UNCLOS Final Paper

7/24/2019 UNCLOS Final Paper

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UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW ONSEAS AND THE PHILIPPINES

Public International LawT 4:3!":3

SU#$ITTED TO:

DEAN ATT%& Por'irio D&(& Pan)aniban

SU#$ITTED #%:

#A*UI+, Breniz Grexymae#ESA, Denard Kevin

CA-AVE*AL,Cape Quesie(O*(ONIA, Sheila Jean$A*TINE+, John AlfredVENTU*A,Derenze Gail


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TE**ITO*IAL SEA AND CONTI(UOUS +ONEI& Territorial Sea

Soverei+n#y of *oas#al s#a#e ex#ends/ 0eyond i#s land #erri#ory and in#ernal &a#ers- .n #he

*ase of an ar*hipela+i* S#a#e/ i#s ar*hipela+i* &a#ers/ &hi*h is an ad5a*en# 0el# of sea/ i# is

des*ri0ed as #he #erri#orial sea-

@oreover/ *oas#al S#a#e soverei+n#y ex#ends #o #he air spa*e over #he #erri#orial sea as

&ell as #o i#s 0ed and su0soil:& Soverei+n#y over #erri#orial sea is exer*ised su05e*# #o #his

Conven#ion and #o o#her rules of in#erna#ional la&

II& Li2it to t0e Territorial Sea

>very s#a#e has #he ri+h# #o es#a0lish #he 0read#h of i#s #erri#orial sea up #o a limi# no#

ex*eedin+ 1! nau#i*al miles measured from 0aselines measured from 0aselines de#ermined in

a**ordan*e &i#h #his Conven#ion;- (u#er limi# of #erri#orial sea is #he line every poin# of &hi*h is

a# a dis#an*e from #he neares# poin# of #he 0aseline e


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.n #he navi+a#ion of in#ernal &a#ers/ #he "$C%(S is no# appli*a0le ex*ep# &here

es#a0lishmen# of 0aseline en*loses ne& in#ernal &a#ers- (n #he o#her hand/ navi+a#ion in #he

#erri#orial sea/ inno*en# passa+e and &arships are appli*a0le- 8o&ever/ #he "$C%(S is no#

appli*a0le &i#h re+ard #o overfli+h#/ fishin+/ layin+ su0marine *a0le and mininin+- .n addi#ion/

#he *oas#al S#a#e,s *onsen# is re


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d) any a*# of propa+anda aimed a# affe*#in+ #he defen*e or se*uri#y of #he *oas#al S#a#e

e) #he laun*hin+/ landin+ or #ain+ on 0oard of any air*raf#

f) #he laun*hin+/ landin+ or #ain+ on 0oard of any mili#ary devi*e

+) #he loadin+ or unloadin+ of any *ommodi#y/ *urren*y or person *on#rary #o #he

*us#oms/ fis*al/ immi+ra#ion or sani#ary la&s and re+ula#ions of #he *oas#al S#a#e

h) any a*# of &ilful and serious pollu#ion *on#rary #o #his Conven#ion

i) any fishin+ a*#ivi#ies

5) #he *arryin+ ou# of resear*h or survey a*#ivi#ies

) any a*# aimed a# in#erferin+ &i#h any sys#ems of *ommuni*a#ion or any o#her fa*ili#ies

or ins#alla#ions of #he *oas#al S#a#e

l) any o#her a*#ivi#y no# havin+ a dire*# 0earin+ on passa+e-

Ar#i*le 1 defines passa+e as a means of navi+a#ion #hrou+h #he #erri#orial sea for #he

purpose of4

a) Traversin+ #ha# sea &i#hou# en#erin+ in#ernal &a#ers or *allin+ a# a roads#ead or por#

fa*ili#y ou#side in#ernal &a#ers or

0) ro*eedin+ #o or from in#ernal &a#ers or a *all a# su*h roads#ead or por# fa*ili#y-

ur#hermore/ passa+e mus# 0e *on#inuous and expedi#ious

1!

, &i#h #he ex*ep#ions/ #o &i#4delayed passa+e in*iden#al #o ordinary navi+a#ion or*e ma5eure or dis#ress #o render assis#an*e

#o persons/ ships/ or air*raf# in dan+er or dis#ress-

.n a**ordan*e &i#h su*h do*#rine/ *er#ain ri+h#s are possessed 0y #he S#a#e/ su*h as4

$u*lear ships and ships *arryin+ dan+erous ma#erials mus# *arry do*umen#s and #ae

pre*au#ions17; #he s#a#e may also adop# re+ula#ions in #he areas enumera#ed #herein1: #hey may

es#a0lish sea lanes1;/ preven# passa+e &hi*h is no# inno*en# and 0rea*h of *ondi#ions1= Arres#

1" (rticle 1-' UNCL)S

1$ (rticle "$' UNCL)S

1% (rticle "1' UNCL)S


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and inves#i+a#ion *an #ae pla*e as spe*ified in Ar# !3 and Ar#- ! Char+es may 0e levied for

spe*ifi* servi*es rendered13 Su0marines mus# navi+a#e on surfa*e and sho& fla+1

ur#hermore/ Coas#al S#a#e may suspend #he ri+h# of inno*en# passa+e as lon+ as su*h

suspension4

a- does no# dis*rimina#e amon+ forei+n ships/ in form or in fa*#0- #emporary

*- spe*ifies #he areas &here inno*en# passa+e shall no# 0e allo&ed

d- essen#ial for i#s se*uri#y

e- duly pu0lished

%as#ly/ a*#ivi#ies no# havin+ dire*# 0earin+ on passa+e are no# re+arded as inno*en#19.

T0e Cor'u C0annel Cae .Unite 5in)o2 o' (reat #ritain an Nort0ern Irelan!

Albania1is a landmar *ase heard 0y #he .n#erna#ional Cour# of Jus#i*e and ad5ud+ed on April 9/

19:9- Su*h even# arose from #he in*iden#s #ha# o**urred on (*#o0er !!/ 19:= in #he Corfu S#rai#-

FACTS:

(n (*#o0er !!nd/ 19:=/ #&o Bri#ish *ruisers and #&o des#royers/ *omin+ from #he sou#h/

en#ered #he $or#h Corfu S#rai#- The *hannel #hey &ere follo&in+/ &hi*h &as in Al0anian &a#ers/

&as re+arded as safe4 i# had 0een s&ep# in 19:: and *he*?s&ep# in 19:;- (ne of #he des#royers/

#he Saumarez/ &hen off Saranda/ s#ru* a mine and &as +ravely dama+ed- The o#her des#royer/ #he

ola+e/ &as sen# #o her assis#an*e and/ &hile #o&in+ her/ s#ru* ano#her mine and &as also

seriously dama+ed- or#y?five Bri#ish offi*ers and sailors los# #heir lives/ and for#y?#&o o#hers &ere

&ounded-

An in*iden# had already o**urred in #hese &a#ers on @ay 1;#h/ 19:=4 an Al0anian 0a##ery had

fired in #he dire*#ion of #&o Bri#ish *ruisers- The "ni#ed Kin+dom Governmen# had pro#es#ed/

s#a#in+ #ha# inno*en# passa+e #hrou+h s#rai#s is a ri+h# re*o+nized 0y in#erna#ional la& #he Al0anian

1* (rticle ""' UNCL)S

1+ (rticle "*' UNCL)S

1, (rticle "+' UNCL)S

1- (rticle "' UNCL)S

10 (rticle 10' UNCL)S


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Governmen# had replied #ha# forei+n &arships and mer*han# vessels had no ri+h# #o pass #hrou+h

Al0anian #erri#orial &a#ers &i#hou# prior au#horiza#ion and on Au+us# !nd/ 19:=/ #he "ni#ed

Kin+dom Governmen# had replied #ha# if/ in #he fu#ure/ fire &as opened on a Bri#ish &arship

passin+ #hrou+h #he *hannel/ #he fire &ould 0e re#urned- inally/ on Sep#em0er !1s#/ 19:=/ #he

Admiral#y in %ondon had *a0led #o #he Bri#ish Commander?in?Chief in #he @edi#erranean #o #he

follo&in+ x effe*#4 >s#a0lishmen# of diploma#i* rela#ions &i#h Al0ania is a+ain under *onsidera#ion

0y 8is @a5es#y2s Governmen# &ho &ish #o no& &he#her #he Al0anian Governmen# have learn# #o

0ehave #hemselves- .nforma#ion is re


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On the other hand, the exclsive control exercised b# a 0tate !ithin its frontiers ma# ma%e it

impossible to frnish direct proof of facts !hich !old involve its responsibilit# in case of a

violation of international la!. The 0tate !hich is the victim mst, in that ease, be allo!ed a more

liberal recorse to inferences of fact and circmstantial evidence; sch indirect evidence mst be

regarded as of especial !eight !hen based on a series of facts, lin%ed together and leading

logicall# to a single conclsion.

1n the present case t!o series of facts, !hich corroborate one another, have to be

considered.

The first relates to the Albanian Government&s attitde before and after the catastrophe. The

la#ing of the mines too% place in a period in !hich it had sho!n its intention to %eep a 4ealos

!atch on its territorial !aters and in !hich it !as re$iring prior athori5ation before the# !ere

entered, this vigilance sometimes going so far as to involve the se of force3 all of !hich render the

assertion of ignorance a priori improbable. 6oreover, !hen the Albanian Government had become

fll# a!are of the existence of a minefield, it protested strongl# against the activit# of the 'ritish

7leet, bt not against the la#ing of the mines, thogh this act, if effected !ithot her consent, !old

have been a ver# serios violation of her sovereignt#; she did not notif# shipping of the existence of

the minefield, as !old be re$ired b# international la!; and she did not nderta%e an# of the

measres of 4dicial investigation !hich !old seem to be incmbent on her in sch a case. 0ch

an attitde cold onl# be explained if the Albanian Government, !hile %no!ing of the mine la#ing,

desired the circmstances in !hich it !as effected to remain secret.

The second series of facts relates to the possibilit# of observing the mine la#ing from the

Albanian coast. Geographicall#, the channel is easil# !atched3 it is dominated b# heights offering

excellent observation points, and it rns close to the coast 8the nearest mine !as 9:: m. from the

shore. The methodical and !ellthoghtot la#ing of the mines compelled the minela#ers to

remain from t!o to t!oandahalf hors in the !aters bet!een "ape Kiephali and the 0t. George&s

6onaster#. 1n regard to that point, the naval experts appointed b# the "ort reported, after en$ir#

and investigation on the spot, that the# considered it to be indisptable that, if a normal loo%ot

!as %ept at "ape Kiephali,


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2. >as the United Kingdom violated international la! b# the acts of its Nav# in Albanian !aters,

first on the da# on !hich the explosions occrred and, secondl#, on November (2th and (*th, (+-,

!hen it ndertoo% a s!eep of the 0trait

1n its ?dgment the "ort declared on the first $estion, b# (( votes against 9, that Albania !as

responsible.

HELD:

7rom all the facts and observations mentioned above, the "ort dra!s the conclsion that

the la#ing of the minefield cold not have been accomplished !ithot the %no!ledge of Albania. As

regards the obligations reslting for her from this %no!ledge, the# are not dispted. 1t !as her dt#

to notif# shipping and especiall# to !arn the ships proceeding throgh the 0trait on October 22nd

of the danger to !hich the# !ere exposed. 1n fact, nothing !as attempted b# Albania to prevent the

disaster, and these grave omissions involve her international responsibilit#.

The 0pecial Agreement as%s the "ort to sa# !hether, on this grond, there is @an# dt#@ for

Albania @to pa# compensation@ to the United Kingdom. This text gave rise to certain dobts3 cold

the "ort not onl# decide on the principle of compensation bt also assess the amont The "ort

ans!ered in the affirmative and, b# a special Order, it has fixed dinelimits to enable the =arties to

sbmit their vie!s to it on this sb4ect.

The "ort then goes on to the second $estion in the 0pecial Agreement3


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methods of exection, !hich !ere not nreasonable in vie! of the firing from the Albanian batter#

on 6a# (9th.

As regards the operation on November (2th)(*th, it !as exected contrar# to the clearl#

expressed !ish of the Albanian Government; it did not have the consent of the international mine

clearance organi5ations; it cold not be 4stified as the exercise of the right of innocent passage.The United Kingdom has stated that its ob4ect !as to secre the mines as $ic%l# as possible for

fear lest the# shold be ta%en a!a# b# the athors of the mine la#ing or b# the Albanian

athorities3 this !as presented either as a ne! and special application of the theor# of intervention,

b# means of !hich the intervening 0tate !as acting to facilitate the tas% of the international

tribnal, or as a method of selfprotection or selfhelp. The "ort cannot accept these lines of

defence. 1t can onl# regard the alleged right of intervention as the manifestation of a polic# of force

!hich cannot find a place in international la!. As regards the notion of selfhelp, the "ort is also

nable to accept it3 bet!een independent 0tates the respect for territorial sovereignt# is an

essential fondation for international relations. "ertainl#, the "ort recognises the Albanian

Government&s complete failre to carr# ot its dties after the explosions and the dilator# natre of

its diplomatic Notes as extenating circmstances for the action of the United Kingdom. 't, to

ensre respect for international la!, of !hich it is the organ, the "ort mst declare that the action

of the 'ritish Nav# constitted a violation of Albanian sovereignt#. This declaration is in

accordance !ith the re$est made b# Albania throgh her consel and is in itself appropriate

satisfaction.

1n regard to the second $estion, it declared b# ( votes against 2 that the United Kingdom

did not violate Albanian sovereignt# on October 22nd; bt it declared nanimosl# that it violated

that sovereignt# on November (2th)(*th, and that this declaration, in itself, constitted appropriate

satisfaction.

V& CONTI(UOUS +ONE

A zone ad5a*en# #o #he #erri#orial sea #ha# may no# ex#end 0eyond !: nau#i*al miles from

#he 0aselines from &hi*h #he 0read#h if #he #erri#orial sea is measured!6-

Coas#al S#a#e may exer*ise *on#rol #o preven# and punish infrin+emen# of i#s *us#oms/

fis*al/ immi+ra#ion or sani#ary la&s and re+ula#ions *ommi##ed &i#hin i#s #erri#ory or #erri#orial

sea-!1

ST*AITS USED 6O* INTE*NATIONAL NAVI(ATION

" (rticle $$' UNCL)S

"1 http://www.!n.org/depts/los/convention_agreeents/tets/!nclos/!nclos_e.pdf


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The soverei+n#y or 5urisdi*#ion of #he S#a#es 0orderin+ #he s#rai#s is exer*ised su05e*# #o

#his par# and #o o#her rules of in#erna#ional la&- Ee+ime of passa+e #hrou+h s#rai#s used for

in#erna#ional navi+a#ion shall no# affe*# #he le+al s#a#us of #he &a#ers formin+ su*h s#rai#s or #he

exer*ise of soverei+n#y or 5urisdi*#ion over su*h &a#ers/ air spa*e 0ed and su0soil-!!

.- 7U*ISDICTION O6 THE STATE #O*DE*IN( THE ST*AIT

S#a#es 0orderin+ s#rai#s shall no# hamper #ransi# passa+e and shall +ive appropria#e

pu0li*i#y #o any dan+er #o navi+a#ion or overfli+h# &i#hin or over #he s#rai# of &hi*h #hey have

no&led+e- There shall 0e no suspension of #ransi# passa+e- @oreover/ #he s#a#e shall adop# la&s

and re+ula#ions only as enumera#ed in Ar#i*le :!- %a&s may no# dis*rimina#e nor undermine #he

ri+h# of #ransi# passa+e- @oreover/ *oopera#ion &i#h o#her s#a#es &i#h re+ard #o navi+a#ional aid

and pollu#ion preven#ion- There shall 0e no res#ri*#ions on &arships- %as#ly/ provisions on

preven#ion of pollu#ion from vessels are no# appli*a0le unless ma5or dama+e or #hrea# of ma5or

dama+e!7-

VII& T*ANSIT PASSA(E

Transi# passa+e means #he exer*ise in a**ordan*e &i#h #his par# of #he freedom of

navi+a#ion and overfli+h# solely for #he purpose of *on#inuous and expedi#ious #ransi# of #he s#rai#

0e#&een one par# of #he hi+h seas or an ex*lusive e*onomi* zone and ano#her par# of #he hi+h

seas or an ex*lusive e*onomi* zone- !:

8o&ever/ #he re


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All ships and air*raf# en5oy #he ri+h# of #ransi# passa+e/ &hi*h shall no# 0e impeded

ex*ep# #ha#/ if #he s#rai# is formed 0y an island of a S#a#e 0orderin+ #he s#rai# and i#s mainland/

#ransi# passa+e shall no# apply if #here exis#s sea&ard of #he island a rou#e #hrou+h #he hi+h seas

or #hrou+h an ex*lusive e*onomi* zone of similar *onvenien*e &i#h respe*# #o navi+a#ional and

hydro+raphi*al *hara*#eris#i*s!=.

Any a*#ivi#y &hi*h is no# an exer*ise of #he ri+h# of #ransi# passa+e #hrou+h a s#rai#

remains su05e*# #o #he o#her appli*a0le provisions of #his Conven#ion!3.

VII&8 *etriction on Tranit Paa)e 'or VeelThe s#a#e mus# o0serve la&s adop#ed/ in a**ordan*e &i#h ar# :!/ i# mus# *omply &i#h

du#ies enumera#ed in Ar# 79- @oreover/ passa+e mus# 0e *on#inuous and expedi#ious and

*omply &i#h in#erna#ional safe#y and pollu#ion re+ula#ions- .# mus# refrain from resear*hand surveys/ i# mus# o0serve sea lanes and #raffi* separa#ion s*hemes and fla+ s#a#es are

lia0le for vessels en#i#led #o immuni#y-

ur#hermore/ #he re+ime of inno*en# passa+e shall apply in s#rai#s used for

in#erna#ional navi+a#ion/ ex*ludin+ from #he appli*a#ion of re+ime of #ransi# passa+e under ar#i*le

7/ par- 1 and 0e#&een a par# of #he hi+h seas or an ex*lusive e*onomi* zone and #he #erri#orial

sea of a forei+n S#a#e- .n addi#ion/ #here shall 0e no suspension of inno*en# passa+e #hrou+h su*h

s#rai#s!-

A*CHIPELA(IC STATES .Ventura!(ail1

An Arc0i9ela)ic Stateis a S#a#e *ons#i#u#ed &holly 0y one or more ar*hipela+os andmay in*lude o#her islands- An Arc0i9ela)o is a +roup of islands/ in*ludin+ par#s of islands/in#er*onne*#in+ &a#ers and o#her na#ural fea#ures &hi*h are so *losely in#errela#ed #ha# su*h

islands/ &a#ers and o#her na#ural fea#ures from an in#rinsi* +eo+raphi*al/ e*onomi* and poli#i*al

en#i#y/ or &hi*h his#ori*ally have 0een re+arded as su*h-!9

"+ (rticle $-' UNCL)S

", id.

"- &ar."' (rticle %*' UNCL)S


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There are #&o '!) inds of ar*hipela+os4 '1) Coas#al Ar*hipela+o and '!) @id (*ean

Ar*hipela+o- A Coas#al Ar*hipela+o is one si#ua#ed *lose #o a mainland/ and may 0e *onsidered

par# of su*h mainland &hile a @id?(*ean Ar*hipela+o are +roups of islands si#ua#ed in #he o*ean

a# su*h dis#an*e from #he *oas#s of firm land 'mainland)- The hilippines is an example of a @id?

(*ean Ar*hipela+o- .# emphasizes #he uni#y of land and &a#ers 0y definin+ an ar*hipela+o ei#her

as a +roup of island surrounded 0y &a#ers or a 0ody of &a#er s#udded &i#h islands- Thus/

0aselines are dra&n 0y *onne*#in+ #he appropria#e poin#s of #he ou#ermos# islands #o en*ir*le #he

islands &i#hin #he ar*hipela+o-

THE A*CHIPELA(ICA*CHIPELA(O DOCT*INE

By #his *on*ep#/ an ar*hipela+o shall 0e re+arded as a sin+le uni#/ so #ha# #he &a#ers around/

0e#&een/ and *onne*#in+ #he islands of #he ar*hipela+o/ irrespe*#ive of #heir 0read#h and

dimensions/ form par# of #he in#ernal &a#ers of #he s#a#e/ and are su05e*# #o i#s ex*lusivesoverei+n#y-

The hilippines adheres #o #he Ar*hipela+i* Do*#rine under #he se*ond para+raph of

Ar#i*le ./ Se*#ion 1 of #he 193 Cons#i#u#ion/ &hi*h reads4

FThe &a#ers around/ 0e#&een/ and *onne*#in+ #he islands of #he ar*hipela+o/ re+ardless of

#heir 0read#h and dimensions/ form par# of #he in#ernal &a#ers of #he hilippines-

People v. Wong Cheng

No. L-1892, 19 !"#o$e% 1992

& Ph'l. (29

FACTS:

ong "heng alias ong "hn is accsed of having illegall# smo%ed opim, aboard the merchant

vessel "hangsa of Bnglish nationalit# !hile the said vessel !as anchored in 6anila 'a# t!o and

a half miles from the shores of the cit#.

ong "heng contended in a demrrer that the lo!er cort lac% 4risdiction of the said crime,

!hich reslted to the dismissal of the case. The Attorne# General filed an appeal that rges the

revocation of the demrrer.

ISSUE:

hether or not the =hilippines "orts have 4risdiction over the crime committed b# ong "heng

aboard merchant vessels anchored in the =hilippine 4risdiction !aters.

"0 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea


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HELD:

/es. The crime in the case at bar !as committed in the internal !aters of the =hilippines ths

having ac$ired the right of 4risdiction over the offense committed. The cort said3 C>aving the

opim smo%ed !ithin or territorial limits, even thogh aboard a foreign merchant ship, is a

breach of the pblic order becase it cases sch drgs to prodce pernicios effects !ithin or

territor#.D The demrrer is revo%ed and the cort ordered frther proceedings.

A*CHIPELA(IC #ASELINES

Ar#i*le :3 of #he "ni#ed $a#ions Conven#ion on #he %a& of Sea provided some rules

+overnin+ 0aselines- irs#/ su*h 0aselines should no# depar# radi*ally from #he +eneral dire*#ion

of #he *oas#/ or from #he +eneral *onfi+ura#ion of #he ar*hipela+o- Se*ond/ &i#hin #he 0aselines

are in*luded #he main islands- The area of su*h is measured 0y &a#er area #o land area in #he ra#io

of 141 as minimum and 941 as maximum- %as#ly/ #he len+#h of 0aselines shall no# ex*eed 166

nau#i*al miles/ ex*ep# #ha# up #o #hree per*en# '7H) of #he #o#al num0er of 0aselines may have a

maximum len+#h of 1!; nau#i*al miles-76

By #his/ #he &a#ers inside #he 0aselines are *onsidered in#ernal &a#ers and #he #erri#orial sea/

*on#i+uous zone/ ex*lusive e*onomi* zone and #he *on#inen#al shelf are measured from su*h

0aselines- The Ar*hipela+i* S#a#e exer*ises soverei+n ri+h#s over all #he &a#ers en*losed 0y #he

0aselines-

*I(HT O6 THE A*CHIPELA(IC SEA LANES PASSA(E

The ri+h# of ar*hipela+i* sea lanes passa+e is #he ri+h# of forei+n ships and air*raf# #o

have *on#inuous/ expedi#ious and uno0s#ru*#ed passa+e in sea lanes and air rou#es #hrou+h or

over #he ar*hipela+i* &a#ers and #he ad5a*en# #erri#orial sea of #he ar*hipela+i* s#a#e/ in #ransi#

0e#&een one par# of #he hi+h seas or an ex*lusive e*onomi* zone-

The sea lanes and air rou#es shall #raverse #he ar*hipela+i* &a#ers and #he ad5a*en#

#erri#orial sea and shall in*lude all normal passa+e rou#es for in#erna#ional navi+a#ion or

overfli+h# #hrou+h or over ar*hipela+i* &a#ers and/ &i#hin su*h rou#es/ so far as ships are*on*erned/ all navi+a#ional *hannels/ provided #ha# dupli*a#ion of rou#es of similar *onvenien*e

0e#&een #he same en#ry and exi# poin#s shall no# 0e ne*essary-

"nlie #he exer*ise of #he ri+h# #o inno*en# passa+e in #he #erri#orial sea/ all #he shipsI

even &arships/ in*ludin+ su0marinesIare en#i#led #o #he ri+h# of ar*hipela+i* sea lanes passa+e-

$ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea


15/50

The ar*hipela+i* sea lanes passa+e is similar #o #ransi# passa+e as #hey 0o#h define #he

ri+h#s of navi+a#ion and overfli+h# in #he normal mode solely for #he purpose of *on#inuous/

expedi#ious and uno0s#ru*#ed #ransi#- .n 0o#h *ases/ #he ar*hipela+i* s#a#e *anno# suspend

passa+e-

E;CLUSIVE ECONO$IC +ONE

The E


16/50

hether or not the lines prescribed b# the Eo#al BF


17/50

(#her s#a#es have #he follo&in+ ri+h#s in #he ex*lusive e*onomi* zone4 'a) freedom of navi+a#ion

and overfli+h# '0) freedom #o lay su0marine *a0les and pipelines '*) freedom #o en+a+e in o#her

in#erna#ionally la&ful uses of #he sea real#ed #o said fun*#ions-77

*I(HTS O6 LAND!LOC5ED STATES

%and?lo*ed s#a#es have #he ri+h# #o par#i*ipa#e/ on an e


18/50

SEA#ED

The deep sea0ed are areas of #he sea0ed and o*ean floor/ and #heir su0soil/ &hi*h lie 0eyond any

na#ional 5urisdi*#ion- These are *onsidered F*ommon heri#a+e of manind and may no# 0e

appropria#ed 0y any s#a#e or person-73

ISLANDS

.slands are na#urally formed areas of land/ surrounded 0y &a#er/ &hi*h is a0ove &a#er a# hi+h

#ide- They *an have #heir o&n #erri#orial sea/ ex*lusive e*onomi* zone and *on#inen#al shelf-

Eo*s &hi*h *anno# sus#ain human ha0i#a#ion or e*onomi* life shall have no ex*lusive e*onomi*

zone or *on#inen#al shelf/ 0u# *an have a #erri#orial sea- Ar#ifi*ial islands or ins#alla#ions are/

ho&ever/ no# Fislands-7

HI(H SEAS

The hi+h seas *omprises all #ha# par#s of #he sea #ha# are no# in*luded in #he #erri#orial sea or in

#he in#ernal &a#ers of a s#a#e- The 'la) tatehas ex*lusive 5urisdi*#ion over i#s ships on #he hi+hseas #o #he ex#en# no# limi#ed 0y a+reemen#-79

The 'la) tate means a ship #ha# has #he na#ionali#y of #he fla+ s#a#e i# flies- .n fla+ s#a#e/ #heremus# 0e a +enuine lin 0e#&een #he s#a#e and #he ship- .# is differen# from a 'la) o' con=enience&hi*h refers #o a s#a#e &hi*h a vessel is re+is#ered for various reasons su*h as lo& or non?

exis#en# #axa#ion or lo& opera#in+ *os#s al#hou+h #he ship has no +enuine lin &i#h #ha# s#a#e- :6

Fl*g S#*#e: L*) o5 #he Fl*g

L*6%'#7en v. L*%+en

U.S. (1 19

$, id.

$- id.

$0 id.

% 2agallona' 2erlin 2. 3"*4. 5!ndaentals of &!lic nternational Law. 6!e7on

Cit8' &hilippines: C9 &!lishing.


19/50

FACTS:

Farsen, a


20/50

ISSUE:

hether or not the exercise of Tr%ish criminal 4risdiction over


21/50

29 A3IL 2&

FACTS:

The 1Hm Alone, a 'ritish ship of "anadian registr#, bt de facto o!ned, controlled and managed

b# a grop of American citi5ens engaged in smggling li$or into the United 0tates, !as sn% on

the high seas in the Glf of 6exico b# a United 0tates coast gard patrol boat, !ith the loss of onemember of the 1Hm AloneHs cre!, on 6arch 22, (+2+, after hot prsit !hich bean on 6arch 2:

!ithin t!elve miles of the United 0tates coast.

ISSUE:

hether or not United 0tates has the right of hot prsit in this case.

HELD:

/es. Under the "onvention of ?anar# 2*, (+2, bet!een the United 0tates and Great 'ritain to

prevent the smggling of intoxicating li$ors into the United 0tates, the "ommissioners cold

in$ire into the beneficial o!nership of the 1Hm Alone, and that the United 0tates might se

necessar# and reasonable force to board, search, sei5e and bring the sspected vessel into port;

bt the admittedl# intentional sin%ing of the vessel !as not 4stified b# an#thing in the convention

or b# an# principle of international la!.

7rther, no compensation oght to be paid in respect of the loss of the ship or cargo, bt that the

United 0tates oght to apologi5e to "anada and pa# that Government the sm of I29,::: as a

material amend, and also to pa# the additional sm of I2-,---.9: for the benefit of the captain

and the cre! of the 1Hm Alone, none of !hom !as a part# to the illegal conspirac# to smggle

li$or into the United 0tates and sell the same there.

$OST 6AVO*ED NATION .$artine>1@os# favoured na#ion '@$) is a s#a#us or level of #rea#men# a**orded 0y one s#a#e #o ano#her

in in#erna#ional #rade- The #erm means #he *oun#ry &hi*h is #he re*ipien# of #his #rea#men# mus#/

nominally/ re*eive e


22/50

&hen #he division of *ondi#ional and un*ondi#ional mos# favoured na#ion s#a#us also 0e+an-7 .n

#he early days of in#erna#ional #rade/ mos# favoured na#ion s#a#us &as usually used on a dual?

par#y/ s#a#e?#o?s#a#e 0asis- A na#ion *ould en#er in#o a mos# favoured na#ion #rea#y &i#h ano#her

na#ion- Li#h #he Jay Trea#y in 139:/ #he "S +ran#ed mos# favoured na#ion #radin+ s#a#us #o

Bri#ain-::

Af#er Lorld Lar ../ #ariff and #rade a+reemen#s &ere ne+o#ia#ed simul#aneously 0y all in#eres#ed

par#ies #hrou+h #he General A+reemen# on Tariffs and Trade 'GATT)/ &hi*h ul#ima#ely resul#ed

in #he Lorld Trade (r+aniza#ion in 199:- The Lorld Trade (r+aniza#ion re


23/50

S#a#es shall en5oy freedom of #ransi# #hrou+h #he #erri#ory of #ransi# S#a#es 0y all means of

#ranspor#-!- The #erms and modali#ies for exer*isin+ freedom of #ransi# shall 0e a+reed 0e#&een #he

land?lo*ed S#a#es and #ransi# S#a#es *on*erned #hrou+h 0ila#eral/ su0re+ional or re+ional

a+reemen#s-7- Transi# S#a#es/ in #he exer*ise of #heir full soverei+n#y over #heir #erri#ory/ shall have #he

ri+h# #o #ae all measures ne*essary #o ensure #ha# #he ri+h#s and fa*ili#ies provided for in

#his ar# for land?lo*ed S#a#es shall in no &ay infrin+e #heir le+i#ima#e in#eres#s-

.# is of +eneral a**ord #ha# for e*onomi* ne*essi#y and so*ializa#ion or par#i*ipa#ion in #he

mundane *us#oms of human 0ein+s/ #ha# a ri+h# of a**ess #o #he sea 0e +iven #o land lo*ed

s#a#es- ur#her/ su*h ri+h# mus# 0e e


24/50

Ar#i*le 19: se#s ou# #he measures #o 0e #aen #o preven#/ redu*e and *on#rol pollu#ion from any

sour*e/ in*ludin+ ins#alla#ions and devi*es opera#in+ in #he marine environmen#- S#a#es are also

re


25/50

Ar#i*le !73 of #he Conven#ion addresses #he rela#ionship 0e#&een #he Conven#ion and

o#her *onven#ions and a+reemen#s rela#in+ #o #he pro#e*#ion and preserva#ion of #he marine

environmen#- .# provides #ha# spe*ifi* o0li+a#ions assumed 0y S#a#es under spe*ial *onven#ions

&i#h respe*# #o #he pro#e*#ion and preserva#ion of #he marine environmen# should 0e *arried ou#

in a manner *onsis#en# &i#h #he +eneral prin*iples and o05e*#ives of #he Conven#ion- .n #ha#

re+ard/ marine s*ien#ifi* resear*h should 0e under#aen *onsis#en# &i#h #he measures and

re+ula#ions adop#ed pursuan# #o #hose ins#rumen#s provided #ha# #hose are *onsis#en# &i#h #he

+eneral prin*iples and o05e*#ives of #he Conven#ion-

*ESPONSI#ILIT% AND LIA#ILIT%

The Conven#ion re


26/50

Ar#i*le !7;/ ara+raph 7/ fur#her re


27/50

ou#lines various limi#a#ions and ex*ep#ions #o #he appli*a0ili#y of Se*#ion !- The pro*edures

ou#lined in ar# M are open #o S#a#es par#ies #o #he Conven#ion and #o o#her en#i#ies only as

spe*ifi*ally provided for in #he Conven#ion-;=

Ar#i*le !=: is *omplemen#ed 0y Ar#i*le !=;/ &hi*h provides for in#erim measures pendin+ #he

se##lemen# of a dispu#e- .n #his *ase #he S#a#e or *ompe#en# in#erna#ional or+aniza#ion au#horized

#o *ondu*# a resear*h pro5e*#/ shall no# allo& resear*h a*#ivi#ies #o *ommen*e or *on#inue/

&i#hou# #he express *onsen# of #he *oas#al S#a#e *on*erned- ;3

.n any dispu#e *on*ernin+ #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of #he Conven#ion/ S#a#es are re


28/50

#o *on*ilia#ion under Annex / Se*#ion !- The *on*ilia#ion *ommission/ ho&ever/ is no#

empo&ered #o


29/50

P*INCIPLES (OVE*NIN( THE A*EA

The Area and all i#s resour*es found &i#hin is #he *ommon heri#a+e of manind- .# is a proper#y

of no one- =7

$o S#a#e *an *laim or exer*ise soverei+n#y or soverei+n ri+h#s over #he Area or i#s resour*es- $o

S#a#e or na#ural or 5uridi*al person is allo&ed #o appropria#e any par# #hereof in*ludin+ minerals

#ha# are re*overed from #he Area/ #hus/ in su*h/ i# is &ill no# 0e re*o+nized- All ri+h#s in #he

resour*es found 0elon+s #o #he manind as a &hole/ #hey are no# su05e*# #o aliena#ion- 8o&ever/

#hey may 0e aliena#ed only in a**ordan*e &i#h #his ar# and #he rules/ re+ula#ions and pro*edures

of #he Au#hori#y-=:

General *ondu*# of S#a#es in rela#ion #o #he Area is in a**ordan*e &i#h #he provisions of #his ar#/

prin*iples in #he "ni#ed $a#ions Char#er and o#her in#erna#ional la&s #ha# aims pea*e

main#enan*e and se*uri#y and promo#in+ in#erna#ional *o?opera#ion and mu#ual unders#andin+-=;

S#a#e mem0ers as &ell as in#erna#ional or+aniza#ions are expe*#ed #o #ae responsi0ili#y #o ensure

#ha# a*#ivi#ies in #he Area are in a**ordan*e &i#h #his ar#- Any dama+e *aused 0y failure #o

*omply shall 0e su05e*# #o lia0ili#y/ ho&ever/ S#a#e ar#ies &ill no# 0e held lia0le for a dama+e

*aused 0y an individual if i# is sho&n #ha# #he S#a#e has #aen all appropria#e measures #o preven#

su*h-==

+$ id.

+% id.

+* id.

++ id.


30/50

UNCLOS DISPUTE SETTLE$ENT *E(I$E: (ENE*AL P*INCIPLES .#ea1

THE PAC5A(E DEAL

The dispu#e se##lemen# re+ime in "$C%(S is #he mos# *omplex sys#em ever in*luded in any

+lo0al *onven#ion- .# &as par# of #he Fpa*a+e deal a+reed #o a# #he s#ar# of #he nine year

ne+o#ia#ions leadin+ #o #he adop#ion of "$C%(S in 19!- "nder #he pa*a+e deal/ S#a#es a+reed

#o a**ep# #he *onven#ion in i#s en#ire#y/ &i#h no ri+h# #o mae reserva#ions/ and #ha# as a +eneral

prin*iple/ all dispu#es *on*ernin+ #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of any provision in #he

*onven#ion &ould 0e su05e*# #o *ompulsory 0indin+ dispu#e se##lemen#- .n o#her &ords/ &hen

S#a#es 0e*ome par#ies #o "$C%(S/ #hey *onsen# in advan*e #o #he sys#em of *ompulsory 0indin+

dispu#e se##lemen# in #he Conven#ion-=3

THE CHOICES 6O* A*#IT*ATION O* AD7UDICATION

The Fdefaul# rule in "$C%(S is #ha# if #here is a dispu#e 0e#&een #&o S#a#es *on*ernin+ #he

in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of any provision in #he Conven#ion/ i# is su05e*# #o #he sys#em of

*ompulsory 0indin+ dispu#e se##lemen# in se*#ion ! of ar# M- S#a#es are o0li+a#ed #o firs#

ex*han+e vie&s #o #ry #o resolve #he dispu#e 0y follo&in+ #he pro*edures se# ou# in se*#ion 1 of

ar# M- 8o&ever/ &here no se##lemen# has 0een rea*hed 0y re*ourse #o se*#ion 1/ #he dispu#e

may 0e unila#erally su0mi##ed a# #he re


31/50

ad5udi*a#ion 0efore #he .n#erna#ional Tri0unal for #he %a& of #he Sea '.T%(S) ar0i#ra#ion under

Annex .. of "$C%(S or spe*ial ar0i#ra#ion under Annex ... of "$C%(S- The *hoi*e of

pro*edure may 0e made &hen si+nin+/ ra#ifyin+ or a**edin+ #o "$C%(S/ or a# any #ime

#hereaf#er-=9

.f #&o S#a#es ar#ies #o a dispu#e have ele*#ed #he same pro*edure/ #he dispu#e &ill 0e referred #o

#ha# pro*edure- .f #he S#a#es ar#ies #o #he dispu#e have no# ele*#ed #he same pro*edure/ or if one

of #hem has no# made a *hoi*e of pro*edure/ #he dispu#e &ill +o #o ar0i#ra#ion under Annex ../

unless #he par#ies o#her&ise a+ree- or example/ in !616/ Ban+ladesh invoed #he dispu#e

se##lemen# sys#em in "$C%(S a+ains# 0o#h .ndia and @yanmar *on*ernin+ #he "$C%(S

provisions on mari#ime 0oundary delimi#a#ion- $one of #he #hree S#a#es *on*erned had made a

*hoi*e of pro*edure under Ar#i*le !3- Therefore/ #he dispu#e 0e#&een Ban+ladesh and .ndia as

&ell as #he dispu#e 0e#&een Ban+ladesh and @yanmar &ould +o #o ar0i#ra#ion under Annex ..-

8o&ever/ Ban+ladesh and @yanmar su0se


32/50

*our# or #ri0unal havin+ 5urisdi*#ion shall apply #he Conven#ion as &ell as o#her rules of

in#erna#ional la& no# in*ompa#i0le &i#h #he Conven#ion-3!

Lhe#her #he dispu#e +oes #o one of #he #&o me#hods of ad5udi*a#ion or #o one of #he #&o me#hods

of ar0i#ra#ion/ #he de*ision rendered 0y a *our# or #ri0unal havin+ 5urisdi*#ion is final/ and mus#

0e *omplied &i#h 0y all #he par#ies #o #he dispu#e-37

*E@UEST 6O* P*OVISIONAL $EASU*ES

A S#a#e par#y #o a dispu#e &hi*h is referred #o dispu#e se##lemen# under se*#ion ! may also re


33/50

#he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of ar#i*les 1;/ 3: and 7 rela#in+ #o sea 0oundary

delimi#a#ions/ or #hose involvin+ his#ori* 0ays or #i#les

dispu#es *on*ernin+ mili#ary a*#ivi#ies and dispu#es *on*ernin+ la& enfor*emen# a*#ivi#ies

rela#in+ #o enfor*emen# of ri+h#s and 5urisdi*#ion of *oas#al S#a#es over resour*es in #he

>>N

dispu#es in respe*# of &hi*h #he Se*uri#y Coun*il of #he "ni#ed $a#ions is exer*isin+ #he

fun*#ions assi+ned #o i# 0y #he Char#er of #he "ni#ed $a#ions-

Several S#a#es in Asia/ in*ludin+ Aus#ralia/ China and Korea/ have exer*ised #heir ri+h# #o

ex*lude #hese *a#e+ories of dispu#es from #he sys#em of *ompulsory 0indin+ dispu#e se##lemen# in

se*#ion ! of ar# M- Si+nifi*an#ly/ on !; Au+us# !66=/ China su0mi##ed a de*lara#ion under

ar#i*le !9 providin+ #ha#433

The Governmen# of #he eople2s Eepu0li* of China does no# a**ep# any of #he pro*edures

provided for in Se*#ion ! of ar# M of #he Conven#ion &i#h respe*# #o all #he *a#e+ories of

dispu#es referred #o in para+raph 1 'a) '0) and '*) of Ar#i*le !9 of #he Conven#ion-

.# should 0e no#ed #ha# #he ex*lusion of *er#ain *a#e+ories of dispu#es from #he 5urisdi*#ion of

*our# or #ri0unal under ar#i*le !9 de*lara#ions are no# Oself?5ud+in+-, A par#y #o a dispu#e *anno#

de#ermine &he#her #he ex*lusions do or do no# apply in a +iven *ase- Ar#i*le !':) maes i#

*lear #ha# in #he even# of dispu#e on &he#her a *our# or #ri0unal has 5urisdi*#ion/ #he ma##er shall

0e se##led 0y a de*ision of #ha# *our# or #ri0unal-3

The follo&in+ se*#ions &ill examine #he na#ure of #he dispu#es ex*luded under Ar#i*le !9

De*lara#ions-39

,+ id.

,, ;eckan_22(_SCS_Conference_1"1$_Dec_"11_draft_1_Dec1

,- id.

,0 id.


34/50

DISPUTES *ELATED TO $ILITA*% ACTIVITIES AND CE*TAIN LAW

EN6O*CE$ENT ACTIVITIES

China,s de*lara#ion under ar#i*le !9 ex*ludes dispu#es rela#in+ #o mili#ary a*#ivi#ies- Therefore/

any dispu#e on &he#her a S#a#e has a ri+h# under Ar#i*le ; of "$C%(S #o *ondu*# mili#ary

a*#ivi#ies su*h as mili#ary surveys or mili#ary exer*ises in #he >>N of China &ould 0e ex*luded

from #he *ompulsory 0indin+ dispu#e se##lemen# sys#em in "$C%(S- Any dispu#e *on*ernin+

mili#ary a*#ivi#ies 0y China in #he mari#ime zones of ano#her S#a#e &ould also 0e ex*luded-6

China,s de*lara#ion also ex*ludes dispu#es rela#in+ #o la& enfor*emen# a*#ivi#ies in rela#ion #o #he

exer*ise of soverei+n ri+h#s or 5urisdi*#ion ex*luded from #he 5urisdi*#ion of a *our# or #ri0unal

under Ar#i*le !93'!) or '7)- This in effe*# ex*ludes only a narro& *a#e+ory of la& enfor*emen#

a*#ivi#ies/ #ha# is/ #hose rela#in+ #o #he enfor*emen# of fisheries a*#ivi#ies and marine s*ien#ifi*

resear*h a*#ivi#ies/ &hi*h a*#ivi#ies are already ex*luded from #he *ompulsory 0indin+ dispu#e

se##lemen# sys#em under Ar#i*les !93'!) and '7)- Dispu#es rela#in+ #o o#her #ypes of la&

enfor*emen# a*#ivi#ies/ su*h as dispu#es *on*ernin+ in#erferen*e &i#h seismi* surveys or dispu#es

*on*ernin+ #he arres# of forei+n fishin+ vessels in areas of overlappin+ *laims &ould no# 0e

ex*luded 0y #he de*lara#ion-1

DISPUTES *ELATED TO $ATTE*S COVE*ED #% THE SECU*IT% COUNCIL

China,s de*lara#ion also ex*ludes dispu#es in respe*# of &hi*h #he Se*uri#y Coun*il of #he "ni#ed

$a#ions is exer*isin+ #he fun*#ions assi+ned #o i# 0y #he Char#er of #he "ni#ed $a#ions/ unless #he

Se*uri#y Coun*il de*ides #o remove #he ma##er from i#s a+enda or *alls upon #he par#ies #o se##le

i# 0y #he means provided for in #his "$C%(S- The purpose of #his ex*ep#ion is #o avoid a

*onfli*# 0e#&een a dispu#e se##lemen# pro*edure ini#ia#ed under ar# M of "$C%(S and a*#ion

#ha# #he "ni#ed $a#ions Se*uri#y Coun*il mi+h# 0e #ain+ in #he exer*ise of i#s responsi0ili#y #omain#ain in#erna#ional pea*e and se*uri#y under Chap#er .. of #he "ni#ed $a#ions Char#er- or

example/ if armed *onfli*# &ere #o 0rea ou# 0e#&een *laiman# S#a#es over #he dispu#ed islands in

- ;eckan_22(_SCS_Conference_1"1$_Dec_"11_draft_1_Dec1.

-1 id.


35/50

#he Sou#h China Sea/ #he ma##er may 0e referred #o #he Se*uri#y Coun*il- .n su*h a *ase/ one of

#he par#ies #o #he dispu#e may no# 0e a0le #o invoe #he dispu#e se##lemen# pro*edures in

"$C%(S on #he issue of &he#her #he use of mili#ary for*e 0y a *laiman# S#a#e &as a viola#ion of

"$C%(S-!

DISPUTES ON $A*ITI$E #OUNDA*% DELI$ITATIONS

An ar#i*le !9 de*lara#ion also ex*ludes Fdispu#es *on*ernin+ #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of

ar#i*les 1;/ 3: and 7 rela#in+ #o sea 0oundary delimi#a#ions- Therefore/ ano#her *laiman# su*h

as ie#nam *ould no# invoe #he CBDS sys#em a+ains# China &i#h re+ard #o #he delimi#a#ion of

#he >>N or *on#inen#al shelf 0oundary-7

8o&ever/ al#hou+h dispu#es on #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of ar#i*les 3: and 7 rela#in+ #o

Fsea 0oundary delimi#a#ions *an 0e ex*luded under #he ar#i*le !9 de*lara#ion/ #here may

never#heless 0e issues &i#h respe*# #o #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of ar#i*les 3: and 7 &hi*h

are no# *overed 0y #he ex*lusion- $o# all #he para+raphs in ar#i*les 3: and 7 deal &i#h Fsea

0oundary delimi#a#ions- or example/ under para+raph 7 of Ar#i*les 3: and 7 of "$C%(S/

S#a#e ar#ies have an o0li+a#ion #o Fmae every effor# #o en#er in#o provisional arran+emen#s of a

pra*#i*al na#ure and Fno# #o en+a+e in a*#ivi#ies &hi*h &ould 5eopardize or hamper #he rea*hin+

of #he final a+reemen# on #he mari#ime 0oundaries- .f a S#a#e refuses #o en#er in#o dis*ussions

re+ardin+ provisional arran+emen#s of a pra*#i*al na#ure/ #here &ould 0e a dispu#e on &he#her i#

has 0rea*hed i#s o0li+a#ion under ar#i*les 3: and 7 #o mae every effor# #o en#er in#o provisional

arran+emen#s of a pra*#i*al na#ure- Also/ if a *laiman# S#a#e au#horized drillin+ in an area in

dispu#e/ an issue &ould arise as #o &he#her i# has 0rea*hed i#s o0li+a#ion no# #o en+a+e in

a*#ivi#ies &hi*h &ould 5eopardize or hamper #he rea*hin+ of #he final a+reemen# on #he mari#ime

0oundaries- Therefore/ a *our# or ar0i#ral #ri0unal *ould in#erpre# ar#i*le !9 s#ri*#ly and rule #ha#

-" id.

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i# only ex*ludes dispu#es rela#in+ #o #he 0oundary delimi#a#ions/ no# dispu#es on #he o0li+a#ions of

s#a#es pendin+ a+reemen# on #he delimi#a#ion of 0oundaries-:

DISPUTES ON HISTO*IC #A%S AND TITLES, HISTO*IC WATE*S AND HISTO*IC

*I(HTS

Ar#i*le !9 provides #ha# dispu#es on Fhis#ori* 0ays and #i#les may 0e ex*luded- ar# .. of

"$C%(S on #he #erri#orial sea *on#ains one provision referrin+ #o his#ori* 0ays and one

provision referrin+ #o his#ori* #i#le- Ar#i*le 16 se#s ou# rules for en*losin+ 0ays &i#h s#rai+h#

0aselines/ 0u# provides in para+raph = #ha# i#s provisions do no# apply #o Fso?*alled Ohis#ori*,

0ays- Ar#i*le 1; on #he delimi#a#ion of #erri#orial sea provides #ha# #he normal rule for delimi#in+

#erri#orial sea 0oundaries does no# apply &here i# is ne*essary 0y reason of Fhis#ori* #i#le or

o#her spe*ial *ir*ums#an*es #o delimi# #he #erri#orial seas of #he #&o S#a#es in a &ay &hi*h is a#

varian*e &i#h #he normal rule- The fa*# #ha# #he #erms Fhis#ori* 0ays and #i#les appear in ar# ..

of "$C%(S on #erri#orial seas su++es# #ha# #he #erms are used #o refer #o mari#ime spa*e #ha# is

similar #o in#ernal &a#ers or #erri#orial sea-;

Ano#her issue is &he#her dispu#es rela#in+ #o Fhis#ori* &a#ers &ould fall &i#hin #he ex*lusion in

ar#i*le !9 of dispu#es rela#in+ #o Fhis#ori* 0ays or #i#les- Li#h #he ex*ep#ion of #he provision in

ar#i*le 1;/ #he la& on his#ori* &a#ers is +overned 0y #he prin*iples and rules of +eneral

in#erna#ional la&- As indi*a#ed in #he pream0le #o "$C%(S/ ma##ers no# re+ula#ed 0y "$C%(S

*on#inue #o 0e +overned 0y #he rules and prin*iples of +eneral in#erna#ional la&- .# is no# *lear

&he#her #he ex*lusion in ar#i*le !9 of dispu#es rela#in+ #o Fhis#ori* 0ays or #i#les &ould also

in*lude dispu#es on *laims #o Fhis#ori* &a#ers 0u# i# is reasona0le #o *on*lude #ha# i# &ould-=

-% id.

-* ;eckan_22(_SCS_Conference_1"1$_Dec_"11_draft_1_Dec1

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There is no +enerally a+reed defini#ion of Fhis#ori* &a#ers/ 0u# i# is +enerally a+reed #ha# i# is

&ider in s*ope #ha# Fhis#ori* 0ays- A &orin+ defini#ion of his#ori* &a#ers #ha# has 0een

proposed 0y a rofessor Clive Symmons is as follo&s43

aters over !hich the coastal 0tate, contrar# to the generall# applicable rles of

international la!, clearl#, effectivel#, continosl#, over a sbstantial period of time, exercises

sovereign rights !ith the ac$iescence of the commnit# of 0tates.

The .n#erna#ional Cour# of Jus#i*e has s#a#ed #ha# #he #erm Fhis#ori* &a#ers &as +enerally

unders#ood #o mean F&a#ers &hi*h are #rea#ed as in#ernal &a#ers 0u# &hi*h &ould no# have #ha#

*hara*#er &ere i# no# for #he exis#en*e of an his#ori* #i#le-

.n his re*en# revie& of #he su05e*#/ rofessor Symmons has s#a#ed #ha# *er#ain re


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de0a#ed in !611 inside and ou#side China/ i# &ould 0e ex#remely diffi*ul# for China #o main#ain

#ha# #here has 0een *lear no#ifi*a#ion of #he *laim #o o#her S#a#es-91

The #erm Fhis#ori* ri+h#s is also found in #he li#era#ure and in in#erna#ional *ases- Symmons

ar+ues #ha# #he #erm Fhis#ori* ri+h#s is 0roader #han #ha# of Fhis#ori* &a#ers- 8e s#a#es #ha# #he

#erm Fhis#ori* ri+h#s implies/ in i#s &ides# sense/ a S#a#e *laimin+ #o exer*ise *er#ain

5urisdi*#ional ri+h#s/ mos# par#i*ularly fishin+ ri+h#s/ in &ha# usually are hi+h seas- 8e s#a#es #ha#

his#ori* ri+h#s mus# sa#isfy #he same/ or a# leas# similar reN of o#her S#a#es- 9!

Claims #o his#ori* fishin+ ri+h#s have 0een *onsidered in several modern in#erna#ional *ases/

in*ludin+ #he 19! TunisiaP%i0ya Con#inen#al Shelf Case/ #he !661 Qa#arPBahrain Case and #he

1999 >ri#reaPemen Ar0i#ra#ion- The issue &hi*h arose in #hese *ases &as &he#her #he *laim #o

his#ori* ri+h#s #o fisheries resour*es should have an influen*e on mari#ime 0oundary delimi#a#ion

0e#&een #he #&o S#a#es- Symmons *on*ludes af#er examinin+ #hese *ases #ha# #he relevan*e of

*laimed his#ori* ri+h#s #o mari#ime delimi#a#ion of #he >>N and *on#inen#al shelf remains un*lear-

8o&ever/ he also s#a#es #ha# *oas#al S#a#es some#imes a+ree #o +ive a**ess #o fisheries in #heir

>>N #o fishermen &ho have his#ori*ally fished in &a#ers #ha# are no& i#s >>N- 97

The do*#rine of his#ori* ri+h#s #o fishin+ resour*es developed &hen #he &a#ers 0eyond #he limi#s

of a 7 nau#i*al mile #erri#orial sea &ere su05e*# #o #he prin*iple of freedom of fishin+- .n #he 193:

isheries Jurisdi*#ion *ase #he .CJ ruled #ha# .*eland/ a *oas#al S#a#e &i#h a spe*ial dependen*e

on fishin+/ had Fpreferen#ial ri+h#s #o #he fisheries resour*es ou#side i#s #erri#orial sea/ 0u# #ha#

#he "ni#ed Kin+dom had Fes#a0lished ri+h#s 0e*ause i#s fishermen had his#ori*ally fished in #he

01 id.

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same area- 8o&ever/ #hese prin*iples &ere re5e*#ed in #he ne+o#ia#ions leadin+ #o "$C%(S in

favour of a !66 nau#i*al mile >>N re+ime in &hi*h *oas#al S#a#es have #he soverei+n ri+h# #o

explore and exploi# #he livin+ resour*es- The >>N re+ime in "$C%(S does no# re*o+nize

his#ori* fishin+ ri+h#s or es#a0lished fishin+ ri+h#s of o#her S#a#es in #he >>N- Ea#her/ i# provides

#ha# in +ivin+ a**ess #o o#her S#a#es in i#s >>N #o any Fsurplus of i#s allo&a0le *a#*h/ #he *oas#al

S#a#e shall #ae in#o a**oun# all relevan# fa*#ors/ in*ludin+ F#he need #o minimize e*onomi*

dislo*a#ion in S#a#es &hose na#ionals have ha0i#ually fished in #he None or &ho have made

su0s#an#ial effor#s in resear*h and iden#ifi*a#ion of s#o*s- Coas#al S#a#es have &ide dis*re#ion in

+ran#in+ a**ess #o any surplus of livin+ resour*es in #heir >>N/ and #heir dis*re#ionary de*isions

are +enerally no# su05e*# #o #he CBDS sys#em in ar# M of "$C%(S-!9 Therefore/ i# *an 0e

ar+ued #ha# &hen S#a#es 0e*ome ar#ies #o "$C%(S/ #hey have in effe*# a0andoned any his#ori*

ri+h#s #o fish in #he >>N of o#her S#a#es-9:

(ffi*ials and s*holars from China have of#en referred #o Fhis#ori* ri+h#s of China inside #he

nine?dashed line- .f a dispu#e arises &i#h respe*# #o China,s his#ori* ri+h#s in &a#ers #ha# are no&

#he >>N of o#her S#a#es/ su*h a dispu#e &ould 0e su05e*# #o #he CBDS sys#em in se*#ion ! of ar#

M- .# &ould no# 0e ex*luded 0y China,s de*lara#ion under ar#i*le !9/ as *laims #o his#ori*

ri+h#s are very differen# #han *laims #o his#ori* 0ays or #i#les or *laims #o his#ori* &a#ers-9;

CO$PULSO*% CONCILIATION UNDE* ANNE;

>ven if a S#a#e maes a de*lara#ion under ar#i*le !9 #o ex*lude dispu#es rela#in+ #o mari#ime

0oundary delimi#a#ion and his#ori* 0ays and #i#les from #he CBDS in se*#ion ! of ar# M/ su*h

dispu#es may never#heless 0e su05e*# #o #he *ompulsory *on*ilia#ion pro*edures in Annex ; of

"$C%(S- Ar#i*le !9 provides #ha#49=

0% id.

0* ;eckan_22(_SCS_Conference_1"1$_Dec_"11_draft_1_Dec1

0+ id.


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a- dispu#es *on*ernin+ #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of ar#i*les 1;/ 3: and 7 rela#in+

#o sea 0oundary delimi#a#ions/ or #hose involvin+ his#ori* 0ays or #i#les/ provided #ha#

a S#a#e havin+ made su*h a de*lara#ion shall/ &hen su*h a dispu#e arises su0se


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&ould 0e #o resolve #he issues 0y 0ila#eral ne+o#ia#ions or 0y o#her pro*edures a+reed #o 0y #he

par#ies-9

The pro*edures for *ompulsory *on*ilia#ion are se# ou# in Annex ; of "$C%(S- A *on*ilia#ion

*ommission &ould 0e es#a0lished/ and i# &ould s#udy #he pro0lem and issue a repor#- The repor#

is no# le+ally 0indin+ on #he par#ies/ 0u# #he par#ies &ould 0e under a le+al o0li+a#ion #o ne+o#ia#e

in +ood fai#h on #he 0asis of #he *on*ilia#ion repor#- This re


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Lha# seems *lear is #ha# if #here is a dispu#e on ho& #o delimi# #he mari#ime 0oundary 0e#&een

#he >>N measured from #he *oas# of a *laiman# S#a#e and #he #erri#orial sea or >>N *laimed from

a dispu#ed island/ su*h a dispu#e &ould no# 0e su05e*# #o #he *ompulsory *on*ilia#ion pro*edure-

This is 0e*ause #he mari#ime 0oundary *ould no# 0e de#ermined &i#hou# addressin+ #he issue of

&hi*h S#a#e has #he 0e##er *laim #o soverei+n#y over #he dispu#ed island- Ar#i*le !9 expressly

provides #ha#416!

an# dispte that necessaril# involves the concrrent consideration of an# nsettled dispte concerning

sovereignt# or other rights over continental or inslar land territor# shall be exclded from sch

sbmission

P*OSPECTS 6O* A CONTENTIOUS CASE UNDE* PA*T ;V

$o#&i#hs#andin+ China,s de*lara#ion under !9 ex*ludin+ *er#ain *a#e+ories of dispu#es/ #here is

a possi0ili#y #ha# le+al dispu#es *ould arise 0e#&een *laiman# S#a#es #o #he Spra#ly .slands

*on*ernin+ #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of provisions of "$C%(S &hi*h &ould 0e su05e*# #o

#he CBDS in "$C%(S-167

DISPUTES ON P*OVISIONS NOT E;CLUDED #% A*TICLE B

11 ;eckan_22(_SCS_Conference_1"1$_Dec_"11_draft_1_Dec1

1" id.

1$ id.


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The CBDS in "$C%(S &ould apply #o dispu#es 0e#&een *laiman# S#a#es *on*ernin+ #he

in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of #he provisions of "$C%(S &hi*h are no# &i#hin #he ex*lusion in

ar#i*le !9- They in*lude4 16:

1- A dispu#e on &he#her a fea#ure mee#s #he defini#ion of an island under Ar#i*le 1!1'1)

0e*ause i# is a na#urally formed area of land/ surrounded 0y &a#er/ &hi*h is a0ove &a#er

a# hi+h #ide-

!- A dispu#e on &he#her an island is a ro* &hi*h *anno# sus#ain human ha0i#a#ion or

e*onomi* life of i#s o&n &i#hin ar#i*le 1!1'7) and is #herefore no# en#i#led #o an >>N or

*on#inen#al shelf of i#s o&n

7- A dispu#e on &he#her a fea#ure is a lo&?#ide eleva#ion &i#hin ar#i*le 17

:- A dispu#e on &he#her #he use of s#rai+h# 0aselines 0y a S#a#e is *onsis#en# &i#h ar#i*le 3

;- A dispu#e on #he in#erpre#a#ion or appli*a#ion of ar#i*le = on reefs

=- A dispu#e on &he#her a S#a#e has Fhis#ori* ri+h#s under *us#omary in#erna#ional la& #o

fish in #he &a#ers *laimed 0y ano#her S#a#e as i#s >>N

3- A dispu#e on &he#her a S#a#e/ in a dispu#ed area or area of overlappin+ *laims/ has

0rea*hed i#s o0li+a#ions under Ar#i*le 3: #o mae every effor# #o en#er in#o provisional

arran+emen#s of a pra*#i*al na#ure and/ durin+ #his #ransi#ional period/ no# #o 5eopardize or

hamper #he rea*hin+ of #he final a+reemen#-

- A dispu#e on &he#her a S#a#e has in#erfered &i#h #he soverei+n ri+h# of ano#her S#a#e #o

explore and exploi# #he na#ural resour*es in i#s >>N pursuan# #o ar#i*le ;=

9- A dispu#e on &he#her a S#a#e has la&fully arres#ed #he fishin+ vessel of ano#her S#a#e in

i#s >>N under ar#i*le 37

16- A dispu#e on &he#her a S#a#e has *omplied &i#h #he provisions for promp# release of

vessels and *re& under ar#i*le !9

DISPUTES CONCE*NIN( A*EAS IN DISPUTE AND A*EAS NOT IN DISPUTE

1% ;eckan_22(_SCS_Conference_1"1$_Dec_"11_draft_1_Dec1


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(ne of #he *onse


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Chinese fishin+ vessel for ille+ally fishin+ in i#s >>N in &a#ers &hi*h i# asser#s are Fno# in

dispu#e- China pro#es#s #he arres# and *laims #ha# i#s fishin+ vessel had a ri+h# #o fish in #his area

under "$C%(S and +eneral in#erna#ional la&- A dispu#e &ill have arisen 0e#&een #he #&o par#ies

on #he in#erpre#a#ion of "$C%(S- The Sou#heas# Asian *laiman# *an unila#erally invoe #he

dispu#e se##lemen# sys#em in se*#ion ! of ar# M- The Sou#heas# Asian *laiman# *an ar+ue #ha#

#he Chinese fishin+ vessel had no ri+h# #o fish in an area of i#s >>N #ha# is more #han 1! nm from

any island *laimed 0y China- China &ould have #o asser# #ha# #he arres# #oo pla*e in a dispu#ed

area ei#her 0e*ause #ha# area is also &i#hin i#s >>N measured from an island i# *laims/ or 0e*ause

i# has Fhis#ori* ri+h#s #o fish in #he area- .f China ar+ued #ha# #he area in >N of an island &hi*h is no# a ro* under ar#i*le 1!1'7)/ #he #ri0unal &ould have #o in#erpre#

and apply #he am0i+uous lan+ua+e in ar#i*le 1!1 '7) #o a par#i*ular island in #he Sou#h China Sea-

.n par#i*ular/ i# may have #o de#ermine &he#her #he relevan# island is *apa0le of sus#ainin+ human

ha0i#a#ion or e*onomi* life of i#s o&n/ and hen*e en#i#led #o an >>N and or *on#inen#al shelf of

i#s o&n- .f China ar+ues #ha# #he dispu#e is ex*luded 0y i#s de*lara#ion under ar#i*le !9/ #he

Sou#heas# Asian *oun#ry *ould ar+ue #ha# #he le+al issues #ha# arise from #he fa*#s *an 0e resolved

&i#hou# #he #ri0unal havin+ #o de*ide &ho has soverei+n#y over #he island and &i#hou# delimi#in+

#he mari#ime 0oundary- .f #he #ri0unal de#ermines #ha# i# has 5urisdi*#ion/ i# *ould examine #he

issue of his#ori* ri+h#s under +eneral in#erna#ional la&/ as i# has #he ri+h# under ar#i*le !97 #o

apply o#her rules of in#erna#ional la& no# in*ompa#i0le &i#h "$C%(S-16

S*enario !- A Sou#heas# Asian *laiman# issues li*enses #o a *ompany #o *ondu*# a seismi* survey

in an area off i#s *oas# &hi*h is &i#hin i#s >>N and more #han 1! nm from any dispu#ed island- A

Governmen# vessel from China in#er*ep#s #he survey ship and dire*#s i# #o s#op i#s a*#ivi#ies- The

Sou#heas# Asian S#a#e pro#es#s/ alle+in+ #ha# China is in#erferin+ &i#h i#s soverei+n ri+h# #o

explore and exploi# #he na#ural resour*es in i#s >>N in an area #ha# is no# in dispu#e- China

responds 0y s#a#in+ #ha# i# has ri+h#s and 5urisdi*#ion in #he area- The Sou#heas# Asian S#a#e *an

invoe #he CBDS sys#em in se*#ion ! of ar# M- .# *an ar+ue #ha# #his dispu#e is a0ou# #hein#erpre#a#ion and appli*a#ion of relevan# provisions of "$C%(S/ and is no# a dispu#e on

0oundary delimi#a#ion or on his#ori* 0ays or #i#les- As in s*enario 1/ i# *an ar+ue #ha# #he issue of

&he#her China has a ri+h# #o in#erfere &i#h #he survey *an 0e resolved &i#hou# #he #ri0unal havin+

1- id.


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#o de*ide &ho has soverei+n#y over #he dispu#ed islands and &i#hou# delimi#in+ #he mari#ime

0oundary- China *ould *hallen+e #he 5urisdi*#ion of #he #ri0unal/ and ar+ue #ha# #his dispu#e

&ould re


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There is no provision in "$C%(S or in #he S#a#u#e of .T%(S &hi*h permi#s S#a#es ar#ies or

ins#i#u#ions *rea#ed 0y "$C%(S #o re


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#ha# *our# or #ri0unal- Therefore/ i# &ould 0e up #o #he Tri0unal i#self #o de#ermine &he#her i# has

#he au#hori#y i# has ves#ed in i#self under i#s Eules-11:

"nder ar#i*le 17 '1)/ #he Tri0unal *an +ive an advisory opinion on a le+al


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purposes of #he Conven#ion/ su*h as an a+reemen# #o *oopera#e #o preven# pollu#ion of #he marine

environmen# in #he Sou#h China Sea from o*ean dumpin+- Tha# a+reemen# *ould es#a0lish a 0ody

#o ins#i#u#e rules and s#andards #o preven# pollu#ion of #he marine environmen# in #he Sou#h China

Sea from o*ean dumpin+- .# *ould also au#horize #ha# 0ody #o re


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CONCLUSIONS

rom #he a0ove dis*ussion/ #he follo&in+ *on*lusions *an 0e dra&n41!!

1- The dispu#e se##lemen# re+ime in "$C%(S *anno# 0e used #o resolve #he dispu#es

*on*ernin+ #he meri#s of soverei+n#y *laims #o #he islands in #he Sou#h China Sea

!- Cer#ain le+al dispu#es &hi*h *ould arise in #he Sou#h China Sea are no# su05e*# #o CBDS

0e*ause China has exer*ised i#s ri+h# under ar#i*le !9 #o op# ou# of #he sys#em of dispu#e

se##lemen# for *er#ain *a#e+ories of dispu#es

7- Dispu#es *on*ernin+ China,s o05e*#ions #o a*#ivi#ies &i#hin #he >>N of Sou#heas# Asian

*laiman#s may 0e su05e*# #o #he sys#em of CBDS in se*#ion ! of ar# M

:- Su*h dispu#es are primarily a0ou# #he in#erpre#a#ion and appli*a#ion of ar#i*le 1!1 and #he

ri+h#s and 5urisdi*#ion of China &i#hin #he 9?dashed line

;- .f #he Tri0unal &ere #o de*ide #ha# #he dispu#es fall &i#hin Ar#i*le !9 0e*ause #hey

involve #he firs# s#a+es of delimi#a#ion/ #he dispu#es may 0e su05e*# #o *ompulsory

*on*ilia#ion

=- T&o or more Claiman# S#a#es *ould re

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