066 0.23 1.506 1.42 0.327 0.31 0.199 0.45 2.271 0.71

Highland (Mountain and vally slope slope morathan 35%

1.Slight 0.170 1.34 2.602 11.1 2.339 8.12 16.381 15.5 6.934 6.57 13.175 29.8 41.601 13

2.Moderate 0.130 1.02 0.232 0.99 5.894 20.5 19.212 18.1 0.232 0.22 0.013 0.03 25.713 8.02

3.Severe 0.403 3.17 0.392 1.67 2.912 10.1 9.691 9.14 0.760 0.72 0.075 0.17 14.232 4.43

4.Very severe 0.076 0.60 0.028 0.12 0.375 0.13 2.110 1.99 0.085 0.08 0.332 0.75 2.668 0.83

5.Extremely

Severe

0.179 1.41 0.312 1.33 0.282 0.98 7.093 6.69 - - 2.736 6.19 10.602 3.31

Region Area 12.692 100 23.442 100 28.805 100 106.028 100 105.540 100 44.197 100 320.697 100

Affected area 2.833 22.3 8.498 36.3 14.881 51.7 53.958 50.9 17.867 17 10.842 24.5 108.877 34

Note: Slight: 0-2 ton /Rai /Year; Moderate: 2-5 ton /Rai /Year; Severe: 5-15 ton /Rai /Year; Very severe: 15-20 ton /Rai /Year; Extremely

Severe: More than 20 ton / Rai / Year. * Soil loss more than permisible in Class 2-5 of bath lowland and highland.

Source : Land Development Department, 1992 Soil Loss Evaluation in Thailand. 17/48

Forest Degradation/deforestation

in Wang Nam Kaew, Nakhon Rachasima

18/48

Crop farming on slope land in North of Thailand

—main cause of soil erosion and landslide

19

reduces the land’s resilience to natural climate variability

Soil becomes less productive

Vegetation becomes degraded

or damaged

contributes to famine huge drain on

economic resources

cause health problems and air

pollution.

Close of school and impacts to

communication.

Consequences of DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

20/48

To establish a

preparedness system to

cope the effects of

drought and other natural

disasters

Investments in infra-structure

Innovative ways for economic

development

(China and Israel experiences)

Capacity building and Financial

Cooperation

Institutional tools

for improving

decision-making

(national authority,

budget, etc)

Response Measure ► What should/could be done?


Policy development and governance

for drought management (National perspective)

21/48

Strengthening the infra-structure at farm level (communication,

hydrological infra-structure, access to the local markets)

Diversifying and improving productive activities to reduce the

risk

Traditional and new technologies to improve standards of living

(irrigation, rainwater harvesting)

Innovation for drylands development

Response Measure ► What should/could be done?


Measures on drought management at local level

Sustainable Development Goals and the

Role of UNCCD

23

End poverty in all

its forms

everywhere

End hunger, achieve food

security and improved

nutrition and promote

sustainable agriculture

Ensure healthy

lives and promote

well-being for all

at all ages

Ensure inclusive and

quality education for

all and promote

lifelong learning

Achieve gender

equality and

empower all women

and girls

Ensure access to

water and

sanitation for all

Ensure access to

affordable, reliable,

sustainable and

modern energy for all

Promote inclusive and

sustainable economic

growth, employment and

decent work for all

Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

24/48

Take urgent action

to combat climate

change and its

impacts

Conserve and sustainably

use the oceans, seas and

marine resources

Sustainably manage forests,

combat desertification, halt and

reverse land degradation, halt

biodiversity loss

Promote just,

peaceful and

inclusive societies

Revitalize the global

partnership for

sustainable

development

Build resilient infrastructure,

promote sustainable

industrialization and foster

innovation

Reduce inequality

within and among

countries

Make cities

inclusive, safe,

resilient and

sustainable

Ensure sustainable

consumption and

production patterns

Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

25/48

15.3 by 2020, combat desertification, and restore degraded land and

soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods,

and strive to achieve a land-degradation neutral world

The roles of the UNCCD and Partners to implement SDGs United Nations Convention


26/48

(DESA, UNDP, UNEP, UNESCAP, WMO, FAO, UNCCD, UNFCCC, WB, IFADS, ADB and

others)

To support countries to improve decision-making process and

National Policies on Drought Management (decision 9/ COP11);

and to promote the establishment of an Investment Framework to

cope drought and desertification at country level.

As a tool to contribute to National Policies on combating

desertification and mitigate the effects of draught;

To develop priority approaches (LDN, ELD, SLM, SOs, OOs

and Advocacy Policy Framework (APF) on DLDD mitigation

and support countries to address the prevailing issues;

NAP

The roles of the UNCCD and Partners to implement SDGs United Nations Convention


27/48

Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD

Totally 1.633 billion population are living in NEA, which is

directly affected by dust/sand disasters and many inhabitants

in this vast region live under poverty line.

Covering a total land area of 28,837,000 sq. km in NEA, of

which arable and permanent crops land covers 9%,

permanent pasture/steppe represent 45%, forest and

woodland occupy 16% and other land covers 30% of the

region’s total land area (Source: State of the Environment in Asia and the Pacific, 2000, p.5).

This slide shows the significance of dune fixation by using

mechanical/biological approaches at Baijitan, Ningxia.

28/48

Increasing interest of local people on agroforestry

More varieties be introduced based on nutritive value and their effect on soil

(fertile or dry)

Multiple cropping of tree, shrub and cash crops

Traditional farming practice in Hills

Practice of non-till farming on slope and terrace fields

Transfer of technology from Labs to field

Youth and Women’s participation in awareness raising

Increasing of extension service quality and quantity

Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Agroforestry Activities


29/48

Serious soil erosion in

Nepali Mountain Area Vegetation destruction

Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Soil Erosion Control


Hand-spreading seeds on sand land

before rain season

Success story in Nepal Farmers involvement in

the efforts



Plantation to control soil erosion

Plantation on flooded plain

Water scarcity causes

vegetation destruction



Desert plants and

rotation grazing

Mulching of waste oil

sandy surface

Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Rotation Grazing and Mulching of sand surface


Sandbreaks to stop dune movement and sand encroachment

Biological Solutions to mitigate DLDD ► Sand Encroachment Control


Awareness

Raising for

women farmers

35/48

Consultation on

reforestation, agriculture

and livelihood

36/48

Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD ► Possibility in Thailand


Stop Deforestation

Management of fragile ecosystem

Promotion of sustainable agriculture and rural development

Use and management of land resources

Laws and legislation

LDN Voluntary Targets at country level

Capacity Building

Alignment/further effort to implement NAP

Policy / plans on land management and prevention of land degradation

Initiatives

01

02 03

04

05 06

07 08

09

37/48

• Multi-purpose forest management

to increase the multiple functions

and services of forest ecosystems;

• Curb deforestation and rehabilitate

the degraded forest lands;

• Improvement of productivity of

forest lands.

• Capacity enhancement of forest

management planning.

Initiatives to Mitigate DLDD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Stop Deforestation

38/48

Management of fragile ecosystem

• Introduction of drought resistant tree species and establishment of

irrigation system, especially in ISAN region;

• Improvement of protective forests in coastal and drought prone

areas (ISAN provinces);

• Development and use of non-combustible renewable energy

sources;

• Strengthening the current databases and encourage information

sharing.


39/48

Promotion of sustainable agriculture and rural development

• Improvement of national institutional framework for the

implementation of Rio Conventions;

• Strengthening of international exchange and cooperation for the

technical transfer in SLM sector;

• Strengthening the capacity of integrated watershed management and

its demonstration;

• Improvement of infrastructure for knowledge and information

collection, dissemination and Sharing in DLDD mitigation;

• Training of experts and capacity building of reeducation in the field of

land management and development;

• Public awareness raising on UNCCD and SDGs.


40/48

1. Demonstration of integrated, community-based land management and

rational sustainable use of natural resources in rural areas;

2. Strengthening of institutional capacity for the development and

implementation of National Action Plan and its regular update in

accordance with the UNCCD Requirements Capacity building for the

establishment of integrated database and information sharing in relation

to the land degradation;

3. Technical transfer and demonstration of advanced sustainable farming

methods including eco-farming to prevent degradation of agricultural

lands while ensuring the safe and sustained agricultural production to

meet the food demands;


Capacity Building

41/48

4. Establishment and operation of training/awareness center on land

degradation and sustainable land management to promote public

awareness and dissemination of advanced technologies;

5. Demonstration of solving energy problems and improving livelihood

in rural areas through introduction of new energy sources including

solar and wind energies;

6. Capacity-building for establishing early-warning systems and pre-

responsive action plan to encounter with flood and drought.


Capacity Building

42/48

1) Establishment of land resources protection management center for the

effective and sustainable management of land resources;

2) Consolidation of national institutional system for the comprehensive

assessment and effective utilization of land resources;

3) Strengthening of research and studies related to land resources;

4) Improvement of public awareness, training and education on

conservation of land resources and public participation including

women and youth in the protective management of land resources;

5) Establishment of regular communication and information sharing

related to land management;

6) Promotion of technical transfer and international cooperation.


Use and management of land resources

43/48

1. The fund resources for UNCCD and implementation of the aligned NAP

should be raised from central and local budgets. In the past the activities to

address the land degradation were financially supported largely by central

budget while the local budgets at provincial and county levels also contributed;

2. Thailand has priority policy on land management, especially some Royal

projects were invested for the land management including reforestation and soil

improvement;

3. Regarding the local budget, the land management and planning agencies at

provincial design their land management projects and finance them in a

sustainable way;

4. The international resources are invested for the reforestation and sustainable

land management.


Financing mechanism to implement NAP

44/48

1) Development of LDN voluntary targets based on real situation and condition of Thailand;

2) Further efforts on technical cooperation and academic research on DLDD mitigation;

3) Address land degradation issues as one of the priority area of LDD agenda;

4) Encourage private sectors’ involvement in the long-term initiatives to DLDD mitigation and SLM;

5) Strengthen the awareness of DLDD Issues at both central and local levels;

6) Information-sharing among inline agencies and the affected provinces/community.

Recommendations United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

45/48

“Upon this handful of soil our

survival depends.

Husband it and it will grow our food,

our fuel, and our shelter and

surround us with beauty.

Abuse it and the soil will collapse and

die, taking humanity with it”.

From Vedas Sanskrit Scripture – 1500 BC

46/48

“If human needs are to be met, the

Earth’s natural resources must be

conserved and enhanced.

Land use in agriculture and forestry

must be based on a scientific

assessment of land capacity and the

annual depletion of topsoil.”

In “Our Common Future”

Report of the World Commission on Environment and

Development; 1987

47/48

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