Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, Management Guidelines ...

Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, Management Guidelines for Regional Environmental Officers 1 June 2004 Prepared for: Department of Defence BP9-2-24 CSIC ACT SNSW Brindabella Park Canberra ACT 2600

Underground Petroleum Storage Systems Management Guidelines for Regional Environmental Officers

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DISTRIBUTION Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, Management Guidelines for Regional Environmental Officers 1 June 2004 Copies Recipient Copies Recipient 1 Colour Hard Copy

Mark Imber Assistant Director Environmental Stewardship Department of Defence BP9-2-24 CSIC ACT SNSW Brindabella Park Canberra ACT 2600

Original HLA Project File

1 CD with Electronic Copies (Adobe TM & MS Word TM)

Mark Imber

1 Colour Hard Copy

HLA Defence Library

This document was prepared for the sole use of Department of Defence and the regulatory agencies that are directly involved in this project, the only intended beneficiaries of our work. No other party should rely on the information contained herein without the prior written consent of HLA-Envirosciences Pty Limited and Department of Defence. By HLA-Envirosciences Pty Limited ABN: 34 060 204 702 46 Clarendon Street Melbourne VIC 3205 Australia Damien Chappell Senior Environmental Scientist

Damien Wigley Senior Environmental Scientist

Peer Review: Date:

1 June 2004

Patrick Clarke Principal Geological Engineer


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CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................1

1.1 Purpose of the Management Guidelines........................................................1 1.2 Policy Direction..............................................................................................1

2 UNDERGROUND PETROLEUM STORAGE SYSTEMS .............................................2 2.1 Purpose of UPSS ..........................................................................................2 2.2 Description of UPSS......................................................................................2

3 UPSS ISSUES..............................................................................................................4 3.1 Overview of Issues ........................................................................................4 3.2 Contamination ...............................................................................................4 3.3 Legal Framework...........................................................................................5

4 UPSS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ...........................................................................7 4.1 Overall Management Approach .....................................................................7 4.2 Regional UPSS Management Plans ..............................................................7 4.3 Operational and Non-Operational UPSS .......................................................7 4.4 Risk Prioritisation...........................................................................................7 4.5 Design and Construction of New UPSS.........................................................8 4.6 UPSS Management Systems ........................................................................8 4.7 Key UPSS Management Measures ...............................................................8

5 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................10

TABLES Table 3.1 Contaminants Potentially Present in UPSS 9

GLOSSARY OF TERMS APPENDICES Appendix A List of Potential Fuel Additive Contaminants


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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the Management Guidelines The purpose of these guidelines is to document a nationally consistent approach for Regional Environmental Officers (REOs) to minimise liability and risks by pro-actively managing Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (UPSS) in accordance with the legislative framework and leading practices being applied to Australian industry. The content of these guidelines is not intended to be detailed and prescriptive. Users are advised to refer to the codes of practice, Australian Standards and other documents (see Section 5) used to compile these guidelines. In particular, recent Victorian state Guidelines on the Design, Installation and Management Requirements for Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (February 2003) are recognised by industry and environment protection authorities in other states as being representative of leading practice, as is the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002). It is understood that some aspects of the Victorian guidelines may be adopted by other states and potentially may contribute to national guidelines in the future.

1.2 Policy Direction Defence environmental policy (2002) recognises that:

“Management and good planning are more cost effective than having to carry out large scale remedial works, as is the efficient and effective use of our natural resources. The savings generated from improved management practices can be used to better effect in other parts of Defence.”

These guidelines have been prepared in support of this policy statement and provide Defence with a tool to implement and comply with leading UPSS practices as they apply to Australian industry through the legislative framework. By recommending the identification and management of risks associated with UPSS, these guidelines support the concept of preventing environmental impact rather than allowing a legacy of contamination to develop that would otherwise require expensive clean up by future generations of Defence.


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2 UNDERGROUND PETROLEUM STORAGE SYSTEMS

2.1 Purpose of UPSS UPSS form an important component of the physical infrastructure required to support Defence’s capability to defend Australia and its national interests. They are present in every Defence region throughout Australia. Most Defence UPSS are used to store and dispense unleaded petrol (ULP) and distillate (diesel) fuels, while many are otherwise used to store waste oil from vehicle workshop activities. Most of Defence’s ULP and distillate is used to fuel land-based vehicles ranging from cars and buses to large military vehicles and ordnance (which mainly run on distillate). Fewer UPSS are used to store and dispense aviation fuel (“Avgas” and “JetA1” and less frequently, cleaning and degreasing solvents (“white spirits” or “chlorinated” solvents), predominantly for aviation workshop activities but also dry-cleaning fluids. Some distillate UPSS continue to be used for fuelling generators or heating systems. Non-Operational UPSS may contain residual ULP, distillate, leaded petrol, waste oil, heating oil (generally similar to distillate but less refined) or solvents. In particular, disused heating oil UPSS are common on Defence properties. The different types of liquid stored in UPSS have varying characteristics with respect to the contaminants they contain and their mobility in the environment in the event that leakage occurs. The contaminants of concern within these fuels and other liquids stored in UPSS are discussed in Section 3.2 and Appendix A.

2.2 Description of UPSS An Underground Petroleum Storage System (UPSS) is defined in the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002) as “one or more completely or partially buried Tanks that contain or are intended to contain Product or Used Oil and includes Leak Monitoring Systems, Cathodic Protection and all Product Piping to, from or associated with the Tanks and up to the inlet port of the Dispensers”. UPSS may include underground tanks and systems used to store hydrocarbon chemicals other than petroleum, such as heating oil, waste oil and cleaning solvents. Infrastructure such as above-ground fuel and chemical storage, pressurised gas tanks, oil / water interceptor traps, or non-hydrocarbon related facilities such as septic systems and kitchen grease traps are not categorised as UPSS.


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UPSS may include the following infrastructure:

• Underground storage tanks or vessels of varying sizes, that may be compartmentalised.

• Product delivery systems (dispensing pumps, suction lines, pressure lines, pipe-work, joins, filters, valves, fittings etc).

• Dip points comprising access tubes to enable measurement of liquid volume within tanks.

• Automatic tank gauging systems.

• Direct or indirect tank filling points (indirect fills can be quite remote from the tank location).

• Vapour recovery systems and vapour monitoring systems.

• Vapour venting lines and venting points.

• Spill containment systems (including at dip or fill points, under-pump containment and overfill protection).

• Tank pit backfill sand or gravel.

• Tank anchoring system.

• Electrical cabling.

• Tank pit monitoring wells and leak detection systems. This includes interstitial monitoring systems (designed to detect leakage between double-walled tanks).

• Groundwater monitoring wells.

• Corrosion prevention systems such as cathodic protection.

• Ullage space (tank headspace above the liquid level within the tank), including fill and vent lines.

In addition to the above components, other infrastructure is commonly present to support the operation of UPSS, such as office buildings, fuel dispensers, dangerous goods stores, oil / water interceptors, inventory and computer systems, vehicle workshops, signage, surface bunding and drainage etc. This document is not intended to provide guidance on the management of other infrastructure such as this.


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3 UPSS ISSUES

3.1 Overview of Issues Leakages from Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (UPSS) have known environmental implications that represent a significant risk to Defence. Adverse impacts to people, property and the environment can potentially occur due to fire, explosion and contamination of soil and groundwater, caused by spills and leakage from UPSS. Contamination from UPSS leakage and spillage is able to pass through the soil profile and into groundwater, from where it can migrate laterally beneath neighbouring property and in some cases into nearby sensitive ecosystems such as rivers and other surface water bodies. Underground services commonly provide a preferred pathway and can increase the rate and volume of contaminant migration if leakage occurs. If contamination from a leaking UPSS migrates laterally either on or off-site has the potential to emit vapours that can accumulate in underground services inspection pits or buildings, where it can form an explosion or human exposure hazard. Other characteristics of the contamination associated with UPSS are discussed in Section 3.2 below.

3.2 Contamination The types of liquid that may be present in Defence UPSS are listed, in approximate order of highest to lowest potential to impact the sub-surface environment, in Table 3.1 to follow, together with their main constituent contaminants of concern. The contaminants associated with UPSS have varying properties of concern that have different levels of associated risk (see Table 3.1) and have implications for priority ranking UPSS (as outlined in Table 4.2). Some of those properties include the following:

• Varying levels of toxicity to human health and the environment (e.g. benzene, a component of petrol is a known carcinogen).

• Varying levels of persistence in the environment (some degreasers and cleaning solvents and their breakdown products take many tens of years or more to break down).

• Varying potential to emit vapours (petrol vapours for example are significantly more hazardous than distillate odours).

• Varying rates of mixing and mobility (some cleaning solvents and degreasers can readily migrate vertically and sink through the groundwater profile).


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Table 3.1 Contaminants Potentially Present in UPSS

Risk Liquid Type: Constituent Contaminants of Concern for Environment Impact

Solvents – Cleaning Solvents, Degreasers and Dry-Cleaning Fluids

• Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as Tetrachloroethylene (TCE), Perchloroethylene (PCE) and their degradation products.

• Various Petroleum Hydrocarbons, generally within the range C6 – C9, including Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene (collectively referred to as BTEX).

ULP and other Petrols • Various Petroleum Hydrocarbons, generally within the range C6 – C9, including BTEX.

• “Anti-knocking” agents and petrol additives, as described in Appendix A).

Avgas • Various Petroleum Hydrocarbons, generally within the range C9 – C14, referred to as Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH).

• Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Waste Oil • TPH, generally “heavy end” within the range C15 – C25,

although potentially a broader range including BTEX. • Petrol additives as listed in Appendix A and various other

liquid waste products. • PAHs. • Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as TCE, PCE and

their degradation products. Jet A1 • TPH, generally within the range C9 – C14.

• PAHs. Distillate (Diesel) • TPH, generally within the range C11 – C20.

• PAHs.

Highest Lowest Fuel / Heating Oil • TPH (generally within the range C21 – C28).

• PAHs.

3.3 Legal Framework A fundamental goal for the Department of Defence is to comply with Commonwealth Government environmental policies, initiatives and legislative requirements. The Defence Environment Report 2002-3003 outlines the “…requirement for the Department of Defence to consider the environmental implications of all its activities wherever they occur” and recognises that “considering environmental implications at an early stage assists in determining potential obligations arising under environmental legislation”. Defence maintains a list of applicable Commonwealth and State / Territory legislation on DEFWEB. One of the most important sources of environmental regulation for Defence is the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The main implications of this act for Defence UPSS management are considered to be as follows:

• Under this Act, Defence must not take an action that is likely to have a significant impact on the environment. Proposals to develop new UPSS


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facilities therefore require consideration and professional advice as to whether the Act applies and whether subsequent referral is required to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment.

• Section 516A of the Act requires Defence to report annually on environmental matters including the effect of Defence’s actions on the environment.

The National Environment Protection Measures (Implementation) Act 1998 makes provision for “the implementation of national environment protection measures in respect of certain activities carried on by or on behalf of the Commonwealth and Commonwealth authorities”. National Environment Protection Measures (NEPM) that have relevance to UPSS and their contents comprise the following:

• National Environment Protection (National Pollutant Inventory) Measure, 1998. Under this legislation Defence is required to report annually on emissions estimates to air, land and water for various substances including petroleum fuels and hydrocarbons.

• National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure, 1999. This NEPM requires a consistent approach to the assessment of site contamination, with the objective of providing adequate protection of human health and the environment and ensuring sound environmental management practices. This NEPM also states that “contamination, or further contamination, of a site should be prevented” and that “there should be no noticeable or measurable change in the characteristics of soil, or associated ground or surface waters”.

In addition to the Commonwealth legislation above, the adoption by Defence of leading UPSS management practices effectively commits the organisation to compliance (where practicable) to the standards established under State and Territory legislation. This is especially relevant for UPSS because of the potential for product to migrate off-site and contaminate surface water or groundwater, into areas of State jurisdiction. There are various instruments in place throughout the States and Territories of Australia, mainly relating to Environment Protection and Dangerous Goods Storage, which also apply either directly or indirectly to UPSS. The main UPSS management implication of these instruments is that Defence should prevent the pollution of water and land, including groundwater. There is also legislation in place (both State / Territory and Commonwealth) relating to air emissions and protection of the air environment, however those instruments are of limited relevance to UPSS management. In the event that contamination is found to have migrated off-site into State / Territory jurisdiction, professional advice should be sought as to the legal implications and mitigation measures required.


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4 UPSS MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

4.1 Overall Management Approach The overall management approach recommended to REOs is to apply management measures according to the level of risk that each UPSS site poses to the environment.

4.2 Regional UPSS Management Plans It is expected that some circumstances will require reactive management of individual UPSS, however the preparation of a Regional UPSS Management Plan is a useful means of managing several UPSS across a region of Defence and allows a more preventative, systematic and pro-active approach. Regional UPSS Management Plans may include information such as the following: 1. Risk prioritisation of UPSS. 2. Achievable objectives and targets for UPSS management within the region. 3. Management actions for UPSS and associated responsibilities. 4. Estimation of funding required to complete the management actions. If a given region or Defence site has an existing EMS, it may represent an opportunity to use that system or develop the Regional UPSS Management Plan to fit within the EMS framework.

4.3 Operational and Non-Operational UPSS Operational UPSS have different management requirements to Non-Operational UPSS. In particular:

• Operational UPSS generally require ongoing management measures such as leak prevention and detection, inspection, maintenance and testing of equipment, hazard evaluation and contingency planning (see reference XVI, Section 5); and

• Non-Operational UPSS should be decommissioned and removed where possible, to minimise the risk of future impact to the environment (see AIP CP22, 1994 – reference III, Section 5 and SAA AS1940, 1993 - reference XXIII, Section 5).

4.4 Risk Prioritisation Risk prioritisation is recommended as a means to optimise funding and management efforts by addressing the highest risk UPSS first. Prioritisation of UPSS sites is central to managing facilities in a manner that supports Defence’s core activities while reducing the likelihood and impact of UPSS incidents. The risk ranking process should take into account several influencing factors including the following:

• The permeability of the underlying soil and geology.


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• The depth and quality / beneficial uses of the groundwater.

• The distance of the UPSS from sensitive receptors such as underground service inspection pits, building basements and surface water bodies.

• The contents of the USTs (see Section 3.2).

• The age, capacity and throughput of the UPSS.

• Whether any inventory control, leak detection, leak prevention or integrity testing measures have been implemented and the results of those.

4.5 Design and Construction of New UPSS Some of the risk factors listed in Section 4.4 above should also be taken into account in the site selection and design of new UPSS. The design and installation of new UPSS represents the best opportunity to build in preventative infrastructure, as most leak detection and prevention technologies (e.g. secondary containment, cathodic protection etc) are only practicable at the time that a UPSS is designed, installed or upgraded. It is advisable to conduct the design and construction of new UPSS under a dedicated Quality Assurance (QA) system and take into account the relevant sections of AIP CP4-2002 and EPA Victoria, February 2003 (references I and XVI respectively, Section 5). UPSS design and construction typically requires input from appropriately competent and experienced UPSS experts.

4.6 UPSS Management Systems The development of a UPSS Management System is a recommended means of systematically identifying, scheduling and documenting management measures and responsibilities to support ongoing operation of individual UPSS sites. As with Regional Management Plans, it may be possible to use an existing EMS or develop the Management System to fit within an existing EMS framework. EPA Victoria, February 2003 (reference XVI, Section 5) provides an indication of the structure and issues that a UPSS Management System would typically address. Some of the key management measures are discussed in Section 4.7 below.

4.7 Key UPSS Management Measures Key measures for REOs to consider in managing UPSS include the following:

• Leak prevention measures may be incorporated into the design and equipment selection for new UPSS, however diligent operation, maintenance and testing of the existing equipment, is also an important requirement to minimise the potential for leakage. If failure of any component of a UPSS becomes evident, prompt action is recommended to prevent further loss of product, followed by repairs and investigation into the cause of the failure.


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• Leak detection measures may include the keeping and reconciliation of inventories, groundwater monitoring within the UST pit or more sophisticated technology, usually incorporated into UPSS at the time of design and construction.

• Installation of a groundwater monitoring network and sampling programme is a recommended means of investigating and monitoring the environmental impact where suspected leakage has occurred. It is also a means of secondary detection in areas where sensitive conditions exist such as permeable geology (e.g. a sand formation), nearby surface water bodies or nearby groundwater users.

• Evaluation of the hazards associated with each Operational UPSS is recommended periodically (say every five years), to identify and mitigate hazards such as spills, fire, explosion and vapour exposure for operators (see NOHSC, March 2001 – reference XX, Section 5).

• The development of contingency plans such as a leak and spill response plan or a loss investigation plan are considered important follow-up task to mitigate risks associated with issues identified by the Operational hazard evaluation. There may be opportunities to incorporate this information into existing Emergency Response Plans (ERPs), in place at some Defence sites.

• Keeping good documentation and records assists with identifying leakage, demonstrating good management practices and monitoring the age and status of equipment. Documentation may include responsibility lists and schedules, a fuel inventory, as-built drawings of equipment, procedures and records of maintenance, inspection and leak detection testing etc.

• Some aspects of UPSS management such as investigation and integrity testing require input from appropriately competent and experienced persons such as Defence Environmental Panel (DEP) professionals and petroleum equipment contractors.


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5 REFERENCES I. Australian Institute of Petroleum CP4-2002 Code of Practice - The Design, Installation

and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, October 2002.

II. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP5-2003 Code of Practice - Pipeline, Road Tanker Compartment and Underground Tank Identification, July 2003

III. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP22-1994 Code of Practice - The Removal and

Disposal of Underground Petroleum Storage Tanks, December 1994.

IV. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP 01 Code of Practice - Control of Water Effluents from Service Stations (December 1992).

V. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP 05 Code of Practice - Pipeline, Road Tanker

Compartment and Underground Tank Identification (July 2003).

VI. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP 21 Code of Practice - Aviation Hydrant Pipelines Inspection and Testing (December 2000).

VII. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP 25 Code of Practice - Wastewater

Management at Bulk Petroleum Storage Sites (December 1994).

VIII. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP CP 30 Code of Practice - The Management of Used Lubricating Oil and Lubricating Oil Containers (January 2003).

IX. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP GL3 Guideline - The Assessment and

Management of Contaminated Sites, 1994.

X. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP GL 08 Guideline - Content and Organisation of Emergency Plans (February 1992).

XI. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP GL 05 Guideline - The Content of Fire Studies for

Terminals (July 1995).

XII. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP GL 04 Guideline - The Protection of Employees from Exposure to Benzene (September 1994).

XIII. Australian Institute of Petroleum AIP GL 06 Guideline - Signs for Service Station

Forecourts (December 1995).

XIV. Dangerous Goods Act (Victoria) 1985 Code of Practice No. 27- Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods, December 2000.

XV. Environment Australia, Department of Environment and Heritage Setting National Fuel

Quality Standards Paper 2A - Proposed Management of Petrol Octane Enhancing Additives/Products, November 2000.

XVI. EPA Victoria Publication 888 Guidelines on the Design, Installation and Management

Requirements for Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, February 2003.


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XVII. EPA Victoria Publication 892 Design, Installation and Management Requirements for Underground Petroleum Storage Systems, April 2003.

XVIII. National Environment Protection Council National Environment Protection (Assessment

of Site Contamination) Measure, 1999.

XIX. National Environment Protection Council National Environment Protection (National Pollutant Inventory) Measure, 1998.

XX. NOHSC National Code for the Storage and Handling of Workplace Dangerous Goods,

March 2001.

XXI. Petroleum Industry Contractors Association Recommended Practises for Installation of Underground Liquid Storage Systems (RP001), 1995.

XXII. Standards Association of Australia AS 1692 Tanks for Flammable and Combustible

Liquids, December 1989. XXIII. Standards Association of Australia AS 1940-1933 The Storage and Handling of

Flammable and Combustible Liquids, October 1993. XXIV. Standards Association of Australia AS 2430.3.3:1997/Amdt 1:2002 Classification of

Hazardous Areas – Examples of Area Classification – Flammable Liquids, December 2002.

XXV. Victoria Government Gazette No. S 95 - State Environment Protection Policy (Victoria)

Prevention and Management of Contaminated Land in Victoria, June 2002. XXVI. Victoria Government Gazette No. S 160 - State Environment Protection Policy,

Groundwaters of Victoria, December 1997.


Glossary of Terms


Glossary of Terms AIP Australian Institute of Petroleum AS Australian Standard Beneficial Use Is defined by the AIP Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002) as“…as use of the environment or any element or segment of the environment which is conducive to public benefit, welfare, safety, health or ascetic enjoyment or which requires protection from the effects of waste discharges, emissions or deposits.”

BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene – constituents of some petroleum products.

Competent Competent and Experienced Person is defined by the AIP Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002) as “a person with appropriate practical and theoretical knowledge and actual experience to carry out a particular task safely and effectively. The person shall have the necessary ability and training and all the relevant qualifications, accreditations, certifications, licences and approvals required for the particular activity with which he or she is concerned, an understanding of relevant statutory requirements and of this Code, and an appreciation of the hazards involved. The person shall also be able to recognise the need for specialist advice or assistance when necessary and to assess the importance of the results of examinations and test in the light of their purpose”. Competencies required of UPSS designers are outlined in Reference XVI of Section 5 - EPA Victoria, February 2003, Appendix 3.

CP Code of Practice

Dangerous Goods Defined in the NOHSC 2001 Code of Practise for the Storage and Handling of Dangerous Goods as “….substances that may be corrosive, flammable, explosive, spontaneously combustible, toxic, oxidising or water reactive. These goods can be deadly and can seriously damage property.”

EIT Equipment Integrity Test

ERP Emergency Response Plan

Hazard Activity, occurrence or circumstance of any kind that has the potential to cause injury to persons or damage to property by

a) explosion, fire, harmful reaction or the evolution of flammable, corrosive or toxic vapours involving dangerous goods;

b) the escape, spillage or leakage of any dangerous goods.

Incident An emergency or an unintended event that, but for the intervention of a risk control measure or human intervention, is likely to have resulted in an emergency.

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet


NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council. PAHs Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - constituents of oils, distillate and other fuels and chemicals. PCE Perchloroethylene - constituent of degreasing, cleaning and dry cleaning solvents. PICA Petroleum Industry Contractors Association. Pipework A pipe or an assembly of pipes and, associated pipe fittings, valves and pipe accessories- used to convey dangerous goods.

Practicable Practicable is a subjective definition that should be evaluated in most circumstances with input from a competent person, with consideration of the following: a) the severity of the hazard or risk in question; b) the state or knowledge about that hazard or risk and any ways of removing or mitigating

that hazard or risk; c) the availability and suitability of ways to remove or mitigate that hazard or risk; and d) the cost to remove or mitigate that hazard or risk.

REO Regional Environmental Officer

Sensitive Receptor Is defined in the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002, Section 1.6) as “…residential areas, schools, wetlands, water supply catchments, or surface bodies with recreational activity or food chain significance. Also included are subsurface locations such as basements, tunnels, manways, utility chambers and similar constructions into which people can enter, in residential or commercial areas, where leakages of flammable hydrocarbons could infiltrate and accumulate, either directly or floating on groundwater, and so pose a danger to people."

SIRA or SIA Statistical Inventory Reconciliation Analysis or Statistical Inventory Analysis as it is referred to in the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002, Section 1.6), is defined as “…a method of analysing inventory reconciliations by using statistical methods such as that the possible cause of discrepancies in Inventory Control can be identified.”

TCE Tetrachloroethylene – constituent of degreasing, cleaning and dry cleaning solvents. TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons – constituents of most fuels and oils. Underground Petroleum Storage System (UPSS) Is defined in the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) Code of Practice for The Design, Installation and Operation of Underground Petroleum Storage Systems (CP4-2002, Section 1.6) as “…one or more completely or partially buried Tanks that contain or are intended to contain Product or Used Oil and includes Leak Monitoring Systems, Cathodic Protection and all Product Piping to, from or associated with the Tanks and up to the inlet port of the Dispensers.” UST Underground Storage Tank.


Appendices


Appendix A List of Potential Fuel and Waste Oil Contaminants


Appendix A List of Potential Fuel and Waste Oil Contaminants The main constituents of the fuels and liquids stored in UPSS are described in Section 3.2. Other chemicals, including those listed to follow, are also often present in the stored liquids, in lesser concentrations. Although these are less likely to cause significant contamination of land, water and groundwater than the main fuel constituents, occasionally they may impact the environment. In some instances, investigations should therefore include analysis for some of these additives. 1Potential Fuel Additives and Waste Oil Contaminants:

1 Note that many potential fuel additives are rare and only present in fuel imported from overseas. Analysis for most of these compounds is often not necessary and advice for investigation analytes should be sought from a competent (DEP) consultant.

• Methanol; • MTBE (Methyl tertiary-butyl ether); • DIPE (Di-isopropropyl ether); • ETBE (Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether); • TAME (Tertiary amyl methyl ether); • ETAE (Ethyl tertiary amyl ether); • TBA (Tertiary butyl alcohol); • IPA (Iso propyl alcohol); • N-Propanol; • N-Butanol; • Sec-Butanol; • Isobutanol; • MMT (Methylcyclopentadienyl

Manganese Tricarbonyl); • Ferrocene; • 1,2 dichloroethane; • 1,2 dibromoethane; • Tetra Ethyl Lead (TEL);

• Tetra Methyl Lead (TML); • Surfactants, biocides and corrosion

inhibitors; • Metals naturally occurring in the

product refined, including nickel, vanadium, copper, zinc and mercury;

• Catalysts and solvents that may have been used in the manufacturing process, such as vanadium, cobalt, molybdenum and platinum catalysts;

• Waste oil often has highly variable composition and may include fuels, degreasers (solvents), radiator coolants and hydraulic fluids (brake, power steering etc); and

• In the event that uncontrolled disposal has occurred, waste oil UPSS can also potentially include other chemicals such as ammonia solutions, cleaning fluids, acids, paints and solvents.

Fill Material and Previous Land Uses: Depending on the purpose of site investigations, the sampling and analytical programme may need to consider potential soil and groundwater contamination associated with the following: • land uses prior to UPSS installation; • importation of fill material (potentially containing chemical substances or waste); • oil-water separation systems and interceptor traps; • surrounding land uses, including underground pipelines and nearby UPSS; • previous fuel sources for boilers such as coal or fuel oil; • weed and vermin control (pesticides and herbicides); • waste disposal practices, especially from mechanical workshops.

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