UNFCCC WORKSHOP on the

UNFCCC WORKSHOPon the

PREPARATION OF NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONSFROM ANNEX I PARTIES

The Third National Communication

on Climate Change, Slovak Republic

The Ministry of the Environmentof the Slovak Republic

SHMÚ,š.p.PROFING,s.r.o.

28 February- 2 March,2001

Bonn, Germany

Helena Princová

Topics

• Background information

• Institutional aspects of preparation the Slovak NC3

• Links and differences between the Slovak NC2 and NC3

• Policies and Measures in the Slovak NC3

• Conclusion and recommendations

Background information


Political priorities:

• Clearly declared effort to integrate country in the EU - harmonization of legislation with the EU one

• Slovakia became a member party of the OECD - September, 2000

• On-going effort to join the NATO

General frame of country development

Economy profile:

• Undergoing process of transition from central planned economy to a market one

• Steadily increasing contribution of the private sector to GDP - by more than 80% in 1997

• Structural changes in GDP - increasing share of services (46% in 1998),decrease in industry and agriculture contributions


Energy sector:

• Area of reversal tendencies between the highest priority - to supply energy safety and reliably - and existing limitations - given structure of TPES, structure of electricity generation, environmental requirements and political priorities

• The highest contributor to the energy related CO2 in Slovakia

• Restructuring and privatization

• Establishment of independent regulatory body

• Adjustment of distorted energy prices - removing of all types of subsidies

• New adopted legislation in energy sector - takes into account main principles of international documents: Energy Charter Treaty, Protocol of Energy Charter, Nuclear Safety Treaty and UNFCCC

General frame of country development


Main decisions related to GHG mitigation:

• Resolution of Slovak Government No. 801/1999 to shut down the oldest two units of NPP V1 Bohunice in 2006 and 2008

• Resolution of Slovak Government No. 559/2000 to stipulate preferred purchasing of electricity generated from locally extracted PES (lignite) until 2010 in the extent common in EU

• Improvement of energy efficiency and increase in renewable energy sources utilisation

• Energy saving activities

• More details: Energy Policy of SR, www.economy.gov.sk

New Energy Policy of Slovak Republic


Aggregated GHG emissions in 1990-1999

0%10%20%30%40%50%

60%70%80%90%

100%SF6

PFCs

HFCs

N2O

CH4

CO2 bezLUCF

The Third National Communication on Climate Change, SR, 2000 MoE SR


Aggregated GHG emissions by sectors in 1990-1999

-10 000

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 000

80 000

199

0

199

1

199

2

199

3

199

4

199

5

199

6

199

7

199

8

199

9

The Third National Communication on Climate Change, SR, 2000 MoE SR

Waste treatment Forest ecosystems Agriculture Industry Energy

Without LUCF GWP100 according to Climate Change 1995

Institutional aspects of preparation the Slovak NC3

Institutional and organisational aspects

Institutional arrangement

Main institutions involved in the preparation of NC3:

• Ministry of Environment; Economy; Transport,Post and Telecommunications; Agriculture; Building and Regional Development

• Profing,s.r.o.; Slovak Hydrometeorological Inst.; Research Inst. of Transport, Research Inst. of Wood; Agricultural University; Slovak Technical University

Co-ordination body for the preparation of NC3:

• Profing,s.r.o

• Selected organisational structure was flexible, less bureaucratic, working mostly on the contract basis - this enabled saving of total expenditures for preparing the technical draft of NC3


Data collection General questionnaire on P&M by sectors and GHGs :

• Review of principle strategy and policy documents related to the climate change

• Assessment of decisive P&M from NC2, quantification of their impacts if available (directly - GHG , indirectly - Energy, Heat, Fuel, etc..)

• Comprehensive review of new P&M related to GHG reduction, qualification according to Revis. IPCC Guid. 1999/7 (type of P&M, status of implementation -I,A,P)

Technical questionnaire on P&M by sectors and GHGs (for energy-

related CO2 emissions):

• P&M on the energy generation and supply side

• P&M on the energy demand side


Technical P&M on the supply side

• Increase in energy efficiency

• Fuel switching (fuels with lower carbon content for energy unit)

• Use of renewable energy sources

• Combined cycles

• Alternative fuels in transport

• Gas fuels in transport

• Increase in efficiency of technological heating

• Others


Technical P&M on the demand side

• Decrease in heat consumption for technological use

• Decrease in electricity consumption for technological use

• Decrease in energy intensity of technological processes

• Enhancing the energy efficiency in the residential sector (heat insulation, saving potential in district heat supplying, improvement of thermal characteristics of buildings, etc...)

• Decrease in electricity consumption in the residential sectors (electricity saving appliances, etc..)

• P&M in the transportation

• Others

Links and differences between the Slovak NC2 and NC3

Links and differences between NC2 and NC3

Slovak NC2 and NC3 - links and differences

• The same core of expert’s body for both NC2 and NC3 - except the part of new gases and agriculture

• Using the up-dated version of the same software package for modelling (emission projections and impact of measures) - except the part of new gases

Links :

Differences:

• Using of Revised IPCC Guidelines 1999/7 for NC3 (structure of GHG /sectors has been changed into sector/ GHGs)

• Firstly involved more detailed part of new gases inventory and projections

• Lack of other final NC3 reports to review and to compare

• The most decisive findings and results from the document Action Plan on Meeting the Kyoto Reduction Commitments, SR,2000 have been adopted in NC3

Policies and Measures


Structure of P&M section in the Slovak NC3

• Strategic documents and projects related to GHG mitigation

• Review of P&M on GHG mitigation- by sectors, subdivided by GHG

• Other available mechanisms and tools to reduce GHG emissions

• Summary of measures and findings from the Action Plan on Meeting the Kyoto Reduction Commitments, SR,2000


Strategic documents related to climate change

• Strategy,Principles and Priorities of the Environmental Policy www.lifeenv.gov.sk

• National Environmental Action Program II of the SR,1990 - among the priorities are issues of air pollution- namely GHGs, global environmental safety and waste treatment

• Strategy of SR Related to the Global Climate Change - under preparation, main goals in short, middle and long-term horizont

• Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic, 2000 www.economy.gov.sk

• Concept on GHG Mitigation in the Sector of Building and Regional Development until 2005

• Waste Management Program in the SR

• Proposal of Long-term Adaptation Measures Related to the Negative Climate Change Impacts -for Agriculture, Water Treatment and Forestry

Documents:


Strategic projects related to climate change

• Slovak National Climate Program

• National Program on GHG Emission Inventories - Annual report on the air pollution and emission sources available in Slovak version -www.shmu.sk

• Study on Slovak Strategy for GHG Reduction,1998 - Project of National Strategy Studies supported by the MOE, World Bank and Swiss Government; www-esd.worldbank.org/cc/

• Slovak National Program on GHG Mitigation in the Transport Sector,1994

Projects:


Review of P&M on GHG mitigation -structure

Cross -sector measures

• Table: Summary of P&M by sector for GHGs affected

• Report on status and effects of P&M from Slovak NC2

• Report on planned, adopted and/or implemented new P&M

• GHG affected

Sectors


Review of P&M on GHG mitigation - structure (con’ t)

Sectors considered in the Slovak NC3:

• Energy

• Transport

• Industry

• Residential, commercial and institutions

• Agriculture

• Land use change and forestry

• Waste management


Review of P&M on GHG mitigation- structure (con’ t)

GHGs considered in the Slovak NC3:

• CO2

• CH4

• N2O

• HFCs, PFCs, SF6 - New gases

• NVOC,NOx,CO, SO2 - Other gases


Review of GHG mitigation potential for decisive P&M from NC2

Directly - expressed in terms of GHG

• proposed CO2 mitigation potential in cement industry for decrease in fuel consumption by implementing new cylindrical kiln has been estimated at 42 thous. tons yearly

• proposed final CO2 mitigation potential in cement industry at combustion of used tires was 8.1 thos. Ton

• Indirectly - expressed in terms of Heat, Electricity or Fuel

• for the past governmental activity Project of supporting the economic activities resulting in saving of energy and imported raw materials (1992-1995) average annual savings of heat were estimated at 2 300 TJ, electricity at more than 56 thous. MWh and saving of fuels at about 66 TJ


Review of actual P&M on GHG mitigation

• Briefly compiled description of principal P&M by sectors, subdivided by GHGs

• Characteristics of decisive measures together with quantitative estimation of their impacts for sample years, starting in 2000 (instead of proposed 1995, due to time schedule of implementation) by sectors for GHGs


Characteristics and GHG mitigation potential of P&M in energy sector

Comments-Emissions from fossil fuel combustion in transport have been involved

-Positive values of GHG represent decrease in emissions after P&M implementation

-Emissions of CH4 and N2O in table were aggregated using GWP 100

Impact of measure GHG [Gg/year]Name of policy ormeasure

Objective and/oractivity affected

GHGaffected

Type ofinstrument

StatusImplementingentity/entities

2000 2005 2010 2015

Decrease in CO2 258 1 365 1 372 1 342Act No.309/91 onthe

emissions of CH4 Regulatory I MOE SR 4 88 92 72

Protection of theAir

base pollutants N2O & economic MOE offices 1 10 13 11

Increase inImplementationof combined

energy CO2 Regulatory I MOEC SR 0 972 814 911

cycles efficiency & technical SEAHeating Decrease ininsulation final energy CO2 Regulatory I MOB&RD SR 0 78 803 634of buildings consumption & technical

Decrease inUtilisation fossil fuel CO2 Regulatory I MOEC SR 159 1138 1857 2334of renewableenergy sources

consumption & technical SEA

Decrease inShifting of hydrocarbon fuel CO2 Regulatory 0 132 269 405services to the consumption CH4 & technical A MOT,P&T SR 0 1 2 3public transport Environm.protect. N2O 0 6 19 34

Impact of mitigation measures on the projections of energy related CO2 emissions

30000

32000

34000

36000

38000

40000

42000

44000

1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

[Gg

CO

2]

Level of CO2 emission at abatement measures implementationTM

RNSDSO

CC

EL

EL - impact of adopted legislation-emission standards and charges for air pollution

CC - implementation of combined cycles in the energy sector (co-generation sources)

RNS - aggregated effect of renewable energy sources utilization

DSO- impact of the demand side GHG mitigation measures

TM- GHG mitigation measures in transportation


GHG mitigation potential of P&M in agriculture

Measure - Reduction of livestock number

Goal and/or activity - Increase in intensity of breeding

- Harmonization with EU legislation

CH4 (GWP100) - positive mitigation potential of 22 Gg/year in 2010

N2O (GWP100) - negative mitigation potential of - 546 Gg/year in 2010

Comment - reversal impact of measures from EU directions: decrease in CH4

production, increase in N2O

Measure - Production of bio-gas from manure

Goal and/or activity - Utilization of renewable energy sources, GHG reduction

CH4,N2O (GWP100) - positive mitig. potential of 32, resp. 398 Gg/year in 2010


Other mechanisms and tools to reduce GHG emissions

Financing of environmental projects:

• EU financial mechanisms (ISPA, PHARE, SAPARD)

• Joint Implementation( 4 AIJ pilot projects)

• Allowance Trading

• Global Environmental Facilities(GEF) - 1 project

• Kyoto flexible mechanisms:


Summary of Action plan on GHG reduction in SR

• Detail analyses of the most decisive measures in view of their GHG mitigation potential, investment costs and assumed time schedule for implementation

• Analyses have been focused mainly on the production of energy related CO2 emissions

• Both, the supply and demand side type of measures have been evaluated


Summary of Action plan on GHG reduction in SR (con’t)

Slovak NC3 provides data for analysed measures in form:

• Name of measure

• Investment costs [1000 USD]

• CO2 abatement costs [SKK/t CO2, USD/t CO2]

• CO2 [1000t/year] - GHG mitigation potential of measure expressed in terms

of average decrease in energy related CO2 emissions during the Kyoto commitment period

• Time -frame for implementation

Total estimated CO2 mitigation potential of measures from AP represents average annual decrease in emissions by 9% related to the without measure projection scenario (extrapolation of current stage in view of the energy source structure and fuel consumption)

Conclusions and Recommendations

Conclusions and recommendations

Critical points of modelling and P&M impact assessment

• Lack of historical data in EIT countries to define simple correlation between macroeconomic indicators and final energy demand - permanent up-dating of previous input data is necessary

• Small share and uncertain future development of efficient structural changes in industry in EIT

• Contradictory effect of simultaneously implemented measures- for example measure on the energy demand side (energy saving) can decrease effect of supply side measure (fuel switching)

Conclusions and recommendations

Critical points of modelling and P&M impact assessment (con’t)

• Ranking of measures at modelling - abatement costs or policy objectives?

• Special baseline problems - in case of measures implemented in the industry and/or district heating sector which shall affect electricity generation in public power plants

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