UNHCR COUNTRY BRIEFING FOLDER ON SOMALIA

UNHCR COUNTRY BRIEFING FOLDER ON SOMALIA STATUS DETERMINATION AND PROTECTION INFORMATION SECTION (SDPIS) STATUS DETERMINATION AND PROTECTION INFORMATION SECTION (SDPIS) DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION SERVICES (DIPS) DIVISION OF INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION SERVICES (DIPS) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees CP 2500, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland CP 2500, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: refworld@unhcr.orgWebsite: http://www.refworld.org/E-mail: refworld@unhcr.org

Website: http://www.refworld.org/

January 2008 January 2008

Status Determination and Protection Information Section Division of International Protection Services

Table of Contents

CORE UNHCR DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................3 A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION .................................................................................4

A.1. General Information; Country Profile; Maps .................................................4 a. Country Profile ............................................................................................... 4 b. Language ........................................................................................................ 4 c. Maps ............................................................................................................... 4

A.2. Political and Security Situation ......................................................................5 A.3. Human Rights (in General).............................................................................7

B. LEGAL CONTEXT .....................................................................................................9 B.1. Citizenship; Identification; Nationality; Statelessness ...................................9 B.2. Judiciary; Legal and Penal Systems ...............................................................9 B.3. Political Structure; Political Parties ..............................................................10 B.4. Internal Security; Police; Law Enforcement; Armed Forces........................11

C. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS ...............................................12 C.1. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers .....................................................................12 C.2. Internally Displaced Persons ........................................................................13 C.3. Political Opinion; Political Activities...........................................................14 C.4. Women; Gender Issues; Domestic Violence; Children................................14 C.5. Membership of a Particular Social Group ....................................................15 C.6. Race; Ethnicity; Minority Rights..................................................................16 C.7. Freedom of Religion and Belief ...................................................................17 C.8. Freedom of Speech and Expression; Media Issues ......................................17 C.9. Freedom of Movement; Travel Documents; Entry and Exit ........................18 C.10. Military Service; Forced Conscription; Draft Evasion.................................19 C.11. Exclusion ......................................................................................................19

D. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................20 D.1 Early Warning; Conflict Prevention .............................................................20 D.2. Education; Food; Health; Employment; Social Rights.................................20 D.3 Miscellaneous ...............................................................................................22 D.4 Suggested Websites and Further Reading ....................................................22

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CORE UNHCR DOCUMENTS

LATEST COUNTRY POSITIONS: - UNHCR Advisory on the Return of Somali Nationals to Somalia, 2 November 2005 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=437082c04 - Framework Document for the Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) for Somali

Refugees, 29 September 2005 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=437472902 - UNHCR Position on the Return of Rejected Asylum Seekers to Somalia, 10 January

2004 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4020dc864 LATEST COUNTRY OPERATIONS PLAN (COP): - Country Operations Plan – Overview, Country: Somalia, Planning Year: 2008,

1 September 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46f7d55d2 - Country Operations Plan – Overview, Country: Somalia, Planning Year: 2006,

1 September 2005 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=43219fcc2 OPERATIONAL DOCUMENTS: - UNHCR Global Appeal 2008-2009 – Somalia, 1 December 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/home/PUBL/474ac8cf0.pdf - Supplementary Appeal – Somalia Situation: Protection and Assistance to Somali IDPs

and Refugees in Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen and Djibouti 2007 – 2008, 20 July 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/partners/PARTNERS/46a4a1b82.pdf - UNHCR Global Report 2006 – Somalia, 1 June 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/home/PUBL/4666d2630.pdf

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A. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

A.1. General Information; Country Profile; Maps

a. Country Profile A.1.1. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Fact Book – Somalia, updated

13 December 2007 URL: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html A.1.2. US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Background Note: Somalia,

December 2007 URL: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2863.htm

A.1.3. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report 2007 – Somalia, November 2007

URL: http://www.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?issue_id=1502725335&mode=pdf A.1.4. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile 2007 – Somalia, 2007

URL: http://www.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?issue_id=702134655&mode=pdf A.1.5. UNHCR, Somalia – 2005 Statistical Yearbook, May 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/statistics/STATISTICS/464478a72.html A.1.6. Puntland State of Somalia, Puntland State Profile, 2007

URL: http://www.puntlandgovt.com/profile.php A.1.7. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, Nations and Peoples –

Somaliland, 19 December 2004 URL: http://www.unpo.org/member_profile.php?id=60 A.1.8. Facts on File, Country Profile: Somalia

URL: http://www.2facts.com/Ancillaries/Index/c00162.asp

b. Language A.1.9. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), Ethnologue: Languages of the World – Languages

of Somalia, Fifteenth edition, 2005 URL: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SO A.1.10. Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), Ethnologue: Languages of the World – Languages

Map of Somalia, Fifteenth edition, 2005 URL: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=SO&seq=10

c. Maps A.1.11. UNHCR, Map of Somalia: New Displacement in November, 1 – 30 November,

2007, 30 November 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=47662e322

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A.1.12. UNHCR, Map of IDP populations because of Conflict in Laas Caanood, as of

2 November 2007, 2 November 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4731ea992

A.1.13. UNHCR, Map of Potential Somali Returnees by Place of Origin, as of August

2007, 3 October 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4715c5b62

A.1.14. UNHCR, Map of Somali IDPs and Refugees, as of August 2007, 3 October 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4715c7682 A.1.15. UNHCR, Map of Somalia, as of August 2007 – Elevation, August 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46c1a7492 A.1.16. UNHCR, Map of Somalia, as of August 2007 – Districts, August 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46c1a8852 A.1.17. UNHCR, Total Number of IDPs from Mogadishu per District, as Reported by the

Protection Cluster Population Movement Tracking Project, 1 Feb – 12 Jun, 12 June 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4676618f2

A.1.18. United Nations Cartographic Section, Somalia, January 2007 URL: http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/somalia.pdf

A.2. Political and Security Situation A.2.1. Security Council Report, Monthly Forecast, February 2008 – Somalia, 29 January

2008 URL: http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/site/c.glKWLeMTIsG/b.3831943/

A.2.2. BBC, Somali insurgents in deadly fight, 29 January 2008

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7214846.stm A.2.3. Aweys Yusuf and Abdi Sheikh, Mortars fired as new Somali PM arrives in

Mogadishu, Reuters, 20 January 2008 URL: http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L2080997.htm

A.2.4. African Union, Report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the situation in

Somalia, 18 January 2008 URL: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2008.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/LSGZ-7AYDKR-Full_Report.pdf/$File/Full_Report.pdf

A.2.5. Garoweonline, Somalia: Heavy battles in Mogadishu kill 20, wound 90,

17 January 2008 URL: http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Heavy_battles_in_ Mogadishu_kill_20_wound_90.shtml

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A.2.6. Voice of America, UN Envoy to Somalia Optimistic About Talks Between Government, Opposition, 15 January 2008 URL: http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-01-15-voa62.cfm

A.2.7. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Somalia Situation Report

No. 1, 11 January 2008 URL: http://ochaonline.un.org/SituationReports/tabid/2715/Default.aspx

A.2.8. Sally Healy, Somalia one year on: Broken City, The World Today, Chatham

House, January 2008 URL: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/11387_wt010823.pdf

A.2.9. Reuters, Mogadishu violence kills 6,500 in past year, 31 December 2007

URL: http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L31050008.htm A.2.10. Martin Plaut, Ethiopia in Somalia: One year on, BBC, 28 December 2007

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7155868.stm A.2.11. Associated Press, Gunmen in Somalia kidnap aid workers, 26 December 2007

URL: http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/26/news/Somalia.php A.2.12. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Humanitarian situation

in Somalia: Monthly analysis, 1 Nov – 15 Dec 2007, 21 December 2007 URL: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2007.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/SODA-7A49ZV-Full_Report.pdf/$File/Full_Report.pdf

A.2.13. UN Security Council, Statement by the President of the Security Council,

19 December 2007 URL: http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_pres_statements07.htm A.2.14. Emmanuel Goujon, AFP, Somalia’s top clan says Ethiopian pullout only end to

deadlock, The Somaliland Times, 14 December 2007 URL: http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2007/308/24.shtml

A.2.15. Mohamed Olad Hassan, Living in Somalia’s danger zone, BBC News,

6 December 2007 URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7129562.stm

A.2.16. Harun Hassan and Leslie Lefkow, Caught in a Quagmire, The World Today,

Chatham House, 1 December 2007 URL: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/10840_120706wt.pdf

A.2.17. Garowe Online, Tensions grow in north Somalia as clan conference concludes,

21 November 2007 URL: http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Tensions_grow_in_north_ Somalia_as_clan_conference_concludes.shtml

A.2.18. Xan Rice, Islamist insurgency grows in Somalia, Guardian, 19 November 2007

URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2213062,00.html

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A.2.19. Human Rights Watch, Somalia: Mogadishu Clashes Devastating Civilians, 9 November 2007 URL: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/11/09/somali17303.htm

A.2.20. UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in

Somalia, 7 November 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=473967e22

A.2.21. Somali National Reconciliation Congress, Somali National Reconciliation

Conference Decisions, 30 August 2007 URL: http://www.cfr.org/publication/14263/somali_national_reconciliation_conference_ decisions_september_2007.html?breadcrumb=%2Fregion%2F196%2Fsomalia

A.2.22. UN Security Council, Resolution 1772 (2007): The Situation in Somalia,

S/RES/1772 (2007), 20 August 2007 URL: http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/unsc_resolutions07.htm

A.2.23. Human Rights Watch, Somalia: Shell-shocked – Civilians under Siege in

Mogadishu, 13 August 2007 URL: http://hrw.org/reports/2007/somalia0807/

A.2.24. UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in

Somalia, 25 June 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4684b0f02

A.2.25. BBC, Kidnapped aid worker ‘not harmed’, 10 May 2007

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/6642089.stm A.2.26. Freedom House, Worst of the Worst 2007 – Somalia, 9 May 2007

URL: http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/special_report/58.pdf A.2.27. World Bank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005 URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf A.2.28. Menkhaus, Prof. Kenneth, Somalia: A Situation Analysis and Trend Assessment,

WriteNet, August 2003 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3f7c235f4

A.3. Human Rights (in General) A.3.1. Human Rights Watch, World Report 2008 – Somalia, 31 January 2008

URL: http://hrw.org/wr2k8/pdfs/somalia.pdf A.3.2. Human Rights Watch, Letter to US Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates on

Somalia, 12 December 2007 URL: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/12/12/usint17552.htm

A.3.3. Human Rights Watch, UN: Atrocities Fuel Worsening Crisis in Horn of Africa, 3 December 2007 URL: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/11/30/somali17457.htm

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A.3.4. UK Home Office, Border and Immigration Agency, Country of Origin

Information Report – Somalia, 12 November 2007 URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/somalia-141107.doc

A.3.5. Landinfo, Security and human rights conditions in southern Somalia, November

2007 URL: http://www.landinfo.no/asset/648/1/648_1.pdf

A.3.6. United Nations, Following his Mission to Somalia Expert Deeply Concerned about

Continued Deterioration in Human Rights Situation, 27 September 2007 URL: http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/countryvisitsn-z.htm

A.3.7. Danish Refugee Council, Human Rights and Security in Central and Southern

Somalia, August 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46e109d92

A.3.8. UK Home Office, Border and Immigration Agency, Report of Fact Finding

Mission 11-15 June 2007 – Somalia, 20 July 2007 URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/somalia-ffm-260707.doc

A.3.9. Amnesty International, Annual Report 2007 – Somalia, 23 May 2007

URL: http://thereport.amnesty.org/eng/Regions/Africa/Somalia A.3.10. UK Home Office, Border and Immigration Agency, Report of Information

Gathering Mission 27-30 April – Somalia, 17 May 2007 URL: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/somalia-mission-220507.doc

A.3.11. Freedom House, Freedom in the World – Somalia (2007), 16 April 2007 URL: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7273&year=2007 A.3.12. Freedom House, Freedom in the World – Somaliland [Somalia] (2007), 16 April

2007 URL: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7335&year=2007

A.3.13. US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, 2006

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Somalia, 6 March 2007 URL: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78757.htm

A.3.14. Human Rights Council, Situation of human rights in Somalia – Report of the

independent expert, Mr Ghanim Alnajjar, A/HRC/2/CRP.2, 13 September 2006 URL: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/SOIndex.aspx

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B. LEGAL CONTEXT

B.1. Citizenship; Identification; Nationality; Statelessness B.1.1. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Means, apart from the

Somali government and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to obtain documentation from sources inside or outside Canada that could assist in the identification process for Somalis, 9 May 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46fa5377a

B.1.2. Transitional Federal Government, Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali

Republic, February 2004 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=4795c2d22

B.1.3. Government of Somaliland, Citizenship Law (Law No. 22/2002), 3 June 2002

URL: http://www.somalilandforum.com/somaliland/constitution/citizenship_law.htm B.1.4. Puntland Regional Government, Transitional Constitution of the Puntland

Regional Government, 1 July 2001 URL: http://www.puntlandgovt.com/plconstitutin.pdf

B.1.5. Government of Somaliland, Constitution of Somaliland, 31 May 2001

URL: http://www.isn.ethz.ch/pubs/pria/list.cfm?click234=70756&v49=70756&v50=70944&lng =en&v48=70778&click233=70778

B.1.6. US Citizenship and Immigration Services, Resource Information Center,

Somalia: Birth certificates, Query Response SOM00003.ZNK, 9 May 2000 URL: http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ins0500_somalia_birth.pdf

B.1.7. Government of Somalia, Law No. 28 of 22 December 1962 – Somali Citizenship,

22 January 1963 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6b50630

B.2. Judiciary; Legal and Penal Systems B.2.1. IRIN, Somalia: UN envoy calls for international justice to stem violence,

14 November 2007 URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75294

B.2.2. Reuters, Somali government executes two as blasts strike, 5 July 2007

URL: http://www.reuters.com/article/homepageCrisis/idUSL05876133._CH_.2400 B.2.3. Amnesty International, Rendition in the Horn of Africa, 15 June 2007

URL: http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/feature-stories/rendition-in-the-horn-of-africa-20070615

B.2.4. Cedric Barnes and Harun Hassan, The Rise and Fall of Mogadishu’s Islamic

Courts, Chatham House, April 2007 URL: http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/file/9776_bpsomalia0407.pdf

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B.2.5. Amnesty International USA, Death Penalty Statistics 2006, April 2007

URL: http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?id=ENGACT500122007&lang=e B.2.6. Mohamed Abdi Farah, Somalia: Judges sworn in the capital, Somalinet,

4 January 2007 URL: http://www.somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/6446

B.2.7. BBC, Profile: Somalia’s Islamic Courts, 6 June 2006

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5051588.stm B.2.8. Amnesty International, Somalia: Child publicly executes father’s killer on orders

of summary court, 9 May 2006 URL: http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/db61406c-a2bb-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/ afr520012006en.pdf

B.2.9. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Somalia – Status of

Ratifications URL: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/newhvstatusbycountry?OpenView&Start=1&Count=

250&Expand=161#161

B.3. Political Structure; Political Parties B.3.1. The International Comparative Political Project, List of Political Parties –

Somalia & Somaliland, 16 January 2008 URL: http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/parties.htm#S

B.3.2. Dalmar Kaahin, Somaliland: a democratic state in East Africa or a tinderbox

waiting to explode?, Garoweonline, 14 January 2008 URL: http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Opinion_20/Somalia_Somaliland_a_ democratic_state_in_East_Africa_or_a_tinderbox_waiting_to_explode.shtml

B.3.3. Power and Interest News Report, Somalia’s New Reality: A Strategic Overview,

27 December 2007 URL: http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=734

B.3.4. IRIN, Somalia: Prime minister to name new, leaner cabinet, 17 December 2007

URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=75897 B.3.5. Power and Interest News Report, Somalia Completes its Devolutionary Cycle,

11 December 2007 URL: http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=732

B.3.6. World Political Leaders, Leaders of Somalia, 25 November 2007

URL: http://www.terra.es/personal2/monolith/somalia.htm B.3.7. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Somalia – Political Structure,

1 November 2007 URL: http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=displayIssueArticle&issue_id=1502725335&article _id=1532725338

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B.3.8. Power and Interest News Report, Somalia’s President Yusuf Loses His Grip on Power, 3 October 2007 URL: http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=691

B.3.9. Power and Interest News Report, The ‘Puntland State of Somalia’ Comes into

Play, 2 August 2007 URL: http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=670

B.3.10. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Somalia – Political forces, 5 April

2007 URL: http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=displayIssueArticle&issue_id=702134655&article _id=872134672

B.3.11. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Somalia – Politics: Main political

figures, 5 April 2007 URL: http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=displayIssueArticle&issue_id=702134655&article _id=902134675

B.3.12. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Somalia – Politics: Main political

groups, 5 April 2007 URL: http://www.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=displayIssueArticle&issue_id=702134655&article _id=922134677

B.4. Internal Security; Police; Law Enforcement; Armed Forces B.4.1. Reuters, AU head wants extension for Somalia peace force, 18 January 2008

URL: http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L18150678.htm B.4.2. Alisha Ryu, In Somalia, Presence of Ethiopian Troops Fuels Insurgency,

Humanitarian Crisis, Voice of America, 19 December 2007 URL: http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-12/2007-12-19-voa1.cfm?CFID= 190881491&CFTOKEN=68559183

B.4.3. BBC, US urges more troops for Somalia, 5 December 2007 URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7129118.stm B.4.4. BBC, Ethiopia ‘bogged down’ in Somalia, 27 November 2007

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7114979.stm B.4.5. Swiss Peace, Somalia: Trends in Conflict and Cooperation, Fast Update No. 4,

15 August – 15 October 2007 URL: http://www.swisspeace.ch/typo3/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/FAST/Updates/2007/FAST_ Somalia_Update_4_2007_final__1_.pdf

B.4.6. AlertNet, Somali troops briefly seize port over pay row, 31 May 2007

URL: http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L31494945.htm B.4.7. Index Mundi, Somalia – Military Profile 2007, 15 May 2007

URL: http://indexmundi.com/somalia/military_profile.html

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B.4.8. Fund for Peace, Failed States Index – Country Profile: Somalia, 2007 URL: http://www.fundforpeace.org/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23& Itemid=74

B.4.9. United Nations Development Programme, Police Officers Graduate in Somalia,

21 April 2006 URL: http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2006/april/police-somalia-20060421.en

B.4.10. Global Security, Military: Somalia – Militia, last updated on 25 April 2005 URL: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/military.htm Global Security, Military: Somalia – Air Force, last updated on 25 April 2005 URL: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/airforce.htm Global Security, Military: Somalia – Navy, last updated on 25 April 2005 URL: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/navy.htm

C. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION CONSIDERATIONS

C.1. Refugees and Asylum-Seekers C.1.1. UNHCR, Another 132 dead in Gulf of Aden over weekend, 22 January 2008

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4795e6932.html C.1.2. UNHCR, Gulf of Aden smuggling can be deadly, UNHCR warns desperate

migrants, 19 December 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/476923284.html

C.1.3. UNHCR, UNHCR concerned about detained Somalis, 23 November 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4746dba82.html C.1.4. Jesuit Refugee Service, Kenya: unlawful deportation of Somali asylum seekers,

20 November 2007 URL: http://www.jrs.net/dispatch/index.php?lang=fr&sid=2878#1 C.1.5. UNHCR, UNHCR launches last phase of Somali repatriation from Djibouti,

20 November 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/474304b04.html

C.1.6. IRIN, Yemen – Horn of Africe: Worries over increasing African exodus to Yemen,

1 October 2007 URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74567

C.1.7. Anna Lindley, Protracted displacement and remittances: the view from Eastleigh,

Nairobi, New Issues in Refugee Research, No. 14, UNHCR Policy Development and Evaluation Service, 3 August 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RESEARCH/46ea519d2.pdf

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C.1.8. UNHCR, Kenya: Malnutrition levels in refugee camps cause alarm, 3 July 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/468a3e3e6.html

C.1.9. Amnesty International, Kenya – Denied Refuge: The Effect of the Closure of the

Kenya/Somalia Border on Thousands of Somali Asylum-seekers and Refugees, 2 May 2007 URL: http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/0da3f71d-a2b2-11dc-8d74-6f45f39984e5/ afr320022007en.pdf

C.1.10. US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI), World Refugee Survey

2007 – Yemen, 2007 URL: http://uscri.net/countryreports.aspx?subm=&ssm=&cid=2029

C.1.11. US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI), World Refugee Survey

2007 – Kenya, 2007 URL: http://uscri.net/countryreports.aspx?subm=&ssm=&cid=2005

C.1.12. US Committee for Refugees and Immigrants (USCRI), World Refugee Survey

2007 – Ethiopia, 2007 URL: http://uscri.net/countryreports.aspx?id=1995

C.2. Internally Displaced Persons C.2.1. IRIN, Somalia: Clashes near IDP camps “causing more displacement”, 10 January

2008 URL: http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportID=76175

C.2.2. IRIN, Somalia: IDPs face eviction from camp, 7 January 2008

URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=76117 C.2.3. UNHCR, Daily struggle for displaced families from Mogadishu, 30 November

2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/475043704.html

C.2.4. UNHCR, Tough times for Mogadishu exiles in Puntland’s Galkayo, 23 November

2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4746fac74.html

C.2.5. UNHCR, Number of displaced rises to one million, 20 November 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4742c7662.html C.2.6. UNHCR, Somalia: Inter-agency UN team finds displaced living in extremely

harsh conditions, 6 November 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/473048cb4.html

C.2.7. UNHCR, Latest figures show 90,000 flee fighting in Mogadishu, 31 October 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4728b68f4.html

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C.2.8. UNHCR, Real time evaluation of UNHCR’s IDP operation in Somalia, 1 September 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RESEARCH/46e927652.pdf

C.2.9. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Somalia: Massive new displacements

as power struggle in Mogadishu flares up again, 24 April 2007 URL: http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/ 0C4CC654CCB36FCAC12572C700287F8A/$file/Somalia+-April+2007.pdf

C.2.10. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Somalia: window of opportunity for

addressing one of the world’s worst internal displacement crises, 10 January 2006 URL: http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpInfoFiles)/ 0DD3270814F809DEC12570F2003E4DC0/$file/Somalia_indepth_report_Jan06.pdf

C.3. Political Opinion; Political Activities C.3.1. Garowe Online, Somalia: Somaliland frees key political prisoners, 18 December

2007 URL: http://www.garoweonline.com/artman2/publish/Somalia_27/Somalia_Somaliland_frees_ key_political_prisoners.shtml

C.4. Women; Gender Issues; Domestic Violence; Children C.4.1. BBC, Somali ‘child safety zones’ call, 19 December 2007

URL: http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7151409.stm C.4.2. UNHCR, Displaced women tell tales of rape and fear in Somalia, 25 October 2007

URL: http://www.unhcr.org/news/NEWS/4720a5794.html C.4.3. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Prevalence of forced or

arranged marriages in Somalia; consequences for a young woman who refuses to participate in a forced or arranged marriage, 20 September 2007 URL: http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=451490

C.4.4. IRIN, Somalia – Kenya: Women bear the brunt of Somali conflict, 7 September

2007 URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=74174

C.4.5. IRIN, Somalia: Increased sexual violence raises HIV concerns, 16 August 2007

URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=73769 C.4.6. US Department of State, Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons,

Trafficking in Persons Report 2007 – Special Cases: Somalia, 12 June 2007 URL: http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2007/86204.htm

C.4.7. UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed

Conflict in Somalia, S/2007/259, 7 May 2007 URL: http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/sgrep07.htm

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C.4.8. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: The situation of women, 7 May 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46fa537ba

C.4.9. Mohamed Olad Hassan and Elizabeth A. Kennedy, Boy Soldiers Among the

Hidden in Somalia, The Associated Press, 12 January 2007 URL: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/12/AR2007011201372. html

C.4.10. Somali Child Protection and Development, Street Children in Somalia,

10 January 2007 URL: http://www.streetchildren.org.uk/reports/Steet Children Somalia.pdf

C.4.11. UN Development Fund for Women, Gender Profile of the Conflict in Somalia,

WomenWarPeace.org, updated 3 January 2007 URL: http://www.womenwarpeace.org/somalia/somalia.htm

C.4.12. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Human Smuggling and

Human Trafficking in Somalia, August 2006 URL: http://ochaonline.un.org/OchaLinkClick.aspx?link=ocha&docid=22919

C.4.13. US Department of State, Office on International Women’s Issues, Report on

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC) – Somalia, 1 June 2001 URL: http://www.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/crfgm/10109.htm

C.5. Membership of a Particular Social Group C.5.1. BBC, Aid workers die in Somali blast, 28 January 2008

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7213058.stm C.5.2. Xan Rice, Somali government troops storm UN compound and kidnap official,

Guardian, 17 October 2007 URL: http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,2193233,00.html

C.5.3. Rainer Chr. Hennig, Somali Gay Bloggers Receive Death Threats, Afrol News,

29 November 2007 URL: http://www.afrol.com/articles/27395 C.5.4. Sodomy Laws, Somalia, 25 May 2004

URL: http://www.sodomylaws.org/world/somalia/somalia.htm C.5.5. Behind The Mask, Death hangs over Somali queers, 3 May 2004

URL: http://www.mask.org.za/article.php?cat=&id=502

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C.6. Race; Ethnicity; Minority Rights C.6.1 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: The sect of Islam followed

by the Bravanese ethnic group, 15 October 2007 URL: http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/rir/?action=record.viewrec&gotorec=451503

C.6.2 Noel Mwakugu, Clan divisions behind Somali violence, BBC, 26 April 2007

URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6594647.stm C.6.3 Minority Rights Groups International, State of the World’s Minorities – Somalia,

March 2007 URL: http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1000

C.6.4 Minority Rights Groups International, State of the World’s Minorities – Peoples under Threat 2007, March 2007 URL: http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=464

C.6.5 Harun Hassan and Cedric Barnes, A Return to Clan-Politics (or Worse) in

Southern Somalia?, Crisis in the Horn of Africa, Social Science Research Council, 27 March 2007 URL: http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/Hassan_Barnes/

C.6.6 Alex de Waal, Class and Power in a Stateless Somalia, Crisis in the Horn of

Africa, Social Science Research Council, 20 Feruary 2007 URL: http://hornofafrica.ssrc.org/dewaal/

C.6.7 Abdi Abby, Field Research Project on Minorities in Somalia, Oxford House,

October 2005 URL: http://www.oxfordhouse.org.uk/download/Minorities_report.PDF C.6.8 Danish Immigration Service, Human Rights and Security in Central and

Southern Somalia: Joint Danish, Finnish, Norwegian and British Fact-Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, 17 March 2004 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=405b2d804

C.6.9 Minorities At Risk Project, University of Maryland, Center for International

Development and Conflict Management, Assessment for Issaq in Somalia, updated on 31 December 2003 URL: http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/assessment.asp?groupId=52001

C.6.10 Dan Van Lehman and Omar Eno, The Somali Bantu: Their History and Culture,

Center for Applied Linguistics, February 2003 URL: http://www.cal.org/co/bantu/somali_bantu.pdf

C.6.11 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, A study on

minorities in Somalia, 1 August 2002 URL: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/7d1fc87ed568612dc1256c0c004 a2463

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C.6.12 Central Intelligence Agency, Ethnic Groups: Somalia’s Clan Families and Major Subclans, 2002 URL: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/somalia_ethnic_grps_2002.jpg

C.6.13 Danish Immigration Service, Report on Minority Groups in Somalia,

24 September 2000 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=3ae6a5fa0

C.7. Freedom of Religion and Belief C.7.1. US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor,

International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Somalia, 14 September 2007 URL: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90120.htm

C.8. Freedom of Speech and Expression; Media Issues C.8.1. Reporters Without Borders, A BBC stringer arrested on orders of provincial

governor, 16 January 2007 URL: http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25076

C.8.2. Reporters Without Borders, Two Radio Somaliweyn journalists arrested in

Mogadishu, 14 January 2007 URL: http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25026

C.8.3. Reporters Without Borders, Puntland radio journalist in critical condition after

shooting attack, 11 January 2007 URL: http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=25016

C.8.4. Ibrahim Hashi Jama, The New Somaliland Press & Publications Bill 2007,

Somaliland.org, 7 January 2008 URL: http://www.somaliland.org/2008/01/12/the-new-somaliland-press-publications-bill-2007/

C.8.5. Article 19, Note on the Draft Media Law of Somalia, January 2008

URL: http://www.article19.org/pdfs/analysis/somalia-media-note.pdf C.8.6. Committee to Protect Journalists, French journalist kidnapped in Puntland,

18 December 2007 URL: http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/africa/somalia18dec07na.html

C.8.7. Committee to Protect Journalists, Somaliland expels 24 journalists, 5 December

2007 URL: http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/africa/somalliland05dec7na.html

C.8.8. Somaliland Times, Somaliland Government Proposes New ‘Press Law’ To Gag

the Free Press & Take its assets, 16 November 2007 URL: http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2007/304/3.shtml

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C.8.9. Freedom House, Freedom House Gravely Concerned about Desperate Situation of Journalists and Human Rights Advocates in Somalia, 15 November 2007 URL: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=590

C.8.10. Committee to Protect Journalists, Somali government silences three radio stations

in two days, 13 November 2007 URL: http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/africa/somalia13nov07na.html

C.8.11. Human Rights Watch, Somalia: Killings, Arrests Shatter Independent Media,

22 October 2007 URL: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/10/22/somali17148.htm

C.8.12. Committee to Protect Journalists, Police fire on Somalia’s Radio Shabelle,

18 September 2007 URL: http://www.cpj.org/news/2007/africa/somalia18sep07na.html

C.8.13. Freedom House, Freedom of the Press – Somalia (2007), 2 May 2007

URL: http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=251&country=7273&year=2007 C.8.14. United Nations, Human rights expert concerned about threats to media in

Somalia, 12 February 2007 URL: http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/697CB4D02D7EE388C125728000 3739E6

C.8.15. Reporters Without Borders, 2007 Annual Report – Somalia, 1 February 2007

URL: http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/rapport_en_bd-4.pdf C.8.16. Committee to Protect Journalists, Attacks on the Press in 2006 – Somalia, 2007

URL: http://www.cpj.org/attacks06/africa06/som06.html C.8.17. International Press Institute, World Press Review 2006 – Somalia

URL: http://www.freemedia.at/cms/ipi/freedom_detail.html?ctxid=CH0056&docid=CMS11769 02114182&country=/KW0001/KW0006/

C.9. Freedom of Movement; Travel Documents; Entry and Exit C.9.1. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Passports and other

documentation that could assist with identification, 7 May 2007 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=46fa53791e C.9.2. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Somalia: Identity documents and

travel documents (January 2000 – June 2004), 29 July 2004 URL: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/refworld/rwmain?docid=41501c601c

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C.10. Military Service; Forced Conscription; Draft Evasion C.10.1. IRIN, Somalia: Government calls for assistance to rehabilitate child soldiers,

2 February 2007 URL: http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=69888

C.10.2. Joe De Capua, Child Soldiers Being Recruited in Somalia, Say Humanitarian

Agencies, Voice of America, 12 January 2007 URL: http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2007-01/2007-01-12-voa29.cfm?CFID=25086 7538&CFTOKEN=54557341

C.10.3. IRIN, Somalia: Protect children from conscription, say aid agencies, 2 January

2007 URL: http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=62920 C.10.4. War Resisters’ International, Refusing to Bear Arms: A World Survey of

Conscription and Conscientious Objection to Military Service – Somalia, 15 September 1998

URL: http://www.wri-irg.org/co/rtba/somalia.htm

C.11. Exclusion C.11.1. UN Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999)

concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities, The Consolidated List established and maintained by the 1267 Committee with respect to Al-Qaida, Usama Bin Laden, and the Taliban and other individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with them, updated on 16 January 2008 URL: http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/consolist.shtml

C.11.2. MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Database, Terrorists Groups in Somalia, update

28 November 2007 URL: http://www.tkb.org/Country.jsp?countryCd=SO

C.11.3. Tom Porteous, Somalia: a failing counter-terrorism strategy, Open Democracy,

13 May 2007 URL: http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-africa_democracy/somalia_strategy_4613.jsp

C.11.4. US Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism,

Country Reports on Terrorism 2006 – Chapter 2: Africa Overview, 30 April 2007 URL: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82730.htm

US Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Country Reports on Terrorism 2006 – Chapter 6: Terrorist Organizations, 30 April 2007 URL: http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/crt/2006/82738.htm

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C.11.5. International Crisis Group, Somalia’s Islamists, 12 December 2005 URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/horn_of_africa/100_somalia_s_ islamists.pdf

C.11.6. International Crisis Group, Counter-Terrorism in Somalia: Losing Hearts and

Minds?, 11 July 2005 URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/library/documents/africa/horn_of_africa/095_counter_terror ism_in_somalia.pdf

C.11.7. Center for Defense Information, In the Spotlight: al-Ittihad al-Islami (AIAI),

26 March 2005 URL: http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=3026&from_page=../ program/document.cfm

C.11.8. Andre Le Sage, Prospects for Al Itihad and Islamist Radicalism in Somalia,

Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 27 No. 89, September 2001 URL: http://www.emro.who.int/somalia/som-AlItihadBrief.pdf

D. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

D.1 Early Warning; Conflict Prevention D.1.1 Peter Heinlein, African Union Unveils Road Map for Peace in Somalia,

24 January 2008 URL: http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-01-24-voa1.cfm

D.1.2 UN Security Council, ‘Business as usual’ approach to Somalia will no longer

work, Security Council warned in briefing by Secretary-General’s Special Representative, UN Department of Public Information release SC/9203, 17 December 2007 URL: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sc9203.doc.htm

D.1.3 Ann Scott Tyson, U.S. Debating Shift of Support in Somali Conflict, The

Washington Post, 4 December 2007 URL: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/03/AR2007120301096 .html

D.1.4 Swiss Peace, FAST Analytical Framework Somalia, August 2007

URL: http://www.swisspeace.ch/typo3/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/FAST/Analytical_Frame works/2007/AF_Somalia_2007_08.pdf

D.1.5 International Crisis Group, Somalia: The Tough Part Is Ahead, 26 January 2007

URL: http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=4630&l=1

D.2. Education; Food; Health; Employment; Social Rights D.2.1. Food and Agriculture Organization, Water and Food Security Country Profile –

Somalia URL: http://www.fao.org/countryProfiles/water/default.asp?ISO3=SOM

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D.2.2. Food Security Analysis Unit-Somalia, More than a Quarter of the Population of

Somalia are in Humanitarian Crisis, 31 January 2008 URL: http://www.fsausomali.org/fileadmin/uploads/1227.pdf

D.2.3. Food Security Analysis Unit-Somalia, Nutrition Update, December 2007,

7 January 2008 URL: http://www.fsausomali.org/fileadmin/uploads/1224.pdf

D.2.4. Médecins sans frontières, Top ten most underreported humanitarian stories of

2007, 20 December 2007 URL: http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=F77A3EAE-15C5-F00A-2512CE940378E72C&component=toolkit.report&method=full_html

D.2.5. Médecins sans frontières, Somalia: International Activities Report 2007,

13 December 2007 URL: http://www.msf.org/msfinternational/invoke.cfm?objectid=C95C78C9-15C5-F00A-255BBD6D5FC881BE&component=toolkit.article&method=full_html

D.2.6. UNICEF, UNICEF appeals for checkpoint access to health services in Mogadishu,

7 December 2007 URL: http://www.unicef.org.uk/press/news_detail_full_story.asp?news_id=1074

D.2.7. UN’s System Standing Committee on Nutrition, Nutrition information in crisis

situations – Report No. XV, December 2007 URL: http://wwww.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2007.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/EGUA-7AUNWQ-Full_Report.pdf/$File/Full_Report.pdf

D.2.8. Jeffrey Gettleman, As Somali Crisis Swells, Experts See a Void in Aid, The New

York Times, 19 November 2007 URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/20/world/africa/20somalia.html?_r=1&oref=slogin D.2.9. World Health Organization, Central South Somalia on the verge of new cholera

outbreak, 2 October 2007 URL: http://www.emro.who.int/somalia/pdf/Somalia_Press_Release2Oct07.pdf D.2.10. Médecins sans frontières, Somalia: Reaching Out, 13 August 2007 URL: http://www.msf.org/source/countries/africa/somalia/2007/reaching_out_report.pdf D.2.11. International Committee of the Red Cross, Annual Report 2006 – Somalia,

24 May 2007 URL: http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/738CCL/$FILE/icrc_ar_06_ somalia.pdf

D.2.12. UNICEF, Somalia: Statistics URL: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/somalia_statistics.html D.2.13. World Health Organization, Core Health Indicators 2007 – Somalia URL: http://www.who.int/whosis/database/core/core_select.cfm

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D.2.14. Food and Agriculture Organization, Aquastat – Somalia, 2005 URL: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries/somalia/index.stm

D.3 Miscellaneous N/A

D.4 Suggested Websites and Further Reading D.4. 1. AlertNet, Crisis Briefings: Somalia troubles D.4. 2. AllAfrica, Somalia D.4. 3. Amnesty International, Somalia D.4. 4. BBC News, Somalia in Crisis D.4. 5. Council on Foreign Relations, Somalia D.4. 6. Food Security Analysis Unit – Somalia D.4. 7. Global Policy Forum, Somalia D.4. 8. Human Rights Watch, Somalia/Somaliland D.4. 9. International Crisis Group, Somalia D.4. 10. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Countries: Somalia D.4. 11. IRIN, Latest News and Features – Somalia D.4. 12. New York Times, Somalia and Africa D.4. 13. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Somalia D.4. 14. Political Resources on the Net, Somalia D.4. 15. Political Resources on the Net, Somaliland D.4. 16. ReliefWeb, Countries and Emergencies: Somalia D.4. 17. Royal African Society, Africa on the web: Somalia D.4. 18. Social Science Research Council, Crisis in the Horn of Africa D.4. 19. Somalia News

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D.4. 20. Somaliland Government, Official Website D.4. 21. Somaliland.org D.4. 22. Somaliland Times D.4. 23. UNHCR, News on Somalia D.4. 24. UNHCR, Refworld – Somalia Country Page D.4. 25. UNHCR, Refworld – Somalia: National Legislation D.4. 26. UNICEF, Somalia D.4. 27. United Nations in Somalia D.4. 28. United Nations Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I) (April 1992 – March 1993)

.4. 29. United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II) (March 1993 – March 95)

.4. 30. United Nations Political Office in Somalia (UNPOS)

.4. 31. World Health Organization, Countries: Somalia

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