R Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding CGAP Expression Profiles, cDNAs, ESTs, and Microarrays These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain. Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes. Developed by: Susan Greenhut, M.S. Donna Kerrigan, M.S. Jeanne Kelly Brian Hollen Explains how the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) studies the molecular changes that occur in cancer genomes and shares this information with all scientists. The information in NCI’s CGAP databases is being used to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Understanding Cancer and Related Topics
Understanding CGAPExpression Profiles, cDNAs, ESTs, and Microarrays
These PowerPoint slides are not locked files. You can mix and match slides from different tutorials as you prepare your own lectures. In the Notes section, you will find explanations of the graphics. The art in this tutorial is copyrighted and may not be reused for commercial gain.Please do not remove the NCI logo or the copyright mark from any slide. These tutorials may be copied only if they are distributed free of charge for educational purposes.
Developed by:Susan Greenhut, M.S.Donna Kerrigan, M.S.Jeanne KellyBrian HollenExplains how the Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) studies the molecular changes that occur in cancer genomes and shares this information with all scientists. The information in NCI’s CGAP databases is being used to improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Once a Molecular Black Box
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Today an Open Box
Cytoplasm Nucleus
Growth factors
Hormones
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Enter CGAPNCI’s Program to Study Molecular Changes in Cancer
Normalcell
Molecularchanges
Year 10
Year 6
Year 3
Year 0
Cancercell
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CGAP Studies Genomes
Human cell
ChromosomesCytoplasm
Nucleus
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DNA MoleculesThe Building Blocks of the Genome
DNA molecule (chromosome)
Chemical bases
AT
CG
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GenesFunctional Regions Within DNA Molecules
Gene 3
Gene 2
Noncoding region
Gene 1
Noncoding region
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Genes “Switch On”
GCCU
GCCT
CGGA
Section of switched-on gene
mRNA
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Gene to mRNA to Protein
Cell nucleus
Growing protein chain
Unique protein
Ribosome
mRNA
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Cancer – Genes With Design Problems
mRNA
Too muchprotein
Normal amount of protein
No protein
Cell nucleus Alteration
Shortenedprotein
Protein witha spellingmistake
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Expression Profiles
Prostate Tissue, NormalBreast Tissue, Normal
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Expression Profiles in Cancer
Prostate Tissue, CancerProstate Tissue, Normal
Here is one simplified example in prostate tissue ofhow a normal cell might differ from a cancerous one.
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Measuring Expression ProfilesStep 1. Isolating the mRNA
Test tube
Stationary support
polyTpolyA
mRNA
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Measuring Expression ProfilesStep 2. Converting mRNA into cDNA
mRNATest tube
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Measuring Expression ProfilesStep 3. Converting the cDNA into a cDNA Library
E. coli bacterium
cDNA library
cDNA inserted into plasmid
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Measuring Expression ProfilesStep 4. Isolating Each Bacterium
cDNA library
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Measuring Expression ProfilesStep 5. Identifying the Clones
EST Sequences Database
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Active Gene to EST
EST Sequences Database
mRNA
polyA
Stationarysupport
polyT
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the LabGene Analysis and Gene Discovery
EST Database
NowThen
New gene
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the LabUnderstanding More About Cancer Biology I
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the LabUnderstanding More About Cancer Biology II
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the LabUnderstanding More About Cancer Biology III
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the LabUnderstanding More About Cancer Biology IV
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the ClinicUnderstanding More About Cancer Biology
Glass slide
cDNAs
mRNAs
Genes
Prostate-Specific Microarray
Prostate Tissue, Normal Prostate Tissue, Cancer
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the ClinicStep 1. Microarrays in Diagnosis
mRNAs
Fluorescent dye
mRNAs
Patient 2
Prostate-Specific Microarrays
Patient 1
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the ClinicStep 2. Microarrays in Diagnosis
Patient 2Patient 1
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the ClinicStep 3. Microarrays in Diagnosis
Patient 2Cancer
Patient 1
Patient 2
Prostate Expression Profiles
Patient 1No cancer
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CGAP Helps Cancer Research in the ClinicDifferentiating Between Cancers with Similar Clinical Symptoms
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CGAP Helps Scientists, Clinicians, and Patients
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