Experimental Validation of Human and FlexPLI FE Models
5th IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting 6-7/December/2012
Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC)
Action List Item 1. b) Assessment of biofidelity
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IWG Questions from NHTSA
Reference : National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Overview of NHTSA Pedestrian Activities, 4th IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-4-19 (2012) 2
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Flex-PLI model
Human model
TEG-096 (modified to include
TRL legform)
TRL legform model
CAE Correlation Study
GTR9-1-05r1
Correlation of Assembly Impact Responses
Reference : Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC), Technical Discussion - Biofidelity, 1st IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-1-05r1 (2011) 3
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y = 1.259x - 72.798R = 0.90
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
y = 0.0482x + 1310R = 0.014
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
1800
0 100 200 300 400 500
TRL Legform Flex-PLI
Human Model Tibia Bending Moment (Nm)
TRL
Legf
orm
Mod
el
Upp
er T
ibia
Acc
el. (
m/s
2 )
Human Model Tibia Bending Moment (Nm)
Flex
-PLI
Mod
el
Tibi
a Be
ndin
g M
omen
t (N
m)
�No correlation between TRL legform upper tibia acceleration and human tibia bending moment
�Good correlation between Flex-PLI and human tibia bending moment
Correlation of Assembly Impact Responses TEG-096
(Flex-PLI)
Konosu et al. (2009)
GTR9-1-05r1
Correlation of Tibia Injury Measures
Reference : Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC), Technical Discussion - Biofidelity, 1st IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-1-05r1 (2011) 4
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Human Model MCL Elongation (mm) Fl
ex-P
LI M
odel
M
CL E
long
atio
n (m
m)
TRL Legform Flex-PLI
Human Model MCL Elongation (mm)
TRL
Legf
orm
Mod
el
Knee
Ben
ding
Ang
le (d
eg) y = 0.9821x - 1.0628
R = 0.75
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40
y = 0.5584x + 10.335R = 0.55
0
10
20
30
40
0 10 20 30 40
Both TRL legform knee bending angle and Flex-PLI MCL elongation show good correlation with human MCL elongation
TEG-096 (Flex-PLI)
Correlation of Assembly Impact Responses GTR9-1-05r1
Correlation of MCL Injury Measures
Reference : Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC), Technical Discussion - Biofidelity, 1st IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-1-05r1 (2011) 5
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Human Model ACL Elongation (mm)
TRL Legform Flex-PLI
Human Model ACL Elongation (mm)
TRL
Legf
orm
Mod
el
Knee
She
ar D
ispla
cem
ent (
mm
)
y = -0.2699x + 3.8541R = 0.13
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6
y = 1.3654x + 3.1228R = 0.68
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 2 4 6
�No correlation between TRL legform knee shear displacement and human ACL elongation
�Good correlation between Flex-PLI and human ACL elongation
Flex
-PLI
Mod
el
ACL
Elon
gatio
n (m
m)
Correlation of Assembly Impact Responses GTR9-1-05r1
Correlation of ACL Injury Measures
Reference : Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC), Technical Discussion - Biofidelity, 1st IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-1-05r1 (2011) 6
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EEVC Legform Model
Reference : Konosu, A. et al., Evaluation of the Validity of the Tibia Fracture Assessment Using the Upper Tibia Acceleration Employed in the TRL Legform Impactor, IRCOBI Conference (2009) 7
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EEVC Legform Model Meterial Property of Confor Foam
Stress-strain curve at 20 degrees Celsius was applied
Reference : Konosu, A. et al., Evaluation of the Validity of the Tibia Fracture Assessment Using the Upper Tibia Acceleration Employed in the TRL Legform Impactor, IRCOBI Conference (2009) 8
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EEVC Legform Model Validation of Knee Shear and Bending Characteristics against
Certification Corridors
Reference : Konosu, A. et al., Evaluation of the Validity of the Tibia Fracture Assessment Using the Upper Tibia Acceleration Employed in the TRL Legform Impactor, IRCOBI Conference (2009) 9
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EEVC Legform Model Assembly Level Validation against Dynamic Certification Test
Reference : Konosu, A. et al., Evaluation of the Validity of the Tibia Fracture Assessment Using the Upper Tibia Acceleration Employed in the TRL Legform Impactor, IRCOBI Conference (2009) 10
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FlexPLI Model
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009)
TEG-096
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 12
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 13
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 14
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 15
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 16
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 17
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FlexPLI Model TEG-096
Reference : JAMA/JARI, Development of a FE Flex-GTR-prototype model and Analysis of the Correlation between the Flex-GTR-prototype and Human Lower Limb Outputs using Computer Simulation Models, 8th Flex-TEG Meeting Document, TEG-096 (2009) 18
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Human Model
Reference : Konosu, A. et al., Evaluation of the Validity of the Tibia Fracture Assessment Using the Upper Tibia Acceleration Employed in the TRL Legform Impactor, IRCOBI Conference (2009) 19
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Human Model Validation Matrix Body Region /Tissue Loading Rate Loading Configuration Properties
Thigh Isolated femur � Dynamic, 1 rate � 3-point bending � 3 loading locations
� Force-deflection � Moment-deflection
Femur+flesh � Dynamic, 1 rate � 3-point bending � 2 loading locations
� Force-deflection � Moment-deflection
Knee Isolated ligament � Quasi-static � Dynamic, 3 rates
� ACL, PCL, MCL and LCL � Tension
� Force-deflection
Isolated knee joint � Dynamic, 1 rate � 4-point bending � Moment-angle
Leg Isolated tibia � Dynamic, 1 rate � 3-point bending � 3 loading locations
� Force-deflection � Moment-deflection
Isolated fibula � Dynamic, 1 rate � 3-point bending � 3 loading locations
� Force-deflection � Moment-deflection
Tibia+fibula+flesh � Dynamic, 1 rate � 3-point bending � 3 loading locations
� Force-deflection � Moment-deflection
Whole body � 40 km/h impact � Lateral impact � 1 small sedan, 1 large SUV
� Head, T1, T8, pelvis trajectories
� Pelvis and lower limb injury distribution
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Human Model Validation Isolated Femur, Tibia and Fibula
Reference : Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003) Kerrigan, J. et al., Experiments for Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb Injury Criteria, SAE Paper #2003-01-0895 (2003)
Validation against dynamic 3-point bending tests at three loading locations by Kerrigan et al. (2003)
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Human Model Validation Isolated Femur, Tibia and Fibula – Force-Deflection
Reference : Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003) Kerrigan, J. et al., Experiments for Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb Injury Criteria, SAE Paper #2003-01-0895 (2003)
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Human Model Validation Isolated Femur, Tibia and Fibula – Moment-Deflection
Reference : Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003) Kerrigan, J. et al., Experiments for Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb Injury Criteria, SAE Paper #2003-01-0895 (2003)
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Human Model Validation Thigh (Femur w/Flesh) and Leg (Tibia&Fibula w/Flesh)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Ivarsson, J. et al., Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI Conference (2004)
Validation against dynamic 3-point bending tests at multiple loading locations by Ivarsson et al. (2004)
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Human Model Validation Thigh (Femur w/Flesh)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Ivarsson, J. et al., Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI Conference (2004) 25
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Human Model Validation Leg (Tibia&Fibula w/Flesh)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Ivarsson, J. et al., Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI Conference (2004) 26
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Takahashi et al. (2003)
Reference : Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002)
Validation against quasi-static and dynamic tensile tests by Bose et al. (2004)
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Takahashi et al. (2003)
Reference : Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002)
Anterior and posterior bundles of ACL and PCL were individually validated
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Takahashi et al. (2003)
Reference : Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002)
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Kikuchi et al. (2006)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002) van Dommelen, J. A. W. et al., Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Failure of Human Knee Ligament, SAE paper #2005-01-0293 (2005)
Further validation at high rate (1600 mm/s) against dynamic tensile tests by Bose et al. (2004) combined with van
Dommelen et al. (2005)
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Kikuchi et al. (2006)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002) van Dommelen, J. A. W. et al., Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Failure of Human Knee Ligament, SAE paper #2005-01-0293 (2005) 31
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Kikuchi et al. (2006)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002) van Dommelen, J. A. W. et al., Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Failure of Human Knee Ligament, SAE paper #2005-01-0293 (2005) 32
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Ligaments – Kikuchi et al. (2006)
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002) van Dommelen, J. A. W. et al., Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties and Failure of Human Knee Ligament, SAE paper #2005-01-0293 (2005) 33
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Human Model Validation Isolated Knee Joint
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006) Ivarsson, J. et al., Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI Conference (2004) 34
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Human Model Validation Whole Body
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Full-Scale Validation of a Human FE Model for the Pelvis and Lower Limb of a Pedestrian, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1243 (2008) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Corridors for PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests, 19th ESV Conference, Paper #05-0394 (2005a) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Comparison of the Polar-II and PMHS in Pedestrian Impact Tests with a Sport-Utility Vehicle, IRCOBI Conference (2005b) Kerrigan J. et al., Pedestrian Lower Extremity Response and Injury: Small Sedan vs. Large SUV, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1245 (2008)
Validation of pelvis/lower limb injury prediction and upper body kinematics for small sedan and large SUV impact tests
by Kerrigan et al. (2005a, 2005b, 2008)
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Human Model Validation Whole Body – Pelvis/Lower Limb Injury Prediction
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Full-Scale Validation of a Human FE Model for the Pelvis and Lower Limb of a Pedestrian, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1243 (2008) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Corridors for PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests, 19th ESV Conference, Paper #05-0394 (2005a) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Comparison of the Polar-II and PMHS in Pedestrian Impact Tests with a Sport-Utility Vehicle, IRCOBI Conference (2005b) Kerrigan J. et al., Pedestrian Lower Extremity Response and Injury: Small Sedan vs. Large SUV, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1245 (2008) 36
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Human Model Validation Whole Body – Upper Body Kinematics
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Full-Scale Validation of a Human FE Model for the Pelvis and Lower Limb of a Pedestrian, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1243 (2008) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Corridors for PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests, 19th ESV Conference, Paper #05-0394 (2005a) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Comparison of the Polar-II and PMHS in Pedestrian Impact Tests with a Sport-Utility Vehicle, IRCOBI Conference (2005b) Kerrigan J. et al., Pedestrian Lower Extremity Response and Injury: Small Sedan vs. Large SUV, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1245 (2008)
Small Sedan
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Human Model Validation Whole Body – Upper Body Kinematics
Reference : Kikuchi, Y. et al., Full-Scale Validation of a Human FE Model for the Pelvis and Lower Limb of a Pedestrian, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1243 (2008) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Corridors for PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests, 19th ESV Conference, Paper #05-0394 (2005a) Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Comparison of the Polar-II and PMHS in Pedestrian Impact Tests with a Sport-Utility Vehicle, IRCOBI Conference (2005b) Kerrigan J. et al., Pedestrian Lower Extremity Response and Injury: Small Sedan vs. Large SUV, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1245 (2008)
Large SUV
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References �National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Overview of NHTSA Pedestrian
Activities, 4th IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-4-19 (2012)
�Japan Automobile Standards Internationalization Center (JASIC), Technical Discussion - Biofidelity, 1st IG GTR9-PH2 Meeting Document, GTR9-1-05r1 (2011)
�Konosu, A. et al., Evaluation of the Validity of the Tibia Fracture Assessment Using the Upper Tibia Acceleration Employed in the TRL Legform Impactor, IRCOBI Conference (2009)
�Takahashi, Y. et al., Advanced FE Lower Limb Model for Pedestrians, 18th ESV Conference (2003)
�Kerrigan, J. et al., Experiments for Establishing Pedestrian-Impact Lower Limb Injury Criteria, SAE Paper #2003-01-0895 (2003)
�Kikuchi, Y. et al., Development of a Finite Element Model for a Pedestrian Pelvis and Lower Limb, SAE World Congress, Paper #2006-01-0683 (2006)
�Ivarsson, J. et al., Dynamic Response Corridors and Injury Thresholds of the Pedestrian Lower Extremities, IRCOBI Conference (2004)
�Bose, D. et al., Material Characterization of Ligaments using Non-Contact Strain Measurement and Digitization, International Workshop on Human Subjects for Biomechanical Research (2002)
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References �van Dommelen, J. A. W. et al., Characterization of the Rate-Dependent Mechanical
Properties and Failure of Human Knee Ligament, SAE paper #2005-01-0293 (2005)
�Kikuchi, Y. et al., Full-Scale Validation of a Human FE Model for the Pelvis and Lower Limb of a Pedestrian, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1243 (2008)
�Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Corridors for PMHS Tested in Full-Scale Pedestrian Impact Tests, 19th ESV Conference, Paper #05-0394 (2005a)
�Kerrigan J. et al., Kinematic Comparison of the Polar-II and PMHS in Pedestrian Impact Tests with a Sport-Utility Vehicle, IRCOBI Conference (2005b)
�Kerrigan J. et al., Pedestrian Lower Extremity Response and Injury: Small Sedan vs. Large SUV, SAE World Congress, Paper #2008-01-1245 (2008)
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Thank you for your attention
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