5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Understanding the women and water relationship
Seema Kulkarni
SOPPECOM, Pune, India
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Is water a women’s question? Why is it so?
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Why women and water
Water is a crucial means of production and source of life
All socially disadvantaged groups therefore need to have access to means of production
Equal citizens argument Women’s presence in the water related work
is high
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Gender Analysis- An exercise
Analysis of activities around water: who does what?– Farming, Domestic, Other paid jobs, politics
Analysis of water resources: who owns what?– Access, ownership; Control: the power to decide whether
and how a resource is used Analysis of benefits and incentives
– who controls/has access to the benefits outputs of production
– Analysis of who decides the rules- power structures
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Women and water- relationship- special one
Access/control Activities Rule making process benefits
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Right to Water
Water entitlements
Water technology and infrastructure and
Voice or decision making in the water related institutions are mostly vested in men (some)
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Water knowledge
– Mostly technocentric where infrastructure and its management are seen as central
– Women’s water related work is invisible in the current water paradigm
– Women, dalits, gender relations or equity in general do not feature as part of the core debates of water thinking
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Tracing history- key trends
Women as victims of degradation of nature and water scarcity
Women as privileged knowers Women as solutions to the problem Theoretical underpinnings in the ecofeminist
thinking- essentialist and material basis Feminist environmentalism and feminist political
ecology- dynamic relationship of women with nature and women as diverse
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Tracing history ….
The 80’s were characterized by emerging advocacy in women’s leadership in environmental action.
Emphasis on special relationship with nature This had a tremendous impact in setting
development agendas. Women were seen as privileged knowers and therefore the solution to the problem rather than merely victims.
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Ecofeminism
Both these were informed by the varying trends in the ecofeminist thinking
close connection between women and nature based on a shared history of oppression by patriarchal institutions and dominant western culture as well as positive identification by women with nature. Ecofeminist thinking had various strands within it-essentialist, ideological and material basis for domination of women and nature
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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How are women visualised
Women first seen as the victims affected by the environmental crisis
Then seen as the solution because of their natural roles as care takers and nurturers
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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How it translated into programmes
Because women are the victims and because they are also the privileged knowers they need to be integrated into environmental regeneration programmes- participation leads to efficiency
Soil building planting trees, afforestation programmes, nurseries, energy efficient stoves community water management projects –increased burden on women’s work without challenging existing division of Labour
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Dominant assumptionsmale and female sector
Women are home makers, nurturers and carers of natural resources and hence they should be seen in those very roles in the water sector.
Women’s domain therefore remains that of domestic water sector- collecting and using that water for the welfare of the family.
Men’s domain is seen in the productive sphere or the irrigation sector. This is considered as a natural extension of their work of value addition and surplus generation.
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Approaches for gender water advocacy
Welfare Instrumentalist efficiency
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Emerging Critiques
The 90’s saw a lot of critiques of these ecofeminist and WED approaches- older concerns of women’s relationship with nature have now been recast in terms of their property rights
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Feminist Environmentalism
Feminist environmentalism emphasized the material aspects of gender-environment relationships. Interests in particular resources and ecological processes are shaped by the roles and responsibilities that men and women are engaged in on a daily basis-(BinaAgarwal)
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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Feminist Political ecology
Feminist political ecology draws on works from political ecology and from various lessons in the gender and environment debates.
It draws attention to questions of gendered knowledge, access and control over resources and the engagement between local struggles and global issues.(Rochleau et al)
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What did they highlight?
Women’s relationship with the environment emerging from the social context of dynamic gender relations challenging the notion of a natural affinity
They unpacked women as a homogenous category- relationships with nature differ for different categories of women
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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What did they highlight?
Shifting of focus from roles to relationships these critiques pointed out relations of tenure and property , and control over labour resources decisions shape people’s environmental interests and opportunities
Both these critiques highlighted the property relations and the need to look at informal practices and arrangements in property that underlie the formal arrangements.
5th Biennal GEF conference 26-29 Oct 2009
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What did they highlight?
They also challenged the notion that women’s participation is equivalent to benefit for women. Saving the environment can become an additional burden for women thereby reinforcing regressive gender roles or not challenging existing gender roles
They highlighted the need for progressive or enhanced gender equity
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New approaches
Equity and empowerment
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Where do we go from here
What will our goals be? How will we achieve them (different
approaches equity, welfare, efficiency) What are our major constraints in doing so
(gender intersects with caste, class other social differences- so can we build shared interests?)
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Way forward
Assess the status of women’s access to water and decision making across diverse social groups- GEG-Levels of contestation across domains
calls for a restructuring of the water sector on sustainable, equitable and democratic lines