Unification of Germany and Italy
Stirrings of NationalismItalian Peninsula had not been unified since fall of
Roman Empire • Most spoke same language, but peninsula divided into
competing states, each with own government • Napoleon invaded Italy
– United many states under one government– Unification did not last– After Napoleon’s defeat, Congress of Vienna split Italian states
• Spirit of nationalism began to rise through Europe
Italian Unification was a combination of diplomatic moves and wars orchestrated by Camillo Cavour the Prime Minister of Sardinia.
Italian Unification Timeline
1870 - Franco-Prussian War, Italy takes RomeITALY UNIFIED
1859 – War With Austria, Italy gets Lombardy with help of Napoleon III
1852 – Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia
• 1861- Victor Emmanuel II Proclaimed “King of Italy”• Cavour dies
1860 – Garibaldi and the “Red Shirt”Land in Sicily
1871: Rome proclaimed capitalof unified Italy
1866: 7 Weeks’ War, Italy sides with Prussia & receives Venice
Revolution of 1848
In the years after unification, Italy faced many new challenges. Although politically unified, Italy had to deal with a number of social and economic problems.
• Strong regional differences led to lack of unity
• Southern Italians resented being governed by Rome
• Catholic Church did not recognize Italy as legitimate nation
Social, Economic Problems
• Poverty serious problem, caused many to emigrate
• 1880s, large numbers left Italy, many for Americas
• Unemployment, rising taxes led to rioting, violence
Poverty, Emigration
• Voting reform a major priority
• 1870, only wealthiest Italian men could vote
• By late 1800s most adult male taxpayers could vote
Reforms
Challenges After Unification
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
Real Politik
• How: unify all German states under Prussia
• Machiavellian leader: Real Politik: realistic assessment of a nation’s needs and then fulfilling them.
• Ends justify the means. Do what is necessary, not what is right or moral
Path to Unification• ZOLLVEREIN
– a customs union of German states that did not include Austria.
– Removed tarrifs between German states
• “Blood and Iron”
Blood and Iron
• Fights three wars to unify Germany Wins all three–Danish War–Austro Prussian War–Franco Prussian War the most important
After Unification
• Centralized Power• Militarism/military alliances• Encouragement of Industry• Persecution of Subject Nationalities• Germanization• Fought Catholics• Fought Socialists
A Growing Economy• After the unification of Germany, it rose to be the Industrial giant of the
Europe. • Germany’s chemical and electrical
industries were beyond any other industries in the world.
• Germany’s coal and iron resources resulted in massive growth of the
economy. • A work force and rapidly growing
population also aided in the development of the economy.
Create a chart like this in your notebook and complete!
GOALS METHODS
BISMARCK(Germany)
CAVOUR(Italy)
GOALS METHODS
BISMARCK Unification of Germany Increase Prussian Power Decrease Austrian influence in
Germany (drive them out of Germany)
“blood and iron” – war, trickery, etc… (7 Weeks War, tricked Austria; Franco-Prussian War)
Realpolitik – do whatever is necessary to achieve goals, not what is moral or right
CAVOUR Unification of Italy Make Sardinia a model of progress
and efficiency (liberalism)
Did not favor war, but was willing to use it if necessary (got involved in Crimean War to have a place at the peace negotiations in order to bring up the Italian question; joined Prussia in 7 Weeks War to get Venetia)
Used plebiscites and majority opinion to unify
Let the “Red Shirts” and Garibaldi do work for him