unige_26021_attachment01

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Abstract
http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:26021http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:26021


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,

()


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1. ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. B ................................................................................... 1

1.2. B .................................................................... 4

1.3. B ................................................................ .......................... 5

1.3.1. D ..................................................................................................... 5

1.3.2. ..................................................................................................................... 6

1.3.3. ................................................................................................... 6

1.3.4. G ............................................................................................................ 7

1.3.5. & ............................................................ 7

1.4. B ................................................................................... 8

1.5. ................................................................................................................... 11

..................................................................................................................................... 13

2. .......................................................................................................... 17

2.1. C & C ......................................................................................................... 17

2.2. ................................................................ ....................... 19

2.3. ........................................................................................................... 20

2.4. C ............................................................................................................. 21

2.5. A ............................................................................................................ 22

3. ............................... 25

A ......................................................................................................................................... 25

3.1. I ........................................................................................................................... 26

3.2. .......................................................................................................................... 27

3.2.1. ..................................................................................................................... 27

3.2.2. A ................................................................................................................. 28

3.2.3. E C ............................................................... ....................... 29

3.2.4. D ...................................................................... 30

3.2.5. C A EC ...................................................................... .......................... 33

3.3. & ............................................................................................................... 35

3.3.1. I .................................................................. 35

3.3.2. ................................................................ ......................... 38


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3.4. ..................................................................................................... 39

A ....................................................................................................................... 40

4. ............................................ 45

A ......................................................................................................................................... 45

4.1. I ........................................................................................................................... 46

4.2. .............................................................................................................................. 47

4.3. E : ...................................................................... 51

4.3.1. .............................................................................................................. 53

4.3.1.1. ................................ 53

4.3.1.2. : ......................... 54

4.3.2. H ................................................................ ....................... 54

4.3.3. I .................................................................................... 58

4.3.4. ................................................................................................................... 59

4.3.5. C ................................................................................. 59

4.4. .......................................................................................................... 60

4.4.1. C ................... 60

4.4.2. C .......................................... 61

4.4.3. F .............................................................. .......................... 70

4.5. C ..................................................................................... ....................................... 72

A ......................................................................................................................... 74

..................................................................................................................................... 74

5. ..... 79

A ......................................................................................................................................... 79

5.1. I ........................................................................................................................... 80

5.2. C ........................................................................................................... 82

5.3. .......................................................................................................................... 85

5.4. .................................................................................................................................... 89

5.4.1. I .................................................................. ........................ 89

5.4.2. A ........................................................................ 90

5.5. D ............................................................................................................................... 91

5.6. C ..................................................................................... ....................................... 93

A........................................................................................ ................................... 93

..................................................................................................................................... 93


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6. ............................................................................................................................ 98

6.1. H

? ............................................................. 98

6.2. H

? ................................................................................ 102

6.2.1. , B .................. 102

6.2.2. C I D () ........................ 103

6.3. F .................................................................................................................. 105

6.4. ............................................................................................................... 106

6.4.1. ................................. 106

6.4.2. .............................................................................. 107


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F 1.1 B C ( E C, 2003,,

., 2012, J ., 2012, ., 2012) ....................................................... 2

F 1.2 , (

EC, 2009, ., 2012) ................................................................................................. 3

F 3.1 L G F, B ....................................... 27

F 3.2 A (/)

(/) ..................................................................................................................................... 29

F 3.3 A EC ....................... 34

F 3.4

( ). FD : 4/ 3 /L ............................................................ 37

F 3.5

(90%). FD (2 /).

........................................................................ .............................. 37

F 3.6 .

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3.1 ............................................................... .............................. 39

F 4.1 L E.

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............................................................ ....................... 49

F 4.2 D 19792006. ......................................... 49

F 4.3 : , .................................................. 50

F 4.4 I , .

LEF: ; IGH: 24

2008 ................................................................................................................................. 51

F 4.5 ................................. 53

F 4.6 ............. 57

F 4.7 3 D

2000, 2002, 2004 J 2010. I AA

G (...) ................................................................................................. 65

F 4.8 F J 2010 . (23 J, 18, 2010) .................................................. 66

F 4.9 8 J 2010 (

). ................................................................................................................... 68

F 4.10 3 J 2010 ............. 69

F 4.11 2008 ( ).......... 70

F 4.12 F ;

1.5 ........... 72


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F 4.13 2010 .................... 73

F 5.1 I D , A...................................................... 84

F 5.2 D I D,

C/ (2007) ............................................................................................................................... 85

F 5.3 .................... 89

F 5.4

;

( ) .................................. 92

F 6.1 ................................................. 99


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3.1 . A

FD .

(F. 3.6) .................................................... 31

3.2 .................................................................... 35

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3.4 FD .

................................................................ ...................... 36

3.5

( 1 / ).......................................................................................................... 36

4.1 H : 1 3 2007, 9 ; 2

( 3B42(6)) ............................................. 63

4.2 ,

F 2002 ............................................... 67

4.3 19872010 ......................... 71

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. ................................................................................................................. 81

5.2 ............................................ 87


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41/121

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43/121

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Initial losses

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