UNICEF Somalia

WASH Strategy Note

2018-2020

1. Introduction

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is a priority area under the Social and Human Capital

Development pillar of the Government’s National Development Plan (NDP) - 2017-2019. The

social and human development pillar aims to accelerate universal access to basic social services,

build human capabilities and uphold the dignity of all people of Somalia. As such, it will contribute

to the overall vision of the NDP, which is to “Enhance peace and stability, economic prosperity

and national cohesion”. The United Nations Strategic Framework (UNSF) and the constituent

strategic priorities are fully aligned to the Somali government’s development priorities as

articulated in its National Development Plan in order to best support a Somali led development

path. The WASH programme will in turn compliment the priority objectives as articulated in the

final report of UN Strategic Assessment process. By 2019, the country intends to increase drinking

water coverage to 63 per cent. For sanitation, NDP plans for 70% of the population to live in an

open defecation free environment. In addition, Somalia is committed to eliminating open

defecation by 2030 while achieving universal access to adequate and sustainable sanitation and

hygiene services, including increased access to child-friendly and gender sensitive WASH

facilities with menstrual hygiene management facilities to 30 per cent of primary and secondary

schools by 2019. Given the current low coverages, achieving these goals will require considerable

efforts in capacity strengthening, greater sector investments and effective collaboration between

the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and the Federal Member States on one hand and FGS

and development partners on the other.

WASH remains a normative part of maternal, new-born and child health, at all levels of care. The

WASH programme will therefore aim to contribute to reduce stunting and diarrheal disease in

children. The programme will continue to works across a variety of maternal and child survival

themes including child health and health systems strengthening. The components of the

programme will focus on improving access to and delivery of basic WASH services particularly

for the most vulnerable populations. The WASH programme will also prioritise interventions

aimed at addressing the causes of lack of adequate access to gender sensitive WASH services in

schools. It will address challenges of the disabled, gender and geographical disparities, quality of

services and the role of community education committees in addressing some of the WASH

problems.

Government capacity and systems will be strengthened to support sustained WASH service

delivery in health facilities, schools and in support of nutrition programmes. Human resource

capacity in government has been boosted in the last 5 years by the return of skilled engineers and

managers from the diaspora but there is rapid turnover and consequently little consistency in

strategy or planning. Both the public and the private sector suffer from a lack of skilled workers

with the result that water supply systems are badly constructed and maintained. Inter-sectoral and

inter-ministerial coordination mechanisms will be strengthened to support implementation of

national development priorities for improved health and survival.

Regarding the communication for development and participation, the programme will facilitate

dialogue on policies, behaviours and social norms at all levels. The programme will supports the

empowerment of communities, particularly women, in taking charge of their own development by

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strengthening community structures and networks. More women and children will participate

effectively in addressing health seeking behaviours, norms and actions to protect, promote and

fulfil the rights of girls, boys and women. Against a backdrop of the cluster lead agency for WASH,

the chronic humanitarian situation in Somalia including the recurrent drought/famine conditions,

WASH related disease outbreaks and increasingly diverse and complex partnerships, the WASH

programme will continue to perform as a convenor in disaster risk reduction and building

resilience. It is expected that the demand for UNICEF to play a leadership role in these result areas

will continue to increase. Geo-politics and the war on terror have focused government and

international investment on security and military capacity. Considerable peace dividends can be

gained from strategically planned WASH development. The compounding factor to the collapse

of WASH infrastructure and governmental oversight is the harsh climatic conditions and frequent

droughts. Local water shortage is common as climate change makes rainfall less predictable. Some

hazards, most notably earthquakes, permit almost no warning whatsoever. Drought, on the other

hand is in that rare category of slow-onset disasters in which it is difficult to decide when a drought

has begun, how long it will last, and what the ultimate consequences may be. Given this slow

onset, it is small wonder that droughts have typically received less attention than floods. That lack

of attention does not reduce the overall impact, however. Droughts and ongoing fighting have

brought Somalia close to another famine, just four years after food shortages killed 260,000 people.

A massive scale-up plan to avert another famine is underway, delivering humanitarian aid to parts

of Somalia. The prolonged drought has made it impossible to make a living at home. Adapting to

the adverse effects of future droughts and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimise the

damage it can cause remains the focus are for the WASH programme. The programme will

contribute to practical actions to manage risks from drought impacts, protect communities and

strengthen the resilience of the economy. Early adaptation action saves money and lives later. An

investment during times of stability can effectively mitigate negative impacts during crisis.

UNICEF will encourage greater integration of humanitarian and development programme

interventions to improve both the effectiveness of the humanitarian response and the long term

sustainability of national WASH systems and of community resilience capacities.

The core structural cause of low WASH service delivery is the lack of policy and a coordinated,

strategic water development plan over the last 20 years. Both Somaliland and Puntland have water

policies but there is little capacity to enforce them. Investment by external actors has gone ahead

without adherence to technical standards or following any defined priorities or plan. Without clear

policy guidance, actors continue to provide unsustainable, diesel pumping systems rather than

investing in renewable energy technology, although there has been positive trials with solar

pumping systems. There has been limited investment in water infrastructure and support to

operation and maintenance has mostly focused on short term rehabilitation and repair. Private

owners of water sources and operators have been left to provide water services with minimal

guidance, regulation or capacity strengthening. Efforts are now underway to develop a new WASH

Policy but enforcement will be difficult in a sector which has had no regulation or control for over

20 years.

Diseases related to unsafe water, poor sanitation and lack of hygiene are common causes of illness

and death among children under five years. Any intervention which aims to impact health

effectively therefore needs to integrate water and sanitation hardware with hygiene promotion as

well as deal with the special needs of women, girls, boys and men and the problems of the most

vulnerable, marginalised, minority and socially excluded segment of the population. The UNICEF

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Somalia Country Office (SCO) recognises the fact that most children in Somalia are vulnerable,

unhealthy, not in school, not protected from harm, and living in non-resilient communities with no

government-led social services. Water, sanitation and hygiene is at the centre of SCO’s vision to

which the WASH programme will contribute in ensuring that more children living in resilient

communities, using affordable and equitable WASH services, living in open defecation free

communities, and focusing on the needs of women and girls, those that are socially excluded and

in vulnerable situations. This strategy note describes the WASH programme outcomes that must

be achieved as preconditions for the realization of the vision of the Somalia Country Programme.

Stemming from a well-defined analysis of the immediate and underlying causes of water,

sanitation and hygiene situation in the country, a theory of change linking the outcomes and

activities explains how and why the desired change is expected to come about. In the framework

of the theory of change, the programme recognises that if there is an improvement in enabling

environment (policy/legislation and social norms), then supply and demand on knowledge will be

generated; if demand and supply on knowledge are generated, then services will be available and

sustained leading to demand and changes in behaviour and utilization of services or new practices

or new norms through advocacy, social mobilization, and behaviour change communication

Reaching the socially excluded groups and most vulnerable children, women and girls wherever

they are means that UNICEF will increase its involvement in urban WASH both in times of

stability and of crisis. The WASH programme will identify and target efforts to those most in need,

whether they are in small towns, peri-urban settings or urban slums. This will be done in view of

relative strengths of UNICEF and other partners. The programme will build new relationships and

collaboration frameworks with others that have comparative advantages, expertise and

programmes in urban WASH, as well as with municipal government actors, service providers, and

the private sector. Closer alignment and convergence with the education, health, nutrition, and

protection programmes are key to ensuring complementarity and sustainability. There is a lot of

room for improvement in synergies and collaboration with other programmes section in joint

planning and resource mobilization efforts. The programme will seek convergence with health

service delivery and WASH in schools. The resilience strategy recognises the importance of

convergence which will allow substituting short-term humanitarian operations with sustainable

approaches that require longer-term engagement with communities. The WASH Programme has

agreements with around 35, mostly local, partner organizations for service delivery. Experience

with local partners over the past few years is that the total cost to achieve outputs are far cheaper

in delivering services compared with INGOs which bring the fore the value for money. Even with

restricted access, local partners are able to implement projects in remote and hard-to-reach

locations. The staff turnover among local NGOs is rapid and consequently little consistency in

capacity, strategy or planning. The programme will continue to strengthen the enabling

environment for NGO partners, but also for Government and Federal Member States including as

responsibilities will be progressively transferred in the mid- to long-run.

Tools for effective regulation and oversight of private water services are under development but

there is limited understanding or political will at local level to enforce these. Users are not

empowered to demand better services from service providers and there is a lack of collective

responsibility for providing affordable water supply to the population. Where private water

operators are providing water, roles and responsibilities are not clearly defined so public, private

partnerships are effectively only private businesses with no public oversight. Ministries of Health

have some motivation and authority to guide and coordinate public health related activities but

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their capacity is undermined by overwhelming prioritization, and resource allocation, to curative

health services over preventative actions such as sanitation and hygiene. Positive actions to support

the eradication of open defecation have been taken, contributing to the broader 2030 Agenda for

Sustainable Development that is critical for children. The WASH programme will support the

national priorities set out in the NDP. The programme will support the development of government

owned WASH policies. Adequate sector leadership by WASH ministries will be strengthened,

ensuring well-coordinated and harmonised approaches to WASH service delivery at both national

and sub-national levels. The programme will support and strengthen institutional capacities at sub-

national and local levels for planning, monitoring, budgeting and service delivery, including for

humanitarian assistance.

2. Prioritised issues and areas

Children need water, sanitation and hygiene to survive and thrive in times of stability and crisis,

in urban, rural and pastoral settings. The national coverage for safe drinking water stands at 53%

with South-Central Region at (51%), Somaliland (56%) and Puntland (62%) and the coverage by

population group stands at (69%) for IDPs, 24% for Nomads (76%) for urban and 37% for rural.

The national sanitation coverage stands at 63% with South-Central Region (59%), Somaliland

(74%) and Puntland (65%). The sanitation coverage by population group includes IDPs (75%),

nomads (34%), urban (87%) and rural (49%). At 24 per cent in 2015, the prevalence of diarrhoea

among under-fives stands at 24%. The incidence of diarrhoea in children under five has not

changed over the last decades in Somalia despite the rise in use of improved water. This trend is

similar for urban and rural children, and the rates are higher for poorer families and less educated

mothers. Only one in five Somalis use both improved water and improved sanitation, although

almost half of urban dwellers do so compared with just four per cent of those in rural areas. This

is most likely because people, particularly care-givers, do not know the health benefit of hand

washing with water and soap at critical times and they tend to lack the knowledge about the health

benefits of using an improved sanitation facility. The quality of water used for domestic purposes

is also reduced by preferences for surface water compared to groundwater due to high salinity.

There is limited understanding of the risks surrounding contaminated drinking water.

Somalia is an ethnically and culturally homogenous country in Africa; sharing a uniform language,

religion, and culture. Minority groups consist of low cast including the Bantus. The family life is

based upon the societal structure of patrilineal clan and sub clan. Clans serve as a source of

solidarity as well as conflict. Clans combine forces for protection, access to water and good land,

and political power. Water conflicts occur because the demand for water resources and potable

water both for livestock and human consumption extend far beyond the amount of water actually

available. With water so much at the core of Somali society and its economy, the envisaged road

to reconciliation, recovery and economic growth will be impossible without significant

investments in the water sector.

Given the prevailing conflict situation and the resulting humanitarian context in Somalia, a number

of risk factors related to WASH service delivery are considered. This includes sudden shrinking

of access and/or uncertainty on access causing imbalance in the scope of the programme and

impedes delivery, diversion of aid and imposition of taxation by non-state entities. Beneficiary,

staff and assets security risks are most likely and most severe. Weak capacity of sector partners

alongside inadequate capacity of Somalia WASH related ministries and institutions to provide

oversight slows/impedes delivery of programme goals.

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The key WASH deprivations as derived from the problem tree analysis include inadequate access

to safe water supply and appropriate sanitation and hygiene facilities within communities, IDP

camps, schools and health facilities. Over 47 per cent of the Somali population does not have

access to safe drinking water. The underlying causes for these deprivations include unavailability

of safe water sources in rural and urban communities together with institutions, long distances to

water sources limiting access to sufficient water supply and a limited community awareness of

their rights to WASH services. Field reports also suggest that 40 per cent of existing water sources

are non-functional in addition to the high cost per cubic metre of water. The background to the

malfunctioning of water supply systems are weak water supply management models, high

operation and maintenance costs and lack of supply chain of spare parts coupled with technical

limitation of service providers. The non-adherence to technical standards and the lack of clear

policy guidance to WASH service delivery are among the contributing factors. Over the last few

years, servicing and ownership of water sources have been made possible by the willingness and

growing interest of local and indigenous investors to invest into the water supply projects.

Establishment of structured water user’s associations (WUAs) and a collaborative strategy

between the WUAs and Water service providers with oversight from the line ministry has given

the users a say the management of their water supply systems including tariff settings. The

programme intends to shift from UNICEF as water service provider to more sustainable service

delivery (especially reducing repeated water system rehabilitation). In turn, this will free up

resources for scaling up other programme interventions. Lack of central water treatment systems

in most urban and peri-urban towns and the limited knowledge on household water treatment and

safe storage comprise some of the underlying causes. Furthermore, there is an existing preference

for surface water sources considered to be “sweet” water as opposed to saline groundwater supplies

even though the former is unsafe. There is limited understanding of the risks around contaminated

drinking water. More than 80% of people neither know nor use recommended methods of

household water treatment and safe storage such as boiling, solar disinfection, filtration and

chemical disinfection. Unavailability of chemical disinfectant in the local market is one of the

barrier identified from the problem tree analysis.

The second deprivation as suggested again by the problem tree analysis is the lack of inadequate

knowledge and practice of good water, sanitation and hygiene behaviours. Most Somalis neither

know the health benefits of using improved sanitation facilities nor are they aware of the health

benefits of practicing handwashing with soap at critical times1. Contamination of water during

collection, transport and storage is a common problem, indicated by low levels of hygiene at the

water points and in the homes. Over 77 per cent of people are aware that drinking water needs to

be treated at home while a significant proportions (23 per cent) do not consider water treatment

important. For those that consider water treatment important, they not use the recommended

methods for water treatment. Out of those who claim to treat water, only 20 per cent use the

recommended methods of boiling and chlorination. The underlying causes of these deprivations

include the lack of motivation by heads of households to construct latrines with hand washing

facilities due to perceived high cost of latrine construction, and the absence of hand washing at

schools or health facilities. A lack of common approaches among service providers on hygiene

promotion as well as the low literacy level of caregivers have been identified as two of the principle

underlying causes of deprivations on knowledge and practices.

1 2015 KAP study report

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Open defecation rates in Somalia are some of the highest in the world and handwashing practices

with soap are very low. The programme will support evidence generation through baseline, mid-

term and end-line KAP/national surveys and consistently monitor progress in health seeking

behaviour like hand washing with soap at critical times, use of latrine and point of use treatment.

The perceived high cost of latrine construction have contributed to the reluctance of households to

construct or use latrines. Poor design of latrines in urban areas (particularly IDP camps) has

resulted in high rates of collapse during rains. Lack of systems for cleaning, maintenance and

emptying of communal latrines has resulted in low levels of usage and reversion to open

defecation. Cultural beliefs, negative social norms and common practice are all barriers to

changing behaviour especially where one of the key agents of change are women with low

education levels. Changing hygiene and sanitation behaviour is difficult due to an accepted cultural

norm for open defecation. Similarly hand washing behaviour is focused on religious rituals rather

than on effective hygiene to reduce disease transmission. Households usually report frequent hand

washing but evidence suggests that this does not take place at key times for caregivers and mostly

without soap. The WASH programme will continue its efforts to eliminate open defecation while

working with government and partners to achieve access to basic sanitation for all, progressively

achieving safely managed sanitation. To ensure open defecation free status, the programme will

continue to place communities at the centre of its programming. Working closely with the existing

community structures like religious leaders (imams and sheiks) and clan leaders has resulted in a

remarkable achievement in ODF status in a number of communities.

These deprivations are manifested in an increase in the under-5 morbidity and mortality. This

includes WASH related illnesses such as diarrhoea, wild polio virus and stunting. Children with

disabilities and girls who have reached puberty lose time from school due to lack of access to

appropriate WASH facilities in schools.

The implementation of the WASH programme will be guided by selected programming principles

that will contribute to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation, the vision of the

Somalia Country office and aspirations of the National Development plan (2017-2019). The NDP

recognises that WASH issues are important and critical which, like other development issues, need

serious consideration. The NDP suggests that the WASH sector will be responsible for ensuring

availability and access to safe and clean water and hygienic sanitation facilities in rural and urban

areas, as well as delivering viable sewerage/sanitation systems. The sector will therefore focus on

safe water supply both for socially excluded population groups in both urban and rural areas,

together with sustainable sanitation services and hygiene promotion. These will be built on best

practices (public-private partnership model of managing water supply systems), lessons learned

(engaging religious and clan leaders for CLTS approaches) and the innovative approaches (use of

technology for monitoring results and solar powered water supply systems) during the current

programme cycle. Taking these initiatives and innovations to scale will sustain programme gains

and results, and will constitute further criteria to determine engagement with stakeholders and

recipient communities.

UNICEF will promote and support the multi-faceted sustainability agenda by promoting

innovative approaches including decentralised management of water infrastructures, sub-surface

dams, solar powered water supply systems and storm water harvesting. UNICEF will encourage

a greater role for the private sector in achieving sustainable and quality services, including

community entrepreneurs and other local private sector actors.

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The mandate of reaching children in socially excluded communities means that the WASH

programme will be designed to increase its involvement in urban WASH both in times of stability

and of crisis. Recognizing the differences between urban and rural service delivery in context,

actors, technology and financing, the WASH programme will engage in urban WASH with the

poorest and most vulnerable children in urban slums. Recognizing other stakeholders’ efforts, the

WASH programme will identify and target efforts to those most in need, whether they are in small

towns, peri-urban settings or urban slums. The programme will work to strengthen disaggregated

data collection and monitoring to facilitate the targeting of resources for the urban poor. In

collaboration with other stakeholders, UNICEF will advocate for municipal resources to be

devoted to poor and socially excluded populations and for the associated development of strategies

and policies. Emphasis will be placed on the need to manage faecal waste, solid waste and

drainage, reducing threats to children that are synonymous with the challenges of the urban

environment. The programme will use evidence, experience and lessons from different contexts to

test innovative approaches in urban areas like SMS service for sludge collection or pre-paid water

meter on a large scale, working with partners.

Core to the challenging working environment are the overall weakness in WASH sector

governance. This includes inadequate WASH policies and strategies, standard and guidelines and

the lack of performance monitoring tools and regulatory framework for service providers. Weak

community involvement and the lack of common approaches for WASH service delivery have

resulted into unsustainable service delivery. The weak technical capacity and the staff turnover

among the service providers leaves a lot to be desired. In a bid to strengthen the enabling

environment, the WASH programme will continue working closely with the key WASH ministries

at all levels including Ministries of Health, Ministries of Education, Ministries of Water and

Natural Resources, Ministries of Interior and the Ministries of National Planning and International

Cooperation, as well as the Puntland State Agency for Water, Energy and Natural Resources for

the implementation of the WASH programme. At the sub-national levels UNICEF will work

closely with Federal Member States. The FGS WASH ministries will remain responsible, at

central level, for oversight, policy and strategy development. In urban, peri-urban and small

towns, UNICEF will work with the municipal authorities, local government administrators and

district councils. Other governmental partners will include the Ministries of Finance; Ministries of

Planning, Environment, Agriculture, Livestock and Women’s Affairs. For disaster management

the WASH programme will work closely with NERAD, HADMA and DMA. The overall

framework for engaging the line ministries with overlapping result areas in WASH will guide the

sector policy directions and institutional development within the WASH sub-sectors, support

integration and coordination of sector planning, set standards and goals for the sector. The inter-

ministerial WASH steering committee that brings all the key ministries together serves as the

platform for advocating for increased allocations from government to achieve the national goals

laid out in the NDP. The WASH Bottleneck Analysis Tool (WASH-BAT) developed by UNICEF

will be used to inform costed and prioritised plans to remove the bottlenecks that constrain progress

in the WASH sector.

Partnership arrangements for the programme implementation will include United Nations

agencies; multilateral partners, NGOs, Community Based Organizations, Academic/Training

institutions and donors. Effective collaboration among stakeholders will be sought especially in

multi-faceted complex issues requiring complementary skills, networks and capacities, such as

urban WASH, community-led total sanitation, the broader WASH agenda and the strengthening

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of enabling environment. The WASH programme will also engage the private sector, including

small and medium enterprises, contractors and consultants. The programme will work with the

private sector directly or through the line ministries on the provision of WASH goods and services

as well as on wider scope of activities which contribute to the enabling environment for WASH.

In view of the growing number of partners and stakeholders in the sector with various comparative

advantages, the UNICEF WASH Programme will encourage certain partners to complement

certain aspects of the WASH interventions. UNICEF will continue to provide support to the FGS

with portable test kits for water quality monitoring of drinking water sources. . The Ministry of

Water Resources has over the years been receiving support for the skill training centre at Hargeisa.

It will be a valuable opportunity to link the training school with repair centres in Somaliland, as

such, CARE will be encouraged to construct and equip repair centres. For the generation of

evidence around groundwater and groundwater monitoring, FAO/SWALIM has the comparative

advantage and UNICEF will encourage FAO to continue with this aspect of the WASH

programme.

In order to achieve the WASH outcome, UNICEF will use its comparative advantage of working

in Somalia. UNICEF’s presence in the Somalia is one of its biggest assets. UNICEF has a greater

comparative advantage at the community level, which would facilitate the work at that level. The

trusted relationships or partnerships with the government line ministries and the broad range of

both international and national WASH partners guarantees a wide reach where access is permitted.

The WASH sector leadership and coordination role presents a meaningful convening power in

Somalia, evidenced by progress made on coordination within education, nutrition and WASH

clusters. Therefore the WASH Programme is in a position to influence policies and strategies for

better results for children. In the context of humanitarian action, UNICEF has a long history of

working in emergencies and humanitarian contexts, both natural and man-made. Originally called

the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund, so much has changed since then,

but UNICEF’s fundamental mission has not. . The WASH section has considerably strengthened

the emergency response capacity and coordination of humanitarian assistance. As cluster lead

agency for WASH, the programme has have invested in coordination structures that have reduced

vulnerability over time. The number of national NGOs has grown and there has been a notable

cultural/geographic diversification of international NGOs. As a result of the age and complexity

of the humanitarian situation in Somalia, so much has been learnt over the years about adapting

traditional approaches to effectively provide support emergency affected populations including

socially excluded groups, minority groups and the hard-to-reach groups. The programme in

collaboration with the WASH cluster secretariat has been able to establish sub-national supply hub

across the ten regions of Central-South Somalia. At the global level, UNICEF has established

permanent and dedicated capacities to support country offices while addressing gaps and

shortcomings identified in past humanitarian situations, notably around human resources. The

Core Commitments for Children in Humanitarian Action are the central policy used by UNICEF

to uphold the rights of children affected by humanitarian crisis; around which UNICEF seeks to

engage with partners.

3. Theory of change

The rationale of the TOC is to identify all the conditions (outcomes) that must be in place and how

these relate to one another for the goals to occur. These are all mapped out in an Outcomes

Framework in figure 1. The Outcomes Framework provides the basis for identifying what type of

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activity will lead to the outcomes, as the preconditions for achieving the long-term goal. Through

this approach the precise link between activities and the achievement of the long-term goals will

be more fully understood. UNICEF will advocate for sustainable markets for WASH goods and

services that balances demand and supply. UNICEF will continue to create demand through

government and civil society outreach efforts, media campaigns and programmatic approaches

such as the Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). To accelerate delivery of results, WASH

Programme focus and linkages with other sector programme needs to be further sharpened. The

programme will work closely with the health programme in the result area of the essential

programme for health service delivery. For early childhood development and WASH in schools,

menstrual hygiene management and related child-focus engagements, the WASH programme will

work closely with Education and child protection programmes. There is plenty evidence on the

impact of WASH interventions on undernutrition and stunting. The WASH programme will work

closely with the nutrition sector to promote nutrition-WASH related interventions like hand-

washing with soap (with respect to child faeces, complementary feeding), elimination of open

defecation and point of use water treatment and safe storage. Programme convergence and

integrated approaches give the possibility to optimise efficient use of the resources at lowest cost.

For humanitarian action, increased focus on strategic lifesaving interventions will be pursued to

deliver solid results – the WASH supply hub mechanism will be expanded to include zinc and

ORS supplies. Geographic convergence will also help improve programme focus. Geographic

programme convergence demands state or district-specific vulnerability analyses, with data across

key sector and key indicators.

The WASH Programme and other sector actors recognise that traditional sources of funding will

not be sufficient to meet the targets. New funding sources and new financing mechanisms are

required including strategies like “public financing for children” (PF4C) among others to take into

account the improvement of the outcomes for the poorest and most vulnerable groups. UNICEF

will encourage and support the use of paperless transfers for WASH, in both emergency and

development contexts.

UNICEF’s WASH programming is premised on the need to ensure that more people, paying

special attention to the needs of women and girls, socially excluded groups and those in vulnerable

situations, are healthy and living in resilient communities, accessing affordable and equitable

water, sanitation and hygiene services and less people are practicing open defecation.

Given that UNICEF will not be able to achieve this alone, the WASH Programme will undertake

specific action to bring the humanitarian and development systems even closer together. In line

with the approach outlined in the UNSF, NDP, the Programme will reinforce joint coordination

mechanisms, align programming, and pursue coordination, division of labour and collaboration

between humanitarian and development interventions. The programme will build new

relationships and collaboration frameworks with others that have comparative advantages,

expertise and programmes in the various WASH sub-sectors. The programme will work closely

with municipal government actors, service providers, and the private sector. Closer alignment and

convergence with the education, health, nutrition, and protection programmes are key to ensuring

complementarity and sustainability. Even when there are no gender disparities in child outcomes,

there are still gender barriers that affect the fulfilment of children’s rights and protection.

If the enabling environment that drives the formulation of WASH policy guidelines and strategies

for the implementation of these guidelines is in place, with clear national delivery standards and

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well defined regulatory framework and performance monitoring tools for the private sector and; if

the service provider adhere to the delivery standards and regulatory framework and adopt common

approaches to services delivery and; if positive alliances are created among the service providers

through joint planning and joint work plans developed leading to synergies and programme

convergence then there will be an increase access to affordable, sustainable and equitable drinking

water supply services; and if there is increased access to water supply within 30 minutes round trip

women and girls will have sufficient time for other household chores; and if the water source is

within 30 minutes round trip , then the amount of safe water available at home for domestic use

will be sufficient. If there is sufficient safe drinking water at household level then there will a

reduction in the prevalence of diarrhoea among children under-five years; and if there is sufficient

at household level then the number of people accessing safe drinking water will increase.

If the government and its development partners are committed to end open by 2030, and if the

national strategy for open defecation free Somalia are in place and fully adhered to by the service

providers, and if knowledge about the basic right to WASH services at community level increases

and if community, religious and clan leaders and heads of household are motivated to be engaged

by service providers on health seeking behaviours, and if community members are aware of the

health benefits of not defecating in the open and washing hands with soap at critical times, if

parents or household heads are motivated to start constructing gender sensitive “subsidy free

latrines” that are equipped with hand washing facilities and if gender sensitive latrines equipped

with hand washing and wash facilities for girls are constructed in schools then the whole

community will stop practicing open defecation; if every household has a latrine, then women and

girl will not have to wait until dark before defecating in the open. And if the entire community end

open defecation and are washing hands with soap at critical times then there will be a reduction in

prevalence of diarrhoea among children under-five years and the number of people accessing safe

means of excreta disposal will increase.

4. Result Structure and Framework

The WASH programme will focus on four results areas: Water Supply (Rural and Urban),

Sanitation and Hygiene (Rural and Urban), WASH in emergencies and Enabling Environment.

The scale, scope and exact nature of WASH programme engagement across these areas will vary

across the country based on context, specific needs and the capacity of key stakeholders. The

balance of approaches used by the WASH programme in each of the results areas will also depend

on the gains made so far for each sub-sector as indicated by coverage status, strength of national

systems and aspirations of the national development plan.

Outcome: By 2020, increased numbers of people, especially women and girls,

socially excluded groups and others in vulnerable situations, are healthy and live

in resilient communities, access affordable and equitable WASH services and

abandon open defecation..

In the context of relatively limited government prioritization and planning as a result of the

chronic humanitarian situation, most WASH sectors actors have either focused on WASH

humanitarian activities or on rehabilitation and construction of water infrastructure (mostly

boreholes). However, UNICEF has supported important initiatives on governance, capacity

strengthening and conflict resolution in the sector which, when strengthened, will address

11

some of the immediate and underlying causes for the core WASH deprivations. Such

initiatives include the public-private partnership model of water supply management along

with the institutionalization of water users’ associations, taking solar powered water supply

systems to scale, drive for open defecation free status for all target communities within MCH

catchments or entire districts. External risks which could significantly impede the

achievement of outputs and consequently the WASH outcome are presented below alongside

proposed strategies for mitigation.

Output 1: By 2020, increased numbers of people, in rural areas, small towns and urban

centres, as well as schools and health centres, have access to safe and affordable drinking

water, especially women and girls.

Communities being at the heart of WASH programme, their involvement and understanding

of the choices and selections, management and monitoring of WASH services is critical to

guarantee sustainability and affordability. Communities have to understand that the services

are not free but they should be provided at an affordable cost. Clear accountability

mechanisms for service providers and local authorities will contribute to improved and

sustainable service delivery.

A key assumption is that the service provider will re-invest into water supply systems resulting

into improved quality of service, more households will be willing to pay for the services, thereby

increasing revenue for water committees or private service providers. This brings to the fore the

importance of pro-poor service provision initiatives to enable the rural and urban poor to afford

the services. Pricing policy for water supply delivery and strengthened regulation on tariffs, the

high variability in the price of water throughout the country and from season to season will be

addressed. Emphasis will be placed on the need to deliver services in an inclusive manner to all.

Clarifying the mandates of water supply service providers is a step towards improving the

governance of water supply service providers. Working closely with the municipal authorities to

regulate the water supply services by strengthening capacity, developing procedures for actors of

the sector are core to the draft WASH policy document. Developing procedures for community

participation and establishment of collaborative strategies between service providers and water

user’s association are taking center stage in decentralised management of water supply delivery

mechanisms.

The sustainable management of rural and urban water supplies using the public-private-

partnerships (PPP) approach is a strategy that is working and has potential to go to scale across the

country. This strategy is informed by the initiatives of the UN Joint Programme on Local

Governance and Decentralised Service Delivery (JPLG) that aims to strengthen local governance

and enhance decentralised services in all the regions of Somalia. It helps address the fundamental

challenges of limited institutional capacity and resource with unclear roles and responsibilities and

an urgent need to increase the capacity of local government to deliver public services. The delivery

of water services has, since the collapse of the central government in 1991, increasingly been in

the hands of vibrant small and medium-sized entrepreneurs (SMEs) and rural communities. Their

viability was initially constrained by limited access to technology, poor revenue management, and

by a capacity gap. Despite these constraints, such decentralised service delivery models have

provided and maintained basic access to water supply for the majority of the population. This

strategy therefore offers an established platform for engagement by investors and the formation of

a more structured enabling environment by government. UNICEF will therefore continue to

12

encourage a greater role for the private sector in achieving sustainable and quality services at scale.

The small and medium-sized entrepreneurs normally engaged by a tripartite agreement between

municipal authorities, the ministry of water and the SME. UNICEF will continue to strengthen

the management model and the capacity of the different stake-holders. The SME is mandated to

reinvest in the system.

In the areas of urban WASH, UNICEF will build new relationships and collaboration

frameworks with the World Bank, UN-Habitat, Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor

(WSUP), and other development partners who also have expertise and programmes in this

area, as well as with municipal government actors, service providers, and the private sector.

UNICEF will continue to emphasise WASH in schools while leveraging its experience and

leadership in this area into broader support for WASH in health facilities and in other

institutions where children are at risk from poor WASH, such as early childhood care

facilities. UNICEF will also use evidence-based advocacy and its leadership roles in health

and education to help ensure that WASH is institutionalised within these sectors.

Output 2: By 2020, increased numbers of people in rural, urban and peri-urban areas, small towns

and at schools and health centres, have access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene

services and are empowered to end open defecation.

Overall it is assumed the duty bearers will respect and promote the rights to water and sanitation

and the right holders in turn will uphold their social responsibilities and parents including female

headed households will have money to construct "zero subsidy" latrines.

In urban settings, UNICEF will advocate and stress the need to manage faecal waste, solid waste

and drainage, reducing threats to children using strategies appropriate to the challenges of the

urban environment. Recognising the differences between urban and rural service delivery and in

reference to the strategic change objectives, faecal sludge management for urban WASH may be

new for the partners to engage with. Therefore, the government and partner’s staff capacity needs

to be strengthened through structured training and learning programmes, exposure of government

and partner staff to success stories on these issues and through short term consultancies in specific

technical areas.

In both rural and urban school settings, focus will be placed on influencing hygiene behaviour

change in the areas of handwashing, safe water handling, changing perception about menstrual

hygiene management (MHM), and the safe disposal of excreta. To help ensure that hygiene, and

especially handwashing with soap (or with ash), become lifelong practices, daily group

handwashing sessions in schools will be promoted. Collaborative efforts with strategic partners on

early childhood development initiatives will be sought. To support girls’ enrolment and retention,

rural and urban school latrines will be gender separated and standards will be established to ensure

girls can practice safe menstrual hygiene management in school settings. The WASH programme

will leverage resources for supporting MHM models in schools.

Advocacy for more fund allocation towards urban WASH and leveraging corporate social

responsibility funds in favour of urban WASH will be prioritised while increasing knowledge

and understanding of urban WASH issues. The mandate of reaching the most vulnerable

children wherever they are implies that UNICEF will scale-up its involvement in urban

WASH in times of crisis or stability. Failure to generate more domestic funding through

13

private sector UNICEF will work closely with new and existing partners, including

international finance institutions, government ministries, including the ministry of finance,

and the private sector, both national and international. UNICEF will encourage joint work

plans with strategic partnership with INGOs and UN agencies with overlapping mandates.

Advocacy for better financial information management with transparent expenditure

tracking and targeting will be encouraged to ensure proper targeting, management and

greater equity over WASH services.

Output 3: Emergency affected people are provided with lifesaving WASH interventions,

especially women and girls.

To maintain the dignity of emergency affected populations and mitigate the impact of the

humanitarian situation in a timely manner, it is assumed that integrated intervention from other

WASH cluster/sectors partners and inter-cluster collaboration in same geographical locations will

be realised. The interruption or degradation of WASH services during times of crisis affects health,

nutritional status, and the safety and dignity of children, girls and women.

The growing recognition that aid programmes need to be synchronised to effectively mitigate the

negative impact of the crisis. The institutionalization of the sub-national supply hubs for pre-

positioning of WASH emergency supplies with cluster partners is exemplary. With federal

member states slowly taking up responsibilities at state level, the exit strategy for managing the

sub-national supply hubs is for the federal member state ministries to assume responsibilities for

managing. . UNICEF will continue to play a key role in supporting socially excluded groups and

vulnerable populations gain and maintain access to WASH in emergencies. Direct response,

support to existing coordination mechanisms and strengthening capacities at all levels will

dominate the programme response mechanism. The response and coordination efforts in

emergencies will be guided by the Core Commitments for Children (CCCs) in Humanitarian

Action, which outlines key commitments and responses for saving lives and upholding the rights

of children in crisis and emergency situations. The programme will continue to encourage multi-

hazard risk analyses and risk-informed programming approaches, and provide support for

strengthening institutional capacity to improve risk mitigation. Continued support will be provided

to help communities build local capacity for resilience planning and systems management.

UNICEF will also ensure that emergency preparedness and prevention are standard components

within national sector planning instruments. This includes the development of district contingency

plans that define the role of local authorities and the state disaster management authorities in

coordinating humanitarian responses. There are plans underway to scale-up the development of

additional district contingency plans, building on the experience in developing 11 district

contingency plans. Response to humanitarian crises will be a continuum between rapid response

and longer-term development outcomes that build the resilience of communities to endure shocks

and crisis.

The specific interventions for the current IDP caseload, will include continuous support for the

operation and maintenance of strategic boreholes, water trucking or water vouchers, desludging of

overflowing pit latrines and distribution of hygiene kit as and when necessary. Water trucking will

be supported only in extreme cases and for a limited duration. To prepare the IDPs for the

subsequent reintegration into communities or return to their home town, cluster partners will

promote ODF camp environment.

14

While integrating humanitarian and development programming, the role of WASH in

peacebuilding, disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and environmental protection is

fundamental to building resilience. The WASH programme will use its sector leadership, long

term presence in-country and convening power to help communities build resilience to shocks

from the impacts of climate change and other disasters. Risk-informed programming approaches

are pursued in support of institutional capacity strengthening for the improvement of risk

mitigation. Support for specific adaptation measures in communities such as rainwater harvesting

and groundwater recharge will continue at scale. Given the negative impacts climate change can

have on the sustainability of WASH services and behaviours, special attention will be paid to

climate resilient WASH development. The programme will construct subsurface dams, aquifer-

recharge systems and structures for storm water harvesting for use during the dry spell and solar

pump technology will go to scale.

Output 4: By 2020, a strengthened enabling environment and accountability structure within line

ministries exists to support WASH at all levels, including delivery of adequate, equitable and

affordable WASH services.

An enabling environment will be built on the premise that duty bearers will respect and

promote the rights to water and sanitation. It is also assumed that WASH policy will be

enforced with a well-regulated private sector and service providers will adopt common

approaches to WASH service delivery. The line ministries with overlapping responsibilities

in WASH will be well coordinated. Failure to attain the requisite enabling environment,

Programme will support the development of WASH sector policy and implementation

strategies. The programme will use and further develop analytical tools, like the WASH-

BAT, to analyse constraints within each enabling environment building block, identify

solutions and develop costed action plans to address identified bottlenecks. The planning

officials from the line ministries will interact with external partners and UNICEF on issues

around the regional and socio-economic disparities that continue to undermine progress in

the water, sanitation and hygiene sector. UNICEF will continue to support the existing

collaboration and coordination mechanisms among line ministries with overlapping

responsibilities for WASH. Building on the successes of the UN Joint Programme for Local

Governance and decentralised service delivery (2013), the programme will support

devolution decision making to lower levels of government.

Recognizing the role of the private sector in delivery of sustainable WASH, private sector

actors, including small scale operators and service providers will strengthen the enabling

environment. Public-private-partnership (PPP) approaches will be promoted in order to

deliver high-quality and affordable service. Strengthened supply chains will offer a range of

affordable, durable and high-quality water, sanitation and hygiene products to households,

such as toilet construction materials, soap and household water treatment products.

Businesses will also be encouraged to include demand creation components in their business

models. Partnering with others working in complementary areas like urban WASH will be

essential in addressing the full set of barriers and drivers to building sustainable markets.

The WASH programme aims to strengthen and reinforce the accountability links between

the key sets of actors, communities and water users, the policy-makers, the service providers,

and the regulators. The programme will focus on supporting communities to claim their

15

rights, helping government become more responsive to the voices of the poor, while

strengthening government’s capacity to create an enabling environment for service delivery.

6. Resource Requirements

Programme budget

(In thousands of United States dollars)

Regular

resources

Other

resources

Total

3 900

32 951

36 851

7. Monitoring outputs and demonstrating UNICEF’s contribution to

outcomes

The WASH programme will use results-based management (RBM) strategy or approach to ensure

that its processes, products and services contribute to the achievement of WASH programme

outcome; which in turn contributes to the Country Programme outcomes. The RBM approach will

serve as a coherent framework for strategic planning and management by improving learning and

accountability.

The WASH outcome monitoring will be a continual and systematic process of collecting and

analysing data to measure the performance of WASH interventions towards achievement of

outcomes at country level. While the process of outcome monitoring is continual in the sense that

it is not a time-bound activity, outcome monitoring will be periodic, so that changes can be

perceived. In other words, the WASH programme will collect information on an ongoing basis

regarding progress towards an outcome, and periodically compare the current situation against the

baseline for outcome indicators and assess and analyse the situation.

In order for the programme to effectively monitor outcomes and outputs, the programme will first

determine which projects, programmes and other activities contribute to any specific outcome.

“Other activities” will include peer review, advice, advocacy and other types of soft assistance

delivered outside of projects or programmes. The programme will track the outputs and measure

their contributions to outcomes by assessing the change from baseline conditions. The programme

will keep track of key outputs, the specific products and services that may emerge from processing

inputs through project/programme or non-project/programme activities.

The logic model used in the programme design, under the results framework and the theory of

change, will be used as the basis for monitoring, evaluation and strategic reporting. At the

implementation stage, the model will be used to guide the management and monitoring of the

outputs and outcomes. It will be used also to monitor programme implementation and how the

outcomes will be attained. During the various stages of the implementation, the logic model could

be revised and adapted to respond to changing circumstances or new information that may come

to light during programme implementation. It will also be used to communicate programme

success to stakeholders.

16

The programme will use multi-faceted tools and approaches to collect data that will inform

progress towards the set targets and milestones. This includes bi- annually (mid-year and end-year)

reviews. Where WASH staff do not have access due to insecurity, UNICEF will enter into specific

partnership agreements with companies for third party monitoring and verification of programme

interventions. Results of these reports are then triangulated with the partner reports. The

verification system will use independent, mobile monitors to provide objective feedback on

programme interventions. The verification exercises also contribute to identifying weaknesses

amongst partners and suggests areas where UNICEF needs to invest in strengthening their

capacity. Real-time monitoring of the functionality of water supply system will also be used with

the participation of the community system operator. Programmes are re-adjusted accordingly, once

feedback from the verification mechanism has been triangulated with other reports. The WASH

programme also gathers anecdotal information from community elders and local authorities.

Furthermore, the programme will use built-in GPS tagged cameras for monitoring. Cameras embed

the GPS coordinates in the photograph's data, which can then be mapped digitally. UNICEF will

advocate and support national surveys and research including Demographic Household Survey

and KAP Surveys to generate evidence for monitoring outcomes.

The programme will use these national surveys to gauge trends of WASH indications nationwide.

Special emphasis will be placed on strengthening monitoring and evaluation systems to better

identify socially excluded groups, and to assess the extent to which they are being served or

deprived. UNICEF will also use its long term presence in-country to contextualise research

findings across states and regions. The WASH programme will continue to use its leadership in

the sector and extensive field presence of sector/cluster partners to generate and disseminate

lessons to help improve its WASH programme designs. To ensure that gender dimensions of the

WASH interventions are adequately implemented, the programme will make use of a gender

checklist for field monitoring activities.

UNICEF will continue to work closely with FAO on Somalia Water and Land Information

Management (SWALIM) project. The project generates crucial water and land resources

information for Somali institutions to support informed decision making and national planning.

Building the successes of the collaboration between FAO/SWALIM and UNICEF have

collaborated closely since SWALIM Phase I. The key outcomes of the collaboration include the

following: Developed a country wide Somalia Water Sources Information Management System

(SWIMS) that includes water sources database with details of over 3000 point water sources. The

SWIMS system has since been upgraded into an online data portal or “Live Map”.

17

Annex 1: Results Framework

Key results Progress indicators Baseline Target Means of

verifications

Key partners

Sustainable development Goal 6: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

UNICEF WASH Global Strategy:

1. By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all;

2. By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention

to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations

National Development Plan Priorities: Promote the well-being, dignity and quality of life of all the people of Somalia by

progressively accelerating universal access to and utilization of basic social services.

PSG: Priority 1; Increase the provision of equitable, accessible, and affordable social services by creating a regulatory environment

that promotes decentralised delivery and prioritises key investments that extend and increase access to services.

Programme Outcome

By 2020, increased

numbers of people,

especially women and

girls, socially excluded

groups and others in

vulnerable situations, are

healthy and live in

resilient communities,

access affordable and

equitable WASH services

and abandon open

defecation.

Proportion of population

using basic water service

National 53%;

Rural 37%,

Urban 76%

National 65%,

Rural 50%,

Urban 80%

KAP survey;

DHS, MICS

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

MoE,MOH

Cluster/ sector

partners, private

sector, IMWSC,

WUAs, UN-

Habitat, WHO,

IOM, FAO, WFP,

UNIFEM and

UNFPA, AfDB,

World Bank

(WB), OIC, KFW;

Sida, EU, DFID,

USAID/OFDA,

JICA

Proportion of the

population practising open

defecation

National 37%;

Rural 55%,

Urban 19%

National 25%;

Rural 40%,

Urban 15%

KAP survey;

DHS, MICS

Programme Outputs

18

Key results Progress indicators Baseline Target Means of

verifications

Key partners

1. By 2020, increased

numbers of people, in

rural, small towns and

urban centres including

schools and health

centres, have access to

safe and affordable

drinking water especially

women and girls.

1.1 Number of people

disaggregated by gender

accessing basic drinking

water during the reporting

year only, as a result of

UNICEF direct support.

1,673,0002 3,000,000

Rural-

1,800,000;

peri-

urban/small

towns-1,200,

000

Programme

reports

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

Cluster/ sector

partners, private

sector, IMWSC,

WUAs

1.2 Number of schools

and ECD centres equipped

with safely managed water

supply systems during the

reporting year only, as a

result of UNICEF direct

support.

232 550 Programme

reports

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

MoE, Cluster/

sector partners,

private sector,

IMWSC, WUAs

1.3

Number of health

facilities/ nutrition centres

equipped with safely

managed water supply

systems during the

reporting year only, as a

result of UNICEF direct

support.

163 400 Programme

reports

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

MoH, Cluster/

sector partners,

private sector,

IMWSC, WUAs

2. By 2020, increased

numbers of people, in

rural, urban and peri-

urban areas, small towns,

schools and health

centres, have access to

adequate and equitable

2.1

Communities certified free

of open defecation in the

reporting year only as a

result of UNICEF direct

support

39 1,000 Programme

reports

MoH, Hygiene

and sanitation

working group,

IMWSC, Cluster

partners

2 Additional nnumber of people having access basic drinking water source as a result of direct UNICEF support during the current country programme cycle since 2011 to end of 2016.

19

Key results Progress indicators Baseline Target Means of

verifications

Key partners

sanitation and hygiene

services and are

empowered to end open

defecation especially

women and girls.

2.2 Number of schools

and ECD centres equipped

with safely managed

sanitation facility during

the reporting year only, as

a result of UNICEF direct

232 550 Programme

reports

MoE, Hygiene

and sanitation

working group,

IMWSC, Cluster

partners

2.3 Number of schools that

practice daily group

handwashing in the

reporting year only, as a

result of UNICEF direct

support and/or leveraged

through national

programmes.

unknown 3000 Programme

reports

MoE, Hygiene

and sanitation

working group,

IMWSC, Cluster

partners

2.4 Number of health

facilities/ nutrition centres

equipped with safely

managed sanitation

facilities during the

reporting year only, as a

result of UNICEF direct

support.

163 400 Programme

reports

MoH, Hygiene

and sanitation

working group,

IMWSC, Cluster

partners

3. Emergency affected

people are provided with

lifesaving WASH

interventions especially

women and girls.

3.1 UNICEF-targeted

population, disaggregated

by gender, in humanitarian

situations accessing

sufficient quantity3 of

50% 50% Programme

reports

WASH cluster

partners,

HADMA, DMA,

NERAD

3 At least 7.5 litres per person per day

20

Key results Progress indicators Baseline Target Means of

verifications

Key partners

water of appropriate

quality for drinking.

3.2 % of targeted

population in humanitarian

situations accessing

appropriate sanitation

facilities

50% 50% Programme

reports

WASH cluster

partners,

HADMA, DMA,

NERAD

3.3 UNICEF-targeted

population disaggregated

by gender provided with

hygiene kits

50% 50% Programme

reports

WASH cluster

partners,

HADMA, DMA,

NERAD

4. By 2020, a

strengthened enabling

environment and

accountability structure

within line ministries

exists to support WASH

at all levels, including

delivery of adequate,

equitable and affordable

WASH services.

4.1

Existence of functioning

sector/cluster coordination

mechanism for water,

sanitation and hygiene

Exists with

limited

Government

leadership

Sector/cluster

coordination

mechanism

operational

under

Government

leadership.

Sector/Cluster

minutes and 4W

matrices

Government and

sector project

/programme

reports and records

IMWSC,

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

Cluster/ sector

partners, private

sector

4.2

Existence of national

water, sanitation and

hygiene sector policy and

strategy by June 2018

0 3 Policy and strategy

analysis, budget

and finance

analysis reports.

Government and

sector project/

programme reports

and records

IMWSC,

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

Cluster/ sector

partners, private

sector

4.3 National strategy to

eliminate open defecation

available and implemented

0 1 Government,

CSOs, and sector

project/programme

reports; annual

report

IMWSC,

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

Cluster/ sector

partners, private

sector,

21

Key results Progress indicators Baseline Target Means of

verifications

Key partners

4.4 National monitoring

systems reporting on

equity of access to WASH

services available

0 1 Government,

CSOs, and sector

project/programme

reports; annual

reports

IMWSC,

PSAWEN,

MoWR, MoEWR,

Cluster/ sector

partners, private

sector

22

Risks

Reduction in Prevalence of Diarrhoea among U-Fives

More people, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls, socially excluded groups and those in

vulnerable situations, are healthy and living in resilient communities, accessing affordable and equitable water,

sanitation and hygiene services and less people are practicing open defecation.

Duty bearers have harmonised and

common approaches to take improved

sanitation and safe water to scale

Communities stop defecating in the open and handwashing with soap becomes the new norm.

Communities access equitable and affordable safe water

Communities participate and demand for WASH services by holding the providers and duty-bearers accountable.

Change

Improvement in sector

coordination with

government oversight

Community and household

leaders are motivated to

provide WASH services

Water sources are well maintained

with pro-poor tariff systems in

place

The line ministries in WASH are well coordinated, fully engaged and their capacities strengthened to provide oversight.

Formulation of WASH policy guidelines, strategies, regulatory framework and performance monitoring tools

Accountable models

for managing WASH

service delivery (rural

and urban) are in place

Advocacy and capacity development for communities, partners, private and government institutions on sustainable WASH service delivery

The knowledge at community level about basic rights to WASH services and social responsibilities increases

Support

accountability

framework for

sustainable service

delivery at all levels.

Pro-poor service

delivery initiative

ensuring

affordability for poor

households

Communities are aware of their social roles and responsibilities and are motivated to be engaged on WASH service delivery.

Evidence

generation and

evidence based

policy dialogue

and planning.

.

C4D to empower

communities to

demand for services

and make informed

decisions.

Engagement of

strategic

partnerships and

cross sectoral

links.

Information and resources

available for communities to

participate in WASH interventions

Communities are empowered to claim their rights and have capacity to actively engage with service providers and policy makers

Inadequate WASH policies, strategies, standards, guidelines

Weak coordination mechanisms lacking common approaches for WASH

Harsh climatic condition and frequent drought facilities

Illiteracy levels or lack of awareness of the right holders on WASH services

High Operational & maintenance cost

Low technical capacity of implementers/partners

Low allocation by government for WASH services.

Climate Change Restricted access

Political instability

What would make a difference?

Assumptions

Parents will have money to

construct “subsidy-free”

latrines,

Water service providers will

provide financial support to

WUAs,

Service Providers will reinvest

into the water supply systems.

Duty bearers will respect and

promote the rights to water and

sanitation,

Right-holders will uphold their

responsibilities,

WASH Policy enforced, private

sector regulated, IMWSC well

engaged, common