UNESCO UNESCO logo The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- tural Organization (French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture; UNESCO; /juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN). Its purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international collaboration through educa- tion, science, and culture in order to further universal re- spect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Na- tions Charter. [1] It is the heir of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation. UNESCO has 195 member states [2] and nine associate members. [3][4] Most of its field offices are “cluster” offices covering three or more countries; there are also national and regional offices. UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major pro- grams: education, natural sciences, social/human sci- ences, culture, and communication/information. Projects sponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, and teacher-training programmes; international science pro- grammes; the promotion of independent media and freedom of the press; regional and cultural history projects; the promotion of cultural diversity; translations of world literature; international cooperation agreements to secure the world cultural and natural heritage (World Heritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and at- tempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is also a member of the United Nations Development Group. [5] UNESCO’s aim is “to contribute to the building of peace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable develop- ment and intercultural dialogue through education, the sciences, culture, communication and information”. [6] Other priorities of the organization include attaining quality Education For All and lifelong learning, ad- dressing emerging social and ethical challenges, foster- ing cultural diversity, a culture of peace and building inclusive knowledge societies through information and communication. [7] The broad goals and concrete objectives of the inter- national community — as set out in the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium De- velopment Goals (MDG) — underpin all UNESCO’s strategies and activities. 1 History UNESCO and its mandate for international co-operation can be traced back to the League of Nations reso- lution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commis- sion to study feasibility. [8] On 18 December 1925, the International Bureau of Education (IBE) began work as a non-governmental organization in the service of interna- tional educational development. [9] However, the work of these predecessor organizations was largely interrupted by the onset of World War II. After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and the Declaration of the United Nations, the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetings in London which continued between 16 November 1942 to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the neces- sity for an international organization was expressed in the Moscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the United Kingdom, the United States and the USSR. This was followed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposals of 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME and in accordance with the recommendations of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (UN- CIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a United Nations Conference for the establishment of an educa- tional and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was con- vened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 gov- ernments represented. A prominent figure in the initia- tive for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Edu- cation for the United Kingdom. [10] At the ECO/CONF, the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signed by 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was 1
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UNESCO
UNESCO logo
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization (French: Organisation des Nationsunies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture; UNESCO;/juːˈnɛskoʊ/) is a specialized agency of the United Nations(UN). Its purpose is to contribute to peace and securityby promoting international collaboration through educa-tion, science, and culture in order to further universal re-spect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights alongwith fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Na-tions Charter.[1] It is the heir of the League of Nations'International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.UNESCO has 195 member states[2] and nine associatemembers.[3][4] Most of its field offices are “cluster” officescovering three or more countries; there are also nationaland regional offices.UNESCO pursues its objectives through five major pro-grams: education, natural sciences, social/human sci-ences, culture, and communication/information. Projectssponsored by UNESCO include literacy, technical, andteacher-training programmes; international science pro-grammes; the promotion of independent media andfreedom of the press; regional and cultural historyprojects; the promotion of cultural diversity; translationsof world literature; international cooperation agreementsto secure the world cultural and natural heritage (WorldHeritage Sites) and to preserve human rights, and at-tempts to bridge the worldwide digital divide. It is alsoa member of the United Nations Development Group.[5]
UNESCO’s aim is “to contribute to the building ofpeace, the eradication of poverty, sustainable develop-ment and intercultural dialogue through education, thesciences, culture, communication and information”.[6]
Other priorities of the organization include attainingquality Education For All and lifelong learning, ad-dressing emerging social and ethical challenges, foster-ing cultural diversity, a culture of peace and buildinginclusive knowledge societies through information andcommunication.[7]
The broad goals and concrete objectives of the inter-national community — as set out in the internationallyagreed development goals, including the Millennium De-velopment Goals (MDG) — underpin all UNESCO’sstrategies and activities.
1 History
UNESCO and its mandate for international co-operationcan be traced back to the League of Nations reso-lution on 21 September 1921, to elect a Commis-sion to study feasibility.[8] On 18 December 1925, theInternational Bureau of Education (IBE) began work as anon-governmental organization in the service of interna-tional educational development.[9] However, the work ofthese predecessor organizations was largely interruptedby the onset of World War II.After the signing of the Atlantic Charter and theDeclaration of the United Nations, the Conference ofAllied Ministers of Education (CAME) began meetingsin London which continued between 16 November 1942to 5 December 1945. On 30 October 1943, the neces-sity for an international organization was expressed in theMoscow Declaration, agreed upon by China, the UnitedKingdom, the United States and the USSR. This wasfollowed by the Dumbarton Oaks Conference proposalsof 9 October 1944. Upon the proposal of CAME andin accordance with the recommendations of the UnitedNations Conference on International Organization (UN-CIO), held in San Francisco in April–June 1945, a UnitedNations Conference for the establishment of an educa-tional and cultural organization (ECO/CONF) was con-vened in London 1–16 November 1945 with 44 gov-ernments represented. A prominent figure in the initia-tive for UNESCO was Rab Butler, the Minister of Edu-cation for the United Kingdom.[10] At the ECO/CONF,the Constitution of UNESCO was introduced and signedby 37 countries, and a Preparatory Commission was
established.[11] The Preparatory Commission operatedbetween 16 November 1945, and 4 November 1946—the date when UNESCO’s Constitution came into forcewith the deposit of the twentieth ratification by a mem-ber state.[12]
The first General Conference took place from 19 Novem-ber to 10 December 1946, and elected Dr. Julian Hux-ley to the post of Director-General.[13] The Constitutionwas amended in November 1954 when the General Con-ference resolved that members of the Executive Boardwould be representatives of the governments of the Statesof which they are nationals and would not, as before, actin their personal capacity.[14] This change in governancedistinguished UNESCO from its predecessor, the CICI,in terms of how member states would work together in theorganization’s fields of competence. As member statesworked together over time to realize UNESCO’s man-date, political and historical factors have shaped the or-ganization’s operations in particular during the Cold War,the decolonization process, and the dissolution of theUSSR.Among the major achievements of the organization isits work against racism, for example through influen-tial statements on race starting with a declaration ofanthropologists (among them was Claude Lévi-Strauss)and other scientists in 1950[15] and concluding with the1978 Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice.[16] In1956, the Republic of South Africa withdrew from UN-ESCO claiming that some of the organization’s publica-tions amounted to “interference” in the country’s “racialproblems.”[17] South Africa rejoined the organization in1994 under the leadership of Nelson Mandela.UNESCO’s early work in the field of education includedthe pilot project on fundamental education in the Mar-bial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.[18] This project wasfollowed by expert missions to other countries, includ-ing, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.[19]
In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member Statesshould make free primary education compulsory anduniversal.[20] In 1990 the World Conference on Educationfor All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global move-ment to provide basic education for all children, youthsand adults.[21] Ten years later, the 2000 World EducationForum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member governmentsto commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.[22]
UNESCO’s early activities in the field of culture included,for example, the Nubia Campaign, launched in 1960.[23]
The purpose of the campaign was to move the Great Tem-ple of Abu Simbel to keep it from being swamped bythe Nile after construction of the Aswan Dam. Duringthe 20-year campaign, 22 monuments and architecturalcomplexes were relocated. This was the first and largestin a series of campaigns including Mohenjo-daro (Pak-istan), Fes (Morocco), Kathmandu (Nepal), Borobudur(Indonesia) and the Acropolis (Greece). The organiza-tion’s work on heritage led to the adoption, in 1972, of the
Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cul-tural and Natural Heritage.[24] The World Heritage Com-mittee was established in 1976 and the first sites inscribedon the World Heritage List in 1978.[25] Since then impor-tant legal instruments on cultural heritage and diversityhave been adopted by UNESCO member states in 2003(Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cul-tural Heritage[26]) and 2005 (Convention on the Protec-tion and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expres-sions[27]).An intergovernmental meeting of UNESCO in Paris inDecember 1951 led to the creation of the EuropeanCouncil for Nuclear Research, which was responsible forestablishing the European Organization for Nuclear Re-search (CERN)[28] in 1954.Arid Zone programming, 1948–1966, is another exampleof an early major UNESCO project in the field of naturalsciences.[29] In 1968, UNESCO organized the first inter-governmental conference aimed at reconciling the envi-ronment and development, a problem which continues tobe addressed in the field of sustainable development. Themain outcome of the 1968 conference was the creation ofUNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme.[30]
In the field of communication, the free flow of informa-tion has been a priority for UNESCO from its begin-nings. In the years immediately following World War II,efforts were concentrated on reconstruction and on theidentification of needs for means of mass communicationaround the world. UNESCO started organizing trainingand education for journalists in the 1950s.[31] In responseto calls for a "New World Information and Communica-tion Order" in the late 1970s, UNESCO established theInternational Commission for the Study of Communica-tion Problems,[32] which produced the 1980 MacBride re-port (named after the Chair of the Commission, the No-bel Peace Prize laureate Seán MacBride).[33] Followingthe MacBride report, UNESCO introduced the Informa-tion Society for All[34] programme and Toward Knowl-edge Societies[35] programme in the lead up to the WorldSummit on the Information Society in 2003 (Geneva) and2005 (Tunis).In 2011, Palestine became a UNESCO member follow-ing a vote in which 107 member states supported and14 opposed.[36][37] Laws passed in the United States in1990 and 1994 mean that it cannot contribute financiallyto any UN organisation that accepts Palestine as a fullmember. As a result, it withdrew its funding which ac-counted for about 22% of UNESCO’s budget.[38] Israelalso reacted to Palestine’s admittance to UNESCO byfreezing Israel payments to the UNESCO and imposingsanctions to the Palestinian Authority,[39] claiming thatPalestine’s admittance would be detrimental “to potentialpeace talks”.[40] Two years after they stopped paying theirdues to UNESCO, US and Israel lost UNESCO votingrights in 2013.[41]
UNESCO implements its activities through the five pro-gramme areas of Education, Natural Sciences, Social andHuman Sciences, Culture, and Communication and In-formation.
• Education: UNESCO supports research incomparative education; and provide expertiseand fosters partnerships to strengthen nationaleducational leadership and the capacity of countriesto offer quality education for all. This includes the
• UNESCO Chairs, an international network of644 UNESCO Chairs, involving over 770 in-stitutions in 126 countries.
• Environmental Conservation Organisation• Convention against Discrimination in Educa-
tion adopted in 1960• Organization of the International Conference
on Adult Education (CONFINTEA) in an in-terval of 12 years
• Publication of the Education for All GlobalMonitoring Report
• UNESCO ASPNet, an international networkof 8,000 schools in 170 countries
UNESCO does not accredit institutions of higherlearning.[42]
• UNESCO also issues public 'statements’ to educatethe public:
• Seville Statement on Violence: A statementadopted by UNESCO in 1989 to refute the no-tion that humans are biologically predisposedto organised violence.
• Designating projects and places of cultural and sci-entific significance, such as:
• International Network of Geoparks• Biosphere reserves, through the Programme
on Man and the Biosphere (MAB), since 1971• City of Literature; in 2007, the first city to be
given this title was Edinburgh, the site of Scot-land’s first circulating library.[43] In 2008, IowaCity, Iowa became the City of Literature.
• Endangered languages and linguistic diversityprojects
• Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Her-itage of Humanity
• Memory of the World International Register,since 1997
• Water resources management, through theInternational Hydrological Programme (IHP),since 1965
• World Heritage Sites
• Encouraging the “free flow of ideas by images andwords” by:
• Promoting freedom of expression, Freedom ofthe press and Freedom of information legisla-tion, through the International Programme forthe Development of Communication and theCommunication and Information Programme
• Promoting universal access to ICTs, throughthe Information for All Programme
• Promoting Pluralism and cultural diversity inthe media
• Promoting events, such as:
• International Decade for the Promotion of aCulture of Peace and Non-Violence for theChildren of the World: 2001–2010, pro-claimed by the UN in 1998
• World Press Freedom Day, 3 May eachyear, to promote freedom of expression andfreedom of the press as a basic human rightand as crucial components of any healthy,democratic and free society.
• Criança Esperança in Brazil, in partner-ship with Rede Globo, to raise funds forcommunity-based projects that foster socialintegration and violence prevention.
• International Literacy Day• International Year for the Culture of Peace
• Founding and funding projects, such as:
• Migration Museums Initiative: Promoting theestablishment of museums for cultural dia-logue with migrant populations.[44]
• UNESCO-CEPES, the European Centre forHigher Education: established in 1972 inBucharest, Romania, as a de-centralized of-fice to promote international co-operation inhigher education in Europe as well as Canada,USA and Israel. Higher Education in Europeis its official journal.
• Free Software Directory: since 1998 UN-ESCO and the Free Software Foundation havejointly funded this project cataloguing freesoftware.
• FRESH Focussing Resources on EffectiveSchool Health.[45]
• OANA, Organization of Asia-Pacific NewsAgencies
• International Council of Science• UNESCO Goodwill Ambassadors• ASOMPS, Asian Symposium on MedicinalPlants and Spices, a series of scientific confer-ences held in Asia
• Botany 2000, a programme supporting tax-onomy, and biological and cultural diversityof medicinal and ornamental plants, and theirprotection against environmental pollution
• The UNESCO Collection of RepresentativeWorks, translating works of world literatureboth to and from multiple languages, from1948 to 2005
• GoUNESCO, an umbrella of initiatives tomake heritage fun supported by UNESCO,New Delhi Office [46]
3 Official UNESCO NGOs
UNESCO enjoys official relations with 322 internationalnon-governmental organizations (NGOs).[47] Most ofthese are what UNESCO calls “operational”, a selectfew are “formal”.[48] The highest form of affiliation toUNESCO is “formal associate”, and the 22 NGOs[49]
with formal associate (ASC) relations occupying officesat UNESCO are:
4 Institutes and centres
The institutes are specialized departments of the orga-nization that support UNESCO’s programme, providingspecialized support for cluster and national offices.
5 Official list of UNESCO prizes
UNESCO currently awards 22 prizes[61] in education, sci-ence, culture and peace:
UNESCO Institute for Water Education in Delft
• Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize
• L'Oréal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science
• UNESCO/King Sejong Literacy Prize
• UNESCO/Confucius Prize for Literacy
• UNESCO/Emir Jaber al-Ahmad al-Jaber al-SabahPrize to promote Quality Education for Persons withIntellectual Disabilities
• UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa Prize forthe Use of Information and Communication Tech-nologies in Education
• UNESCO/Hamdan Bin Rashid Al-Maktoum Prizefor Outstanding Practice and Performance in En-hancing the Effectiveness of Teachers
• UNESCO/Kalinga Prize for the Popularization ofScience
• UNESCO/Institut Pasteur Medal for an outstandingcontribution to the development of scientific knowl-edge that has a beneficial impact on human health
• UNESCO/Sultan Qaboos Prize for EnvironmentalPreservation
• Great Man-Made River International Water Prizefor Water Resources in Arid Zones presented byUNESCO (title to be reconsidered)
• Michel Batisse Award for Biosphere Reserve Man-agement
• UNESCO/Bilbao Prize for the Promotion of a Cul-ture of Human Rights
• UNESCO Prize for Peace Education
• UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotionof Tolerance and Non-Violence
• UNESCO/Juan Bosch Prize for the Promotion ofSocial Science Research in Latin America and theCaribbean
• Sharjah Prize for Arab Culture
• Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safe-guarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes(UNESCO-Greece)
• IPDC-UNESCO Prize for Rural Communication
• UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press FreedomPrize
• UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize
5.1 Inactive prizes
• Carlos J. Finlay Prize for Microbiology (inactivesince 2005)
• International Simón Bolívar Prize (inactive since2004)
• UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education
• UNESCO/Obiang Nguema Mbasogo InternationalPrize for Research in the Life Sciences (inactivesince 2010)
• UNESCO Prize for the Promotion of the Arts
6 International Days observed atUNESCO
International Days [62]
7 Member states
Main article: Member states of UNESCO
Now UNESCO counts 195 member states and 9 asso-ciate members.[63] Some members are not independentstates and some members have additional National Orga-nizing Committees from some of their dependent terri-tories.[64] UNESCO state parties are most of the UnitedNations member states (except Liechtenstein), Cook Is-lands, Niue, and the State of Palestine.[65][66]
8 Governing bodies
8.1 Director-General
Elections for the renewal of the position of Director-General took place in Paris from 7 to 23 September 2009.Eight candidates ran for the position, and 58 countries[67]
voted for them. The Executive Council gathered from 7to 23 September, the vote itself beginning on the 17th.Irina Bokova was elected the new Director-General.The list of the Directors-General of UNESCO since itsestablishment in 1946 is as follows:[68]
8.2 General Conference
This is the list of the sessions of UNESCO General Con-ference held since 1946:[69]
9 Offices
The Garden of Peace, UNESCO headquarters, Paris. Do-nated by the Government of Japan, this garden was designed byAmerican-Japanese sculptor artist Isamu Noguchi in 1958 andinstalled by Japanese gardener Toemon Sano.
UNESCO has offices in many locations across the globe;its headquarters are located at Place de Fontenoy in Paris,France, now called the World Heritage Centre.[70]
UNESCO’s field offices are categorized into four primaryoffice types based upon their function and geographiccoverage: cluster offices, national offices, regional bu-reaux and liaison offices.
9.1 Field offices by region
The following list of all UNESCO Field Offices is orga-nized geographically by UNESCO Region and identifiesthe members states and associate members of UNESCOwhich are served by each office.[71]
9.1.1 Africa
• Abuja – National Office to Nigeria
• Accra – Cluster Office for Benin, Côte d'Ivoire,Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Togo
• Addis Ababa – Liaison Office with the AfricanUnion and with the Economic Commission forAfrica
• Bamako – Cluster Office for Burkina Faso, Guinea,Mali and Niger
• Brazzaville – National Office to the Republic of theCongo
• Bujumbura – National Office to Burundi
• Dakar – Regional Bureau for Education in Africaand Cluster Office for Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Senegal
• Dar es Salaam – Cluster Office for Comoros,Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Tanzania
• Harare – Cluster Office for Botswana, Malawi,Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe
• Kinshasa – National Office to the Democratic Re-public of the Congo
• Libreville – Cluster Office for the Republic ofthe Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo,Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and Sao Tome andPrincipe
• Maputo – National Office to Mozambique
• Nairobi – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Africaand Cluster Office for Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea,Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan and Uganda
• Windhoek – National Office to Namibia
• Yaoundé – Cluster Office to Cameroon, CentralAfrican Republic and Chad
9.1.2 Arab States
• Iraq – National Office for Iraq (currently located inAmman, Jordan)
• Amman – National Office to Jordan
• Beirut – Regional Bureau for Education in the ArabStates and Cluster Office to Lebanon, Syria, Jordan,Iraq and Palestine
• Cairo – Regional Bureau for Sciences in the ArabStates and Cluster Office for Egypt, Libya and Sudan
• Doha – Cluster Office to Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman,Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates andYemen
• Khartoum – National Office to Sudan
• Rabat – Cluster Office to Algeria, Mauritania,Morocco and Tunisia
9.1.3 Asia and Pacific
See also: UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards
• Almaty – Cluster Office to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
• Apia – Cluster Office to Australia, Cook Is-lands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, FederatedStates of Micronesia, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue,Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Is-lands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Tokelau (Asso-ciate Member)
• Bangkok – Regional Bureau for Education in Asiaand the Pacific and Cluster Office to Thailand,Burma, Laos, Singapore, Vietnam and Cambodia
• Beijing – Cluster Office to North Korea, Japan,Mongolia, the People’s Republic of China and SouthKorea
• Dhaka – National Office to Bangladesh
• Hanoi – National Office to Vietnam
• Islamabad – National Office to Pakistan
• Jakarta – Regional Bureau for Sciences in Asia andthe Pacific and Cluster Office to Brunei, Indonesia,Malaysia, the Philippines and East Timor
• Kabul – National Office to Afghanistan
• Kathmandu – National Office to Nepal
• New Delhi – Cluster Office to Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka
• Tehran – Cluster Office to Afghanistan, Iran,Pakistan and Turkmenistan
9.1.4 Europe and North America
• Brussels – Liaison Office to the European Union andits subsidiary bodies in Brussels
• Geneva – Liaison Office to the United Nations inGeneva
• New York City – Liaison Office to the United Na-tions in New York
• Moscow – Cluster Office to Armenia, Azerbaijan,Belarus, Moldova and Russia
• Venice – Regional Bureau for Sciences and Culturein Europe and North America
9.1.5 Latin America and the Caribbean
Carondelet Palace, Presidential Palace – with a double deckertourist bus. The Historic Center of Quito is one of the largest,least-altered and best-preserved historic centers in the Amer-icas.[72] This center was, together with the historic centre ofKraków in Poland, the first to be declared World Heritage Siteby UNESCO on 18 September 1978.
• Brasilia – National Office to Brazil
• Guatemala City – National Office to Guatemala
• Havana – Regional Bureau for Culture in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean and Cluster Office toCuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Aruba
• Kingston – Cluster Office to Antigua and Barbuda,Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada,Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lu-cia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Surinameand Trinidad and Tobago as well as the associatemember states of British Virgin Islands, Cayman Is-lands, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
• Lima – National Office to Peru
• Mexico City – National Office to Mexico
• Montevideo – Regional Bureau for Sciences in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean and Cluster Office toArgentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay
• Port-au-Prince – National Office to Haiti
• Quito – Cluster Office to Bolivia, Colombia,Ecuador and Venezuela
• San José – Cluster Office to Costa Rica, El Sal-vador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaraguaand Panama
• Santiago de Chile – Regional Bureau for Educationin Latin America and the Caribbean and NationalOffice to Chile
10 Controversy and reform
10.1 NewWorld Information andCommu-nication order
UNESCO has been the centre of controversy in the past,particularly in its relationships with the United States,the United Kingdom, Singapore and the former SovietUnion. During the 1970s and 1980s, UNESCO’s sup-port for a "New World Information and CommunicationOrder" and its MacBride report calling for democratiza-tion of the media and more egalitarian access to infor-mation was condemned in these countries as attempts tocurb freedom of the press. UNESCO was perceived bysome as a platform for communists and Third World dic-tators to attack the West, a stark contrast to accusationsmade by the USSR in the late 1940s and early 1950s.[73]
In 1984, the United States withheld its contributions andwithdrew from the organization in protest, followed bythe United Kingdom in 1985. Singapore took the oppor-tunity to withdraw also at the end of 1985, citing risingmembership fees.[74] Following a change of governmentin 1997, the UK rejoined. The United States rejoined in2003, followed by Singapore on 8 October 2007.
10.2 Israel
Israel was admitted to UNESCO in 1949, one year af-ter its creation. Israel has maintained its membershipsince 1949. In 2010, Israel designated the Cave ofthe Patriarchs, Hebron and Rachel’s Tomb, Bethlehemas National Heritage Sites and announced restorationwork, prompting criticism from the United States andprotests from Palestinians.[75] In October 2010, UN-ESCO’s Executive Board voted to declare the sites as“al-Haram al-Ibrahimi/Tomb of the Patriarchs” and “Bi-lal bin Rabah Mosque/Rachel’s Tomb” and stated that
they were “an integral part of the occupied PalestinianTerritories” and any unilateral Israeli action was a vio-lation of international law.[76] UNESCO described thesites as significant to “people of the Muslim, Christianand Jewish traditions”, and accused Israel of highlight-ing only the Jewish character of the sites.[77] Israel inturn accused UNESCO of “detach[ing] the Nation of Is-rael from its heritage”, and accused it of being politicallymotivated.[78] The Rabbi of the Western Wall claimedthat Rachel’s tomb had not previously been declared aholy Muslim site.[79] Israel partially suspended ties withUNESCO. Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ay-alon declared that the resolution was a “part of Palestinianescalation”. Zevulun Orlev, chairman of the Knesset Ed-ucation and Culture Committee, referred to the resolu-tions as an attempt to undermine the mission of UNESCOas a scientific and cultural organization that promotes co-operation throughout the world.[80][81]
On 28 June 2011, UNESCO’s World Heritage Com-mittee, at Jordan's insistence, censured Israel’s decisionto demolish and rebuild the Mughrabi Gate Bridge inJerusalem for safety reasons. Israel stated that Jordan hadsigned an agreement with Israel stipulating that the exist-ing bridge must be razed for safety reasons; Jordan dis-puted the agreement, saying it was only signed under U.S.pressure. Israel was also unable to address the UNESCOcommittee over objections from Egypt.[82]
In January 2014, days before it was scheduled to open,UNESCO Director-General, Irina Bokova, “indefinitelypostponed” and effectively cancelled an exhibit createdby the Simon Wiesenthal Center entitled, “The People,The Book, the Land: The 3,500-year relationship be-tween the Jewish people and the land of Israel.” The eventwas scheduled to run from January 21 through January 30in Paris. Bokova cancelled the event after representativesof Arab states at UNESCO argued that its display would“harm the peace process”.[83] The author of the exhibi-tion, Professor Robert Wistrich of the Hebrew Univer-sity's Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study ofAnti-Semitism, called the cancellation an “appalling act,”and characterized Bokova’s decision as “an arbitrary actof total cynicism and, really, contempt for the Jewish peo-ple and its history.” UNESCO amended the decision tocancel the exhibit within the year, and it quickly achievedpopularity and was viewed a great success.[84]
10.3 Palestinian Authority
10.3.1 Palestinian Youth Magazine controversy
In February 2011, an article was published in a Pales-tinian youth magazine in which a teenage girl describedone of her four role-models as Adolf Hitler. In De-cember 2011, UNESCO, which partly funded the maga-zine, condemned the material and subsequently withdrewsupport.[85]
10.3.2 Islamic University of Gaza controversy
In 2012, UNESCO decided to establish a chair at theIslamic University of Gaza in the field of astronomy,astrophysics, and space sciences,[86] fueling much contro-versy and criticism. Israel's foreign ministry expressedshock and criticized the move, and stated that the uni-versity supports Hamas (which Israel and other countriesdesignate as a terrorist organization) and houses bomblaboratories for Hamas. The ministry called the univer-sity “a known greenhouse and breeding ground for Hamasterrorists”.[87]
The university has been linked to Hamas in the past.However, the university head, Kamalain Shaath, de-fended UNESCO, stating that “the Islamic University is apurely academic university that is interested only in edu-cation and its development”.[88][89][90] Israeli ambassadorto UNESCO Nimrod Barkan planned to submit a let-ter of protest with information about the university’s tiesto Hamas, especially angry that this was the first Pales-tinian university that UNESCO chose to cooperate with.A senior foreign ministry official stated: “Before UN-ESCO gave a chair to the Technion and the Interdisci-plinary Center [institutions in Haifa and Herzliya, respec-tively] they checked things with a magnifying glass. InGaza no one checked.”[91] The Jewish organization B'naiB'rith criticized the move as well. B'nai B'rith interna-tional president Allan Jacobs said: “To so strongly as-sociate an organization meant to promote peaceful goalswith a terrorist organization is yet another contributor tothe world body’s tarnished reputation in the internationalcommunity.”[92]
10.4 Wikileaks
On February 16 and 17 of 2012 UNESCO held a con-ference entitled, “The Media World after WikiLeaks andNews of the World.”[93] Despite all six panels being fo-cused on WikiLeaks, no member of WikiLeaks staffwere invited to speak. After receiving a complaint fromWikiLeaks spokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson, UNESCO in-vited him to attend, but did not offer a place on anypanels.[94] The offer also came only a week before theconference, which was held in Paris, France. Many ofthe speakers featured, including David Leigh and HeatherBrooke, had spoken out openly against WikiLeaks andits founder Julian Assange in the past.[95][96] WikiLeaksreleased a press statement on February 15, 2012 de-nouncing UNESCO which stated, “UNESCO has madeitself an international human rights joke. To use “free-dom of expression” to censor WikiLeaks from a confer-ence about WikiLeaks is an Orwellian absurdity beyondwords. This is an intolerable abuse of UNESCO’s Con-stitution. It’s time to occupy UNESCO.” [97] Included inthe statement were the emails sent between WikiLeaksspokesman Kristinn Hrafnsson and organizers of the UN-ESCO conference.
11 Products or services• IDAMS – proprietary software package for process-
ing and analysing numerical data developed, main-tained and disseminated by UNESCO.
12 References and notes[1] “UNESCO history”. UNESCO. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
[2] UNESCO’s General Conference voted on 31 October2011 “to admit Palestine as a member State”. How-ever, it notes that, for “its membership to take effect,Palestine must sign and ratify UNESCO’s Constitution”.“UNESCO " Media Services " General Conference admitsPalestine as UNESCO Member State”. UNESCO.
[3] “Member States | United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization”. UNESCO.
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[5] “UNDG Members”. United Nations Development Group.Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[6] “Introducing UNESCO”. UNESCO. Retrieved 8 August2011.
[8] League of Nations. Records of the Second Assembly.Plenary Meetings. 5 September-5 October 1921. Geneva.P. The International Committee on Intellectual Coopera-tion (ICIC) was officially created on 4 January 1922, as aconsultative organ composed of individuals elected basedon their personal qualifications. The International Insti-tute for Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) was then createdin Paris on 9 August 1925, to act as the executing agencyfor the ICIC. (1987). A Chronology of UNESCO: 1947–1987. Paris, December 1987. LAD.85/WS/4 Rev. UN-ESDOC database |format=PDF |accessdate=8 June 2012
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[16] “UNESCO. General Conference, 20th Session. (1979).Records of the General Conference, Twentieth Ses-sion, Paris, 24 October to 28 November 1978. 20C/Resolutions. (Paris.) Resolution 3/1.1/2, p. 61. UN-ESDOC database” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[17] UNESCO. Executive Board, 42nd Session. (1955). Re-port of the Director-General on the Activities of the Or-ganization (March–November 1955). Paris, 9 November1955. 42 EX/43. Part I Relations with Member States,paragraph 3.
[18] The Haiti pilot project: phase one, 1947–1949. (1951).Monographs on Fundamental Education IV. UNESCO:Paris.
[19] “Debiesse, J., Benjamin, H. and Abbot, W. (1952). Re-port of the mission to Afghanistan. Educational MissionsIV. ED.51/VIII.A. (Paris.) UNESDOC database” (PDF).Retrieved 8 June 2012.
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17 October to 21 November 1972. Volume I: Resolu-tions, Recommendations. 17 C/Resolution 29. ChapterIX Conventions and Recommendations, p. 135. UNES-DOC database” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
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[26] “Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cul-tural Heritage. Paris, 17 October 2003. UNESCO. Gen-eral Conference, 32nd Session. Records of the GeneralConference, Thirty-second Session, Paris, 29 Septem-ber to 17 October 2003. Volume I: Resolutions. 32C/Resolution 32. Chapter IV Programme for 2004–2005,Major Programme IV – Culture, p. 53. UNESDOCdatabase” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[27] “Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Di-versity of Cultural Expressions. Paris, 20 October 2005.UNESCO. General Conference, 33rd Session. Records ofthe General Conference. Thirty-third Session, Paris, 3–21October 2005. Volume I: Resolutions. 33 C/Resolution41. Chapter V Programme for 2006–2007, p. 83. UN-ESDOC database” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[28] “UNESCO. Executive Board, 26th Session. Resolu-tions and decisions adopted by the Executive Board at itstwenty-sixth session. (7 June to 9 July 1951). Paris, 27July 1951. 26 EX/Decisions. Item 7 Programme, Res-olution 7.2.2.1, p. 9. UNESDOC database” (PDF). Re-trieved 8 June 2012.
[29] “UNESCO. General Conference, 3rd Session. (1949).Records of the General Conference of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. ThirdSession. Beirut, 1948. Volume II: Resolutions. (UN-ESCO: Paris). 2 C/Resolution 3.7, page 23. UNESDOCdatabase” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[30] ""Use and conservation of the biosphere: Proceedingsof the intergovernmental conference of experts on thescientific basis for rational use and conservation of theresources of the biosphere. Paris, 4–13 September1968.” (1970.) In Natural Resources Research, VolumeX. SC.69/XIL.16/A. UNESDOC database” (PDF). Re-trieved 8 June 2012.
[31] “UNESCO. (1955). International Expert Meeting on Pro-fessional Training for Journalism. Unesco House, 9–13 April 1956. Purpose and Scope. Paris, 18 Novem-ber 1955. UNESCO/MC/PT.1. UNESDOC database”(PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[32] “UNESCO. General Conference, 19th Session. (1977).Approved Programme and budget for 1977–1978. Paris,February 1977. 19 C/5, p. 332, paragraphs 4154 and4155. UNESDOC database” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June2012.
[33] “MacBride, S. (1980). Many voices, one world: towards anew, more just, and more efficient world information andcommunication order. (UNESCO: Paris). UNESDOCdatabase” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June 2012.
[34] “UNESCO. (1996). UNESCO and an Information So-ciety for All: a position paper. (UNESCO: Paris). CII-96/WS/4. UNESDOC database” (PDF). Retrieved 8 June2012.
[35] “UNESCO. General Conference, 32nd Session. (2003).Communiqué: Ministerial Round Table on “TowardsKnowledge Societies.” (UNESCO Headquarters, 9 and 10October 2003). 14 October 2003. 32 C/INF.26. UNES-DOC database” (PDF). Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[36] “General Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Mem-ber”. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
[37] Blomfield, Adrian (31 October 2011). “US withdrawsUnesco funding after it accepts Palestinian membership”.The Telegraph. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[38] Erlanger, Steven; Sayare, Scott (31 October 2011).“Unesco Approves Full Membership for Palestinians”.The New York Times. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[39] “After UNESCO vote, Israeli sanctions on Palestinian Au-thority anger U.S.”. Haaretz. 4 November 2011. Re-trieved 11 December 2011.
[40] “Israel freezes UNESCO funds”. CNN. 3 December2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
[41] “U.S., Israel lose voting rights at UNESCO over Pales-tine row”. Reuters. 8 November 2013. Retrieved 29 June2014.
[42] Because diploma mills have claimed false UNESCOaccreditation, UNESCO itself has published warningsagainst education organizations that claim UNESCOrecognition or affiliation. See Luca Lantero, DegreeMills: non-accredited and irregular higher education in-stitutions, Information Centre on Academic Mobility andEquivalence (CIMEA), Italy. and UNESCO “Alert: Mis-use of UNESCO Name by Bogus Institutions”
[43] Varga, Susan (2006). Edinburgh Old Town (Images ofScotland). The History Press Ltd. ISBN 0-7524-4083-7.
[44] “Migration Institutions – Home”. Migrationmuseums.org.Retrieved 23 April 2010.
[45] “Education | EDUCATION –". UNESCO. Retrieved 23April 2010.
[46] Reddy, A (2014) 'Official support for GoUNESCO fromUNESCO New Delhi - GoUNESCO', GoUNESCO.Uniform Resource Locator: http://www.gounesco.com/unesco-new-delhi-support-gounesco.
[47] “Quoted on UNESCO official site”. Ngo-db.unesco.org.Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[48] “Full list of NGOs that have official relations with UN-ESCO”. UNESCO. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
[61] UNESCO Executive Board Document 185 EX/38, Paris,10 September 2010
[62] International Days | United Nations Educational, Scientificand Cultural Organization. UNESCO. Retrieved 12 July2013.
[63] “List of UNESCO members and associates”. UNESCO.Retrieved 3 November 2011.
[64] “Summary update on Government progress to becomea State Party to the UNESCO International Conventionagainst Doping in Sport” (PDF). WADA. p. 2. Retrieved28 July 2009.
[65] “State Parties”. UNESCO. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[66] “Member States of the United Nations”. United Nations.Retrieved 31 October 2011.
[67] List of the voting countries
[68] UNESCO official site: Directors-General
[69] UNESCO official site: Previous Sessions of the GeneralConference
[70] Charlotte L Joy (15 January 2012). The Politics of Her-itage Management in Mali: FromUNESCO to Djenné. LeftCoast Press. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-1-61132-094-7. Re-trieved 22 August 2012.
[71] “List of All UNESCO Field Offices by Region with De-scriptions of Member State Coverage”. UNESCO. Re-trieved 8 August 2011.
[72] “City of Quito – UNESCO World Heritage”. UNESCO.Retrieved 30 April 2010.
[73] Grahm, S. E. (April 2006). “The (Real)politiks of Cul-ture: U.S. Cultural Diplomacy in UNESCO, 1946–1954”.Diplomatic History 30 (2): 231–251. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2006.00548.x.
[74] Singapore to withdraw from UNESCO, The Telegraph,28 December 1984
[75] “Hebron clashes over Israel’s West Bank heritage list”.BBC News. 26 February 2010.
[76] “Executive Board adopts five decisions concerning UN-ESCO’s work in the occupied Palestinian and Arab Terri-tories”. UNESCO. 21 October 2010.
[77] “THE TWO PALESTINIAN SITES OF AL-HARAMAL-IBRAHIMI/TOMB OF THE PATRIARCHS IN AL-KHALIL/HEBRON AND THE BILAL BIN RABAHMOSQUE/RACHEL'S TOMB IN BETHLEHEM”(PDF).
[78] Hillel Fendel (01.11.2010). “UNESCO Erases IsraeliProtests from Rachel’s Tomb Protocol”. Arutz Sheva.Check date values in: |date= (help)
[79] Maayana Miskin (29 October 2010). “UN Org.: Rachel’sTomb is a Mosque”. Arutz Sheva.
[80] “Ayalon: Israel will no longer cooperate with UNESCO”.The Jerusalem Post. 03.11.2010. Check date values in:|date= (help)
[81] Shalom, Rabbi. “Cooperation with UNESCO only par-tially suspended”. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 8 Au-gust 2011.
[82] “UNESCO censures Israel over Mughrabi Bridge – IsraelNews, Ynetnews”. Ynetnews. 20 June 1995. Retrieved 8August 2011.
[83] Berman, Lazar (January 17, 2014). “UNESCO cancelsevent on Jewish ties to Land of Israel”. The Times of Is-rael. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
[84] Ahren, Raphael (21 January 2014). “Author of UN-ESCO’s nixed Israel exhibit decries ‘appalling betrayal'".The Times of Israel. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
[85] “Unesco cuts funding for Palestinian youth magazine overHitler praise”. The Daily Telegraph. 23 December 2011.Retrieved 12 January 2012.
[86] “UNESCO Chair in Astronomy, Astrophysics and SpaceSciences (964), established in 2012 at The Islamic Univer-sity of Gaza (Palestine).”. UNESCO. Retrieved 15 July2012.
[87] “Israel shocked by UNESCO Chair at Gaza Islamic Uni-versity” (Press release). Israel ministry of foreign affairs.12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[88] Higgins, Michael (12 July 2012). “UNESCO establisheschair at Gaza university accused of housing Hamas bomblabs”. National Post. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[89] “Fatah: Shalit was held at Gaza Islamic University”.Yedioth Ahronot. 6 February 2007. Retrieved 15 July2012.
[90] Cambanis, Thanassis (28 February 2010). “Hamas Uni-versity”. Boston Globe. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[91] Ravid, Barak (12 July 2012). “Israel furious at UNESCOdecision to back science chair at Islamic University ofGaza”. Haaretz. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[92] Yaakov, Yifa (14 July 2012). “B'nai Brith slams UN-ESCO affiliation with Gaza University”. The Times ofIsrael. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
[93] “News journalism in a digital world”. UNESCO. 10February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2012.
[94] “UNESCO-leaks to refute wikileaks accusation”. UN-ESCO. 16 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
[95] “The Guardian’s hatchet job on Julian Assange”. WorldSocialist Web Site. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 15 Febru-ary 2012.
[96] “The WikiFreak: In a new book one author reveals howshe got to know Julian Assange and found him a preda-tory, narcissistic fantasist”. Daily Mail. 7 August 2011.Retrieved 15 February 2012.
[97] “WikiLeaks denounces UNESCO after WikiLeaksbanned from UNESCO conference on WikiLeaks”.WikiLeaks. 15 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February2012.
13 See Also• Academic Mobility Network
14 External links• UNESCO .org Official UNESCO website
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