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UNDERSTANDING RISK AND UNDERSTANDING RISK AND RISK REDUCTIONRISK REDUCTION
Dr. Walter Hays,
Global Alliance For Disaster Reduction
APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW APPLYING WHAT WE KNOW INNOVATIVELY AND INNOVATIVELY AND
STRATEGICALLY TO ACHIEVE STRATEGICALLY TO ACHIEVE SOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITYSOCIETAL SUSTAINABILITY
A FRAMEWORK FOR LIVING WITH A FRAMEWORK FOR LIVING WITH THE INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY THE INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY THE ONSET OF ENVIRONMENTAL THE ONSET OF ENVIRONMENTAL
EXTREMESEXTREMES
OUR WORLD IS AT RISKOUR WORLD IS AT RISK FLOODSFLOODS SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
ANNUAL FREQUENCYANNUAL FREQUENCYANNUAL FREQUENCYANNUAL FREQUENCY 100,000 THUNDERSTORMS100,000 THUNDERSTORMS 10,000 FLOODS10,000 FLOODS THOUSANDS OF MODERATE TO LARGE-THOUSANDS OF MODERATE TO LARGE-
VOLUME LANDSLIDESVOLUME LANDSLIDES THOUSANDS OFTHOUSANDS OF WILDFIRESWILDFIRES 100 DAMAGING SIZE EARTHQUAKES 100 DAMAGING SIZE EARTHQUAKES SCORES TO HUNDREDS OFSCORES TO HUNDREDS OF SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS ABOUT TEN VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, ABOUT TEN VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,
TSUNAMIS, AND DROUGHTSTSUNAMIS, AND DROUGHTS
100,000 THUNDERSTORMS100,000 THUNDERSTORMS 10,000 FLOODS10,000 FLOODS THOUSANDS OF MODERATE TO LARGE-THOUSANDS OF MODERATE TO LARGE-
VOLUME LANDSLIDESVOLUME LANDSLIDES THOUSANDS OFTHOUSANDS OF WILDFIRESWILDFIRES 100 DAMAGING SIZE EARTHQUAKES 100 DAMAGING SIZE EARTHQUAKES SCORES TO HUNDREDS OFSCORES TO HUNDREDS OF SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS ABOUT TEN VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, ABOUT TEN VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS,
TSUNAMIS, AND DROUGHTSTSUNAMIS, AND DROUGHTS
EVERY COMMUNITY IS AT RISK EVERY COMMUNITY IS AT RISK FROM NATURAL HAZARDS, FROM NATURAL HAZARDS,
WHICH CREATES AN URGENT WHICH CREATES AN URGENT NEED FOR NEED FOR PUBLIC POLICIES PUBLIC POLICIES AND STRATEGIC PLANSAND STRATEGIC PLANS TO TO PREVENT, MITIGATE, AND PREVENT, MITIGATE, AND
PREPARE FOR THE INEVITABLEPREPARE FOR THE INEVITABLE
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•HAZARD MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
DISASTER RISK DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONREDUCTION
•PREVENTION-MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY•ADAPTATION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE BASED ON AN BE BASED ON AN
UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT CAN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN HAPPEN AND AN
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT FROM HAPPENINGKEEP IT FROM HAPPENING. .
ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD ALL PUBLIC POLICIES SHOULD BE BASED ON AN BE BASED ON AN
UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT CAN UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT CAN HAPPEN AND AN HAPPEN AND AN
IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO KEEP IT FROM HAPPENINGKEEP IT FROM HAPPENING. .
THE VISION THE VISION ISIS
SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLE URBAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY
OF LIFEOF LIFE IN EVERY COMMUNITYIN EVERY COMMUNITY
THE VISION THE VISION ISIS
SUSTAINABLESUSTAINABLE URBAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY DEVELOPMENT AND QUALITY
OF LIFEOF LIFE IN EVERY COMMUNITYIN EVERY COMMUNITY
HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL A DISASTER IMPACTS ALL SOCIETAL ELEMENTSSOCIETAL ELEMENTS
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF DISASTER REDUCTIONDISASTER REDUCTION
INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF DISASTER REDUCTIONDISASTER REDUCTION
GOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDAGOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDA(CA) OF TECHNICAL (CA) OF TECHNICAL
AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONSAND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS
GOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDAGOAL: TO FIND THE COMMON AGENDA(CA) OF TECHNICAL (CA) OF TECHNICAL
AND POLITICAL SOLUTIONSAND POLITICAL SOLUTIONS
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSTECHNICAL TECHNICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS
POLITICAL POLITICAL SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONSPOLITICAL POLITICAL
SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS
CACA
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
PREVENTION PREVENTION (CONTROL THE (CONTROL THE SOURCE)SOURCE)
PROTECTION PROTECTION (BUILD TO (BUILD TO WITHSTAND)WITHSTAND)
LAND-USE LAND-USE CONTROL CONTROL (AVOIDANCE)(AVOIDANCE)
PREVENTION PREVENTION (CONTROL THE (CONTROL THE SOURCE)SOURCE)
PROTECTION PROTECTION (BUILD TO (BUILD TO WITHSTAND)WITHSTAND)
LAND-USE LAND-USE CONTROL CONTROL (AVOIDANCE)(AVOIDANCE)
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
COMMON AGENDA FOR COMMON AGENDA FOR DISASTER RESILIENCEDISASTER RESILIENCE
SITE MODIFICATION SITE MODIFICATION ALERT/WARNING/ ALERT/WARNING/
MAPS/MONITORINGMAPS/MONITORING RESPONSE TO RESPONSE TO
ALERT/WARNING/ ALERT/WARNING/ MAPS/MONITORING MAPS/MONITORING TO MOVE PEOPLE TO MOVE PEOPLE OUR OF HARM’S OUR OF HARM’S WAYWAY
SITE MODIFICATION SITE MODIFICATION ALERT/WARNING/ ALERT/WARNING/
MAPS/MONITORINGMAPS/MONITORING RESPONSE TO RESPONSE TO
ALERT/WARNING/ ALERT/WARNING/ MAPS/MONITORING MAPS/MONITORING TO MOVE PEOPLE TO MOVE PEOPLE OUR OF HARM’S OUR OF HARM’S WAYWAY
MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S MEDITERRANEAN REGION’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
SUB-SAHARA AFRICA’S SUB-SAHARA AFRICA’S PROBLEMS AND HAZARDSPROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
SUB-SAHARA AFRICA’S SUB-SAHARA AFRICA’S PROBLEMS AND HAZARDSPROBLEMS AND HAZARDS
POLITICAL POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY
FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ON AIR, IMPACTS ON AIR, WATER, AND SOILWATER, AND SOIL
ENDANGERED ENDANGERED SPECIESSPECIES
HEALTH CONCERNSHEALTH CONCERNS
POLITICAL POLITICAL INSTABILITYINSTABILITY
FLOODSFLOODS DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ON AIR, IMPACTS ON AIR, WATER, AND SOILWATER, AND SOIL
ENDANGERED ENDANGERED SPECIESSPECIES
HEALTH CONCERNSHEALTH CONCERNS
EUROPE’S HAZARDSEUROPE’S HAZARDS EUROPE’S HAZARDSEUROPE’S HAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE SEVERE SEVERE
WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN LATIN AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN SOUTH AMERICA/CARIBBEAN BASIN’S HAZARDSBASIN’S HAZARDS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS FLOODSFLOODS GLOBAL CHANGEGLOBAL CHANGE LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTSIMPACTS
PACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDSPACIFIC REGION’S HAZARDS
SEVERE SEVERE WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
SEVERE SEVERE WINDSTORMSWINDSTORMS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKES/EARTHQUAKES/TSU-TSU-
NAMISNAMIS WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
ASIA’S HAZARDSASIA’S HAZARDS ASIA’S HAZARDSASIA’S HAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S INDIAN OCEAN AREA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
FLOODSFLOODS EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS CYCLONES/TYPHOONSCYCLONES/TYPHOONS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES DROUGHTSDROUGHTS ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATIONDEGRADATION
INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: 26 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: 26 DECEMBER 2004DECEMBER 2004
NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSNORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDS NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSNORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS VOLCANIC VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONSERUPTIONS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S EASTERN NORTH AMERICA’S HAZARDSHAZARDS
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
FLOODSFLOODS HURRICANESHURRICANES EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES TORNADOESTORNADOES ICE STORMS ICE STORMS LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
EDUCATION EDUCATION
GOAL: GOAL: DISASTER RISK DISASTER RISK
REDUCTIONREDUCTION
PRIVATE SECTORPRIVATE SECTOR PUBLIC SECTOR
PUBLIC SECTOR
ACADEMIAACADEMIA
FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL NETWORKING NETWORKING
CHANNELSCHANNELS
INFORMATION INFORMATION NETWORKING NETWORKING
CHANNELSCHANNELSORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION NETWORKING NETWORKING
CHANNELSCHANNELS
INNOVATIONINNOVATION
COMMUNITY COMMUNITY STAKEHOLDERSSTAKEHOLDERS
Stratec ConsultingStratec Consulting
EDUCATION
UNDER-STANDUNDER-STAND
IDENT-IFY
IDENT-IFY
HEARHEAR
PERSON-ALIZE
PERSON-ALIZE ACTACT
PERIOD OF PERIOD OF INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION
WINDOW OF WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITYOPPORTUNITY
PERIOD OF PERIOD OF IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION
EMERGING KNOWLEDGE AND EMERGING KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RISK TECHNOLOGY FOR RISK
REDUCTIONREDUCTION
EMERGING KNOWLEDGE AND EMERGING KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR RISK TECHNOLOGY FOR RISK
REDUCTIONREDUCTION TSUNAMI WARNING TSUNAMI WARNING
SYSTEMSYSTEM REAL-TIME REAL-TIME
MONITORINGMONITORING REMOTE SENSING REMOTE SENSING
AND MEASURMENT AND MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GPS)GPS)
INFORMATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GIS)(E.G., GIS)
TSUNAMI WARNING TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEMSYSTEM
REAL-TIME REAL-TIME MONITORINGMONITORING
REMOTE SENSING REMOTE SENSING AND MEASURMENT AND MEASURMENT TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GPS)GPS)
INFORMATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., GIS)(E.G., GIS)
DISASTER DISASTER SCENARIOSSCENARIOS
HAZARD ZONATIONHAZARD ZONATION ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICESDEVICES
CASE HISTORIES AND CASE HISTORIES AND BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES
DISASTER DISASTER SCENARIOSSCENARIOS
HAZARD ZONATIONHAZARD ZONATION ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ENERGY DISSIPATION ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICESDEVICES
CASE HISTORIES AND CASE HISTORIES AND BEST PRACTICESBEST PRACTICES
RISK REDUCTION
• PREVENTION-MITIGATION
• PREPAREDNESS
• PREDICTION, WARNING, AND EVACUATION
• ADAPTATION
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• RECOVERY
• MONITORING
RISK REDUCTION
• PREVENTION-MITIGATION
• PREPAREDNESS
• PREDICTION, WARNING, AND EVACUATION
• ADAPTATION
• EMERGENCY RESPONSE
• RECOVERY
• MONITORING
TECHNOLOGY BASE
TECHNOLOGY BASE
REDUCTION OF COMMUNITY VULERABILTY
POSTDISASTER INVESTIGATIONS
POSTDISASTER INVESTIGATIONS
RESEARCHRESEARCH
BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENTDISASTER RESILIENT
BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENTDISASTER RESILIENT
PUBLIC AWARENESSPUBLIC AWARENESS
ENABLES ALL SECTORS ENABLES ALL SECTORS OF THE PUBLIC TO KNOW OF THE PUBLIC TO KNOW THEIR RISKSTHEIR RISKS AND COPE AND COPE WITH THEMWITH THEM
1 < 1 < BENEFIT/COSTBENEFIT/COST < < 1,0001,000
PUBLIC AWARENESSPUBLIC AWARENESS
ENABLES ALL SECTORS ENABLES ALL SECTORS OF THE PUBLIC TO KNOW OF THE PUBLIC TO KNOW THEIR RISKSTHEIR RISKS AND COPE AND COPE WITH THEMWITH THEM
1 < 1 < BENEFIT/COSTBENEFIT/COST < < 1,0001,000
BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENTDISASTER RESILIENT
BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING BENEFIT/COST OF BECOMING DISASTER RESILIENTDISASTER RESILIENT
EDUCATION AND EDUCATION AND TRAININGTRAINING
EXPANDS EXPANDS PROFESSIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL AND POLITICAL CAPACITY POLITICAL CAPACITY
1 < BENEFIT/COST < 1 < BENEFIT/COST < 100100
EDUCATION AND EDUCATION AND TRAININGTRAINING
EXPANDS EXPANDS PROFESSIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL AND POLITICAL CAPACITY POLITICAL CAPACITY
1 < BENEFIT/COST < 1 < BENEFIT/COST < 100100
BUILDING IN FLOOD PLAIN
FLOODSFLOODS
INUNDATION AND SCOUR
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
EFFECTS OF WATER ON STRUCTURE & CONTENTS
INCREASED POTENTIAL FOR HEALTH PROBLEMS, INJURIES,
AND DEATH
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
VULNERABILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
WIND AND WATER PENETRATE BUILDING ENVELOPE
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
FLYING DEBRIS PENETRATES WINDOWS
STORM SURGE AND HEAVY PRECIPITATION
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
POOR WORKMANSHIP
IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE FAULTING )
IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE
POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM
IGNORING NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
NO WARNING, OR INADEQUATE WARNING
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
PROXIMITY TO LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
IN PATH OF PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
IN PATH OF FLYING DEBRIS (TEPHRA)
IN PATH OF VOLCANIC ASH (AVIATION)
IN PATH OF LAVA FLOWS
IN PATH OF LAHARS
IGNORING WARNING TO EVACUATE
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
EXCESSIVE PRECIPITATION OR GROUND SHAKING
BARE, OVERSTEEPENED SLOPES
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION
DROUGHTS DROUGHTS
LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE
LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER
LOSS OF VEGETATION
INSECT INFESTATION
PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF LAND BY DESERTIFICATION
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
LIGHTNING STRIKES
WILDFIRESWILDFIRES
MANMADE FIRES
PROXIMITY OF URBAN-WILDLANDS INTERFACE
WIND DIRECTION AND SPEED
DEFORESTATION
DENUDED SLOPES
HOT, DRY WEATHER
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
CASE HISTORIESCASE HISTORIES
ACTIONS FOR TSUNAMI-PRONE COUNTRIES ACTIONS FOR TSUNAMI-PRONE COUNTRIES ACTIONS FOR TSUNAMI-PRONE COUNTRIES ACTIONS FOR TSUNAMI-PRONE COUNTRIES
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE TSUNAMI WARNING CAPABILITY
EDUCATION FOR A TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT FOR A TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS FOR A TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM
ONGOING DIALOGUE ON THE CHALLENGE OF BECOMING TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENT
TOWARD TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
TOWARD TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
BOOK OF
BOOK OF
KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE
- Perspectives
- Perspectives
On Science, Policy,
On Science, Policy,
And Change
And Change