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UNCONVENTIONAL EXPLOITATION OF
OIL/GAS: A STUDY ON FRACTURED
SHALE
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:
DR.K.C.MATHUR
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It has taken between 50-
300 million to form, and
yet we have managed to
burn roughly half of all
global oil reserves in
merely 125 years or so.
The world now consumes
80-82 million barrels of
oil per day, or 40,000
gallons per second, and
demand is growing
exponentially
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By 2030 ,theoil productionwill startdecreasing
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A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a
subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous
or fractured rock formations. The naturally occurring
hydrocarbons, such as crude oilor natural gas, are
trapped by overlying rock formations with lower
permeability.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil7/31/2019 Unconventional Exploitation of Oilgas a Study on Fractured Shale
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The unconventional resources usually refer to ultra low
permeability reservoirs that cannot be produced at economic rates or
volumes without stimulation of near well-bore regions.
New technologies of horizontal well coupled with staged hydraulic
fracturing have made the development of these reservoirs an
economic reality .
Moreover presence of natural fractures that are possibly connected
through the horizontal wells and the hydraulic fractures and makes
the subject matter for the present study
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Better reservoir knowledge
increasingly sophisticated technologies ,make the production
of unconventional resources economically viable and moreefficient.
This efficiency is bringing
shale reservoirs tight gas and oil
coalbed methane ,into the reach of more companies around
the world.
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Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that
forms from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that we commonly call
"mud". This composition places shale in a
category of sedimentary rocks known as
"mudstones".
Shale is distinguished from other mudstones
because it is fissile and laminated. "Laminated" means that the rock is made up
of many thin layers.
"Fissile" means that the rock readily splits
into thin pieces along the laminations.
Black organic shales are the source rock formany of the world's most important oil and
natural gas deposits.
http://geology.com/oil-and-gas/http://geology.com/oil-and-gas/http://geology.com/oil-and-gas/http://geology.com/oil-and-gas/7/31/2019 Unconventional Exploitation of Oilgas a Study on Fractured Shale
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Shale Gas:
Natural gas is found in shale. Shale gas is considered anunconventional source of natural gas, in that the methods used toextract it are not the same as conventional gas recovery.
Shale gas, with estimated global, technically recoverable reserves of6600 trillion cubic feet has the potential to make several countries,including the U.S., energy independent. In fact, shale gas, onceunrecoverable, now accounts for over 30% of U.S. natural gas
production.
The Barnett Shale of Texas was the first major natural gas fielddeveloped in a shale reservoir rock. Producing gas from the BarnettShale was a challenge. The pore spaces in shale are so tiny that the gas
has difficulty moving through the shale & into the well.
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Graph or data???
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There is much confusion about the terms shale oil and oil
shale. The two are often used interchangeably, but, in fact are
very different.
Oil shale is an organic-rich sedimentary rock that
contains kerogen. Kerogen-rich rock must be heatedat extremely high temperatures (500 degrees Celsius)
in order to process it into liquid oil.
Shale oil on the other hand, is oil produced directly
from shale reservoirs. Shale oil does not have to be
heated in order to flow into a well.
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Shale oil, with estimated global reserves of 2.9trillion barrels, holds huge promise as anemerging energy supply.
But the technical challenges posed by shale
play composition, location and extractionmethods require:
a great deal of innovation
robust global energy pricesin order to make production financiallyfeasible.
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The multistage hydraulic fracturingstimulates the reservoir effectively with anengineered solution.
Implementation of massive multi-stagehydraulic fracturing (MMHF) in longhorizontal wells has changed the natural gasindustry worldwide
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Indrora Pay Shale reservoirs are so called unconventional fractured shalereservoirs due to their low permeability characteristics.
Indrora Pay Shale reservoir is characterized by high pressure to the order of 30-
60% more than hydrostatic (232kg/cm2 at 1460m in Ind-1 during 1971,169.7kg/cm2 at 1460m in 1991)) as is evident from continuous gas and oil showswhile drilling through this section and recorded pressures in drilled wells.
However, the formation pressure has declined from original more than 60% thanhydrostatic to present 20-30% more than hydrostatic based on the recently drilledwell data on Ind-11.
High pressure in these shales is caused diagenetically by conversion of clayminerals like montmorillonite into illite, which release water and exert overpressure.
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Paleozoic Devonian and Mississippi shales of USA,
especially Barnett Shales of Fort Worth Basin, North
Central Texas are most active gas plays at present.
However, Brown Shales and Antelope shales of san
Joaquin valley are oil producing analogs to Indrora
shales. Overall, USA shale reservoirs are dominantlygas producer while Indrora shale reservoirs are
dominant oil producers
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PREPARED BY:DIVYA SHARMA
R040208012
PRASHANT TIWARIR040208026