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Understanding broadband from the outside
Ricardo Ramirez ARNIC Seminar - USC Annenberg April 1, 2008
Methods and Media in Community Participation 1983-4
Information and
Communication
Technologies
4
Development
“ICD” (DFID)
… radio and popular theatre
Understanding broadband from the outside
What is it you want to do with education, with health?
How can you use the technologies to get there?
--- a locally grown “theory of change”.
http://smart.knet.ca/deerlake/education.html#rich
Video testimonials are now a way of tracking change:
http://fortsevern.firstnation.ca/washaho/
Understanding broadband from the outside
The “outside” invited fields, disciplines, approaches:
1. Community Development and Adult Education
2. Natural Resource Management and Communication for Development
3. Systems Thinking and Participatory Action Research
1. Community development and Adult education
Start where people are at
Work with local champions
Understand the context (history, politics, power, culture, age groups, jobs, aspirations, communication patterns)
Reflect on your own role (the organization you work with is half the methodology)
Mens’ communication linkages (left) and women’s (right) in Pembe (Homoine)
• health and sanitation stakeholders are prominent in women’s network
• radio seems to be a channel with potential for both genders
1. Community development and Adult Education
Attention
Comprehension
Interpretation
Confirmation
Acceptance
Retention
Behaviour change
Rohrmann, B. 2000. A socio-pyschological model for analyzing risk communication
processes. The Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies Vol. 2000 (2) on-line
Moments of truth:
librarians in rural communities
2. Natural resource management…
Multiple perspectives - Columbia River
Different languages - the power of indicators
Kai Lee (1993) Compass and gyroscope. Washington DC: Island Press
The Columbia River Basin -multiple stakeholders, unpredictable behaviour, reading system
feedback… a metaphor to work with.
Valparaiso, Chile, 2002
2. Natural resource management and Communication for Development
Policy communication Educational communication
Advocacy communication Participatory communication
2. Natural resource management and Communication for Development
Communication for development is the use of communication processes, techniques and media to help people towards a full awareness of their situation and their options for change, to resolve conflicts, to work towards consensus, to help people plan actions for change and sustainable development, to help people acquire the knowledge and skills they need to improve their condition and that of society, and to improve the effectiveness of institutions.
Fraser, C. and Restrepo-Estrada, S. 1998. Communicating for development: Human change for survival. London: I.B. Taurus. (p. 63)
3. Systems thinking and participatory action research
Who owns the problem; who owns the process to address it; who owns the content?
Tracking change: Most Significant change and Outcome mapping
…a trusted, mediating organization that creates moments of learning with ICTs…
IDRC/Bellanet FAO/WB/DFID ECDPM
Principles to look at the challenges of ICTs:• Innovating for equitable access• Enabling full human capacity• Promoting local content and media• Building effective networks and partnerships• Empowering women and marginalized groups
Key principles for ICD:
• Share costs appropriately• Ensure equitable access • Local or appropriately localised content• Build on existing systems• Build capacity• Use realistic technologies• Build knowledge partnerships
Principles for partnerships:
• Foster ownership• Focus on processes• Give priority to local capacities• Use open standards• Prepare an exit strategy
Gómez, R., Beltrán, M. and Beaulieu, Y. 2003. Facing the sceen: ICTs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Kuala Lumpur, Ottawa and Bogotá: GKP, Bellanet, IDRC and Fundación Colombia Mulitcolor
FAO/WB/DFID. 2004. Information and Communication for Development (ICD) in support of rural livelihoods. Presentation made during the 9th UN Roundtable on Communication for Development, Rome: FAO. 6-9 September.
Ballantyne, P.; Labelle, R. and Rudgard, S. 2000. Information and knowledge management: Challenges for capacity builders. Policy Management Brief No. 11. Maastricht: ECDPM.
Evidence world-wide – emerging principles:
"The cognitive and social impacts of mobile and pervasive technologies are largely unknown,
the potential for negative side effects is high, and the possibility for unexpected emergent
behaviors is nearly certain.
Before individuals, families, or communities can make decisions about how to adopt, use,
constrain or appropriate emerging technologies,
we need better information about what mobile and pervasive media do to our minds and
societies." (Rheingold, H. 2002. Smart mobs. Cambridge, MA. Basic books. p. 206)
Fundamentals on evaluation
1. Determine USERS and USES of an evaluation from the beginning
2. Express your assumptions: a theory of change (example: the ICT4D value chain)
3. Agree on terminology: inputs or activities > outputs > outcomes > results or impacts (results-based management and logical frameworks are “in the water”)
4. Consider alternative approaches like “Most Significant Change” and “Outcome mapping” that challenge the linear causality and focus on contribution (instead of attribution)
• Focus on those whom you work with directly (boundary partners)
• Engage partners in visioning where they want to go
• Work with partners to brainstorm on what they will do differently as a result of the interaction (training leading to new capacities)
• Determine progress markers (expect to see, would like to see, would love to see)
• Give up on the notion of taking credit for their actions and achievements (replace attribution with contribution)
• Embrace process and unexpected outcomes
• Combine with additional methods for assessment and impact evaluation
Action Output Outcome Impact or result
Results-based management, logical frameworks and ZOPP
logical sequence assumes linear causality
does not address process nor emerging change
Outcome mapping
focuses on outcomes and process
focuses on contribution
tracks changes in what people do differently
Most significant change
embraces narrative and interpretation
complements other methods
Emerging options
Outcome mappinghttp://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-9330-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html
Most significant changehttp://www.mande.co.uk/docs/MSCGuide.pdf
Gender evaluation methodologyhttp://www.apcwomen.org/gem/
See examples in: Evaluation in practicehttp://evaluationinpractice.wordpress.com/process/presentations/
• Andrew, T. & Petkov, D. (2003) The need for a systems thinking approach to the planning of rural telecommunications infrastructure. Telecommunications Policy, 27(1-2), 75-93
• Bar, F., Cohen, S., Cowhey, P., DeLong, B., Kleeman, M. & Zysman, J. (2000) Access and innovation policy for the third-generation internet. Telecommunications Policy, 24, 489-518
• Cizek, C. & Wintonick, P. (2004) Seeing is Believing: Handicams, Human Rights and the News. Necessary Illusions in association with CBC News World and SRC/RDI
• Denning, S. (2002) Technical cooperation and knowledge networks. In Capacity for Development : New Solutions to Old Problems., ed. S. Fukuda-Parr, C. Lopes & K. Malik, pp. 229-46. London and Sterling, VA: Earthscan Publications and UNDP
• Fink, C. & Kenny, C. (2003) W(h)Ither the Digital Divide? The World Bank• Mitchell, D. (2003) The Alberta SuperNet Research Alliance. Canadian Journal of Communication, 28, 219-26• O'Reilly, T. (2005) What is Web 2.0 Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software.
Http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html, 30/09. 13 June 2006• Ramírez, R. (2007) Appreciating the contribution of broadband ICT with rural and remote communities:
Steppingstones towards an alternative paradigm. The Information Society 23(2): 85-94• Ramírez, R. and Richardson, D. (2005) Measuring the impact of telecommunication services on rural and
remote communities. Telecommunications Policy 29 (4): 297-319 • Ramírez, R. (2003) Bridging disciplines: The natural resource management kaleidoscope for understanding
ICTs. Journal of Development Communication 14 (1): 51 – 64• Rheingold, H. (2002) Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basic Books• Sawhney, H. (1996) Information superhighway: Metaphors as midwives. Media, Culture & Society, 18, 291-314• Sawhney, H. (2001) Dynamics of infrastructure development: The role of metaphors, political will and sunk
investment. Media, Culture & Society, 23, 33-51
Literature signaling unpredictable dimensions of ICTs
An instrumental mind-set
A focus on Technology and Information, at the expense of Communication
Comfort in prediction and causality
Evidence-based decision making… unchallenged
Blind spots about how change is complex and systemic
So what was in the
water?
Systems thinking: ask who owns the problem, embrace emergent properties, engage stakeholders at the start, and read system feedback
Focus on contribution instead of attribution
Projects as policy experiments - including alternative evaluation
Seek spaces for learning with policy makers - collaborative policy making
Options?
"One does not build bridges by counting the number of people who swim across the river.”
Sawhney, H. (2001) Dynamics of infrastructure development: The role of metaphors, political will and
sunk investment. Media, Culture & Society, 23, 33-51
"...communication should be measured by the successful coordination of efforts.”
Peters, J. (1999) Speaking Into the Air: A History of the Idea of Communication. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press
Communication is reciprocity of thought (Nora Quebral, 2002)