1UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIESJOHN LIGUORICONSULTING ENGINEERMSEE, PEPRESENTED TO THE IEEE LONG ISLAND CONSULTANTS NETWORK9/6/062UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIESTHIS PRESENTATION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONL! IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ALL INFORMATION RE"UIRED, AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE USED FOR THE SPECIFICATION OR DESIGN OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES #UPS$ OR UPS SSTEMS!%UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIESOUTLINEINTRODUCTIONPOWER DISTURBANCESUNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES GENERAL DISCUSSIONSUMMARREFERENCES"UESTIONS&INTRODUCTIONPURPOSEWHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPL'WH USE A UPS'(PURPOSE THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION IS TO DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT TPES OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES A)AILABLE, WHAT THE UPS PROTECTS AGAINST, THE COMPONENTS OF A UPS, AND ISSUES REGARDING SELECTION AND SI*ING! THE DIFFERENT TPES AND CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ARE DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS WHAT THE POWER UTILIT, THE ORIGINAL E"UIPMENT MANUFACTURER, AND OU, CAN DO TO MINIMI*E THEIR EFFECT!6WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPL'AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPL #UPS$ IS A DE)ICE THAT HAS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ENERG THAT CAN PRO)IDE POWER WHEN THE PRIMAR POWER SOURCE IS TEMPORARIL DISABLEDTHE SWITCHO)ER TIME MUST BE SMALL ENOUGH TO NOT CAUSE A DISRUPTION IN THE OPERATION OF THE LOADS+WH USE A UPS'PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TPES OF POWER DISTURBANCESONL DE)ICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGEOFFERS PROTECTION AGAINSTE"UIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLCOMPUTER AND E"UIPMENT DAMAGEDATA LOSSTIME AND E,PENSE TO RECO)ER BACK TO WHERE OU WERE, IF E)EN POSSIBLE-POWER DISTURBANCESCAUSESTPESDURATION RESULTING PROBLEMSCOMMENTSWHAT THE POWER UTILIT CAN DOWHAT THE ORIGINAL E"UIPMENT MANUFACTURER #OEM$ CAN DOWHAT OU CAN DOPROTECTI)E DE)ICES9CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCESSTORM ACTI)IT . LIGHTNING, WIND, ICEOBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH POWER LINE AND TRIPPING BREAKER . TREE BRANCHES, ANIMALS, OTHERUTILIT FAULT CLEARINGCONSTRUCTION ACTI)ITACCIDENTS . MOTOR )EHICLE, OTHERE"UIPMENT FAILUREO)ERLOADINGLOAD SWITCHING NON/LINEAR LOADSPOOR GROUNDINGESD10TPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES INTERRUPTION SAG, UNDER )OLTAGESURGE, O)ER )OLTAGE)OLTAGE FLUCTUATIONFRE"UENC )ARIATIONSPIKES / TRANSIENTSIMPULSI)EOSCILLATORWA)EFORM DISTORTIONDC OFFSETHARMONICSINTERHARMONICSNOTCHINGNOISE )OLTAGE IMBALANCE11DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCESINSTANTANEOUS / 0 CCLE #- 1/% 12$ OR LESSMOMENTAR / 0 CCLE TO % SECTEMPORAR /% SEC TO 1 MIN SUSTAINED /GREATER THAN 1 MINUTE12CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS RESULTING FROMPOWER DISTURBANCESDISRUPTI)EE"UIPMENT DOES NOT OPERATE AS INTENDEDDISSIPATI)EE"UIPMENT E,PERIENCES REPEATED STRESSES THAT LEAD TO FAILURE LATER FOR NO APPARENT REASONDESTRUCTI)EE"UIPMENT FAILS AT THE INSTANT THE DISTURBANCE OCCURS1%PROBLEMS RESULTING FROMPOWER DISTURBANCES DATA ERRORS DATA LOSS BLOWN FUSES TRIPPED BREAKERS INTERFERENCE WITH CONTROL OF LOADS O)ERLOADED NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS MOTORSHEATINGSPEED )ARIATIONSTALLINGAUDIBLE NOISE)IBRATION TRANSFORMERSHEATINGAUDIBLE NOISE)IBRATION1&POWER DISTURBANCES / COMMENTSNOT ONL IS MODERN E"UIPMENT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO POWER DISTURBANCES, BUT THE E"UIPMENT ITSELF GENERATES MORE DISTURBANCESALL LOADS, FROM LARGE POWERFULL MOTORS AND INDUSTRIAL E"UIPMENT TO SMALL, SENSITI)E ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, ARE CONNECTED TO THE SAME POWER GRID1(WHAT THE POWER UTILIT CAN DO TO MINIMI*E THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCESINSTALL STORM RESISTANT WIRINGUSE INFRA RED SCANNING TO DETECT WEAK SPOTS IN POWER LINES INSTALL REMOTE CONTROLLED RADIO SWITCHES TO RESTORE POWER "UICKLCLEAR TREE LIMBS AWA FROM POWER LINES16WHAT THE OEM CAN DO TO MINIMI*E THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCESBUILD E"UIPMENT CONTAINING ONE OR MORE INTERNAL PROTECTI)E DE)ICESSURGE PROTECTI)E DE)ICESLINE FILTERSISOLATION TRANSFORMERBATTER OR CAPACITOR BACK UP TO INCREASE RIDE THROUGH TIME1+WHAT OU CAN DO TO MINIMI*E THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCESBU E"UIPMENT THAT HAS INTERNAL PROTECTI)E DE)ICESFOR E,AMPLE, BATTER BACK UP FOR AN APPLIANCE THAT CONTAINS A CLOCKUSE ONE OR MORE E,TERNAL PROTECTI)E DE)ICESSURGE PROTECTORSLINE FILTERSISOLATION TRANSFORMER)OLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONERUPS1-PROTECTI)E DE)ICES OTHER THAN UPSSURGE PROTECTI)E DE)ICES . SPDSPROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES OF LIMITED ENERGMETAL O,IDE )ARISTORS . MO)DIODESGAS TUBESLCR FILTERSHBRIDSLINE FILTERSFILTERS OUT HARMONICS, TRANSIENTS AND NOISEISOLATION TRANSFORMERELIMINATES DC OFFSET AND NOISE)OLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONERAUTOMATICALL ADJUSTS FOR UNDER AND O)ER )OLTAGESCONSTANT )OLTAGE TRANSFORMER / C)TMOTORI*ED )ARIAC19POWER DISTURBANCESANDPROTECTI)E DE)ICES20UPSARCHITECTURESWA)EFORMSIN)ERTER TECHNOLOG COMPONENTSSWITCHO)ER TIMEAD)ANTAGES / DIS/AD)ANTAGESSI*INGBATTER SAFET21UPS ARCHITECTURESLINE INTERACTI)EON/LINE22BLOCK DIAGRAMLINE INTERACTI)E UPSBATTER CHARGERAC SUPPLIN)ERTERDC TO ACCRITICALLOAD#AC$BATTERAUTOMATIC SWITCHAC FAIL2%BLOCK DIAGRAMON/LINE UPSCON)ERTER AC TO DCAC SUPPLIN)ERTERDC TO ACCRITICALLOAD#AC$BATTERAUTOMATIC SWITCHIN)ERTER FAIL2&BLOCK DIAGRAMLAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLCON)ERTER AC TO DCAC SUPPLCON)ERTERDC TO DCBATTERCRITICALLOAD#DC$2(UPS WA)EFORMSTRUE SINEWA)EMODIFIED SINEWA)ES"UARE WA)E26UPS WA)EFORMS2+IN)ERTER TECHNOLOG FOR TRUE SINEWA)EPULSE WIDTH MODULATION / PWMLINEAR AMPLIFIERRESONANT IN)ERTER2-BLOCK DIAGRAMPWM IN)ERTERHIGH FRE"UENC GENERATORPULSE WIDTH MODULATORBASE / GATEDRI)ETRANSISTOR BRIDGETRANSFORMER FILTERCRITICALLOAD#AC$REFERENCE SINEWA)E GENERATORCOMPARISONAMPLIFIERDC POWER29BLOCK DIAGRAMLINEAR AMPLIFER IN)ERTEROSCILLATORAMPLIFIERSINEWA)E OSCILLATORTRANSFORMERCOMPARISONAMPLIFIERPOWERAMPLIFIERCRITICALLOAD#AC$DC POWER%0BLOCK DIAGRAMRESONANT IN)ERTERS"UARE WA)E GENERATORSWITCHDRI)ETRANSISTOR SWITCHESTRANSFORMERLC RESONANT TANK FILTERCRITICALLOAD#AC$DC POWER#OR FERRORESONANT$%1UPS COMPONENTSCON)ERTER / AC TO DCSPD / PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND TRANSIENTSBATTERSTORED ENERG DE)ICE / PROTECTS AGAINST INTERRUPTIONSIN)ERTER . DC TO ACWA)EFORM SNTHESIS . PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND INTERHARMONICSFILTER . PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND NOISE)OLTAGE REGULATOR . PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES AND FLUCTUATIONS MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE%2SWITCHO)ER TIMEA TPICAL SWITCHO)ER TIME 2 . & 12ONE "UARTER CCLE OR LESSFOR SOME E"UIPMENT THIS IS NOT TOLERABLE%%AD)ANTAGES / DIS/AD)ANTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT UPS ARCHITECTURESLINE INTERACTI)E AD)ANTAGESAC TO DC CON)ERTER / BATTER CHARGER DOES NOT HA)E TO PRO)IDE FULL LOAD POWER #POTENTIALL CHEAPER$ LESS STRESS ON DC TO AC IN)ERTER SINCE IT RUNS AT NO LOAD UNTIL UPS SWITCHES TO BATTER POWER #POTENTIALL CHEAPER$ ON/LINE AD)ANTAGES*ERO SWITCHO)ER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTER POWERALWAS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE MAIN LINE%&SI*ING THE UPS E"UIPMENT RATINGS FOR LOADSOBTAIN RATINGS FROM NAMEPLATE OR SPEC SHEETENERG USAGE MA BE SPECIFIED IN )OLT AMPS #)A$ OR WATTS #W$ AND IN )ALUES THAT ARE EITHER MA,IMUM OR NOMINAL#)A$ AND #W$ ARE RELATED )IA THE POWER FACTORTOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT E,CEED THE UPS )OLT AMP #)A$ RATINGTOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT E,CEED THE UPS WATT #W$ RATING O)ERSI*E / DERATE TO ADD LIFERUNTIME CHARTS%(UPS SI*ING . E,AMPLE SPREADSHEET%6BATTER SAFETMAINTENANCEINSPECT PERIODICALLREPLACE AS NEEDEDRISKSACIDELECTRIC SHOCKBURNFLING, MOLTEN METAL #EES$INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRING HEA) BATTER PACKS DISPOSALDISPOSE OF PROPERLRECCLE WHENE)ER POSSIBLE%+GENERAL DISCUSSIONDOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION'DO OU THINK 3POWER DISTURBANCES WONT HAPPEN TO OU4 'MISCELLANEOUS%-DOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION'SOME POWER DISTURBANCES MA E,CEED THE HANDLING CAPABILIT OF THE UPSUPS FAILURE%9DO OU THINK 3POWER DISTURBANCES WONT HAPPEN TO OU4 'POWER DISTURBANCES OCCUR FRE"UENTL, THOUGH MAN ARE SMALL AND WITHOUT CONSE"UENCEAN ON/LINE UPS CAN PROTECT AGAINST MORE SIGNIFICANT POWER DISTURBANCES WHEN THE DO OCCURTHE COST OF NOT HA)ING A UPS CAN EASIL E,CEED THE COST OF A UPS&0MISCELLANEOUSMAN RETAIL UPS FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS ARE LINE INTERACTI)EMANUFACTURERS AND BUILDING CODES DO NOT ALLOW E,TENSION CORDS OR SURGE SUPPRESSORS TO BE USED WITH A UPS&1SUMMARTHINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN SPECIFING A UPSPOWER "UALITARCHITECTURE / LINE INTERACTI)E OR ON/LINEWA)EFORM / S"UARE, MODIFIED SINE, TRUE SINEIMMUNIT TO DISTURBANCES OTHER THAN OUTAGERUN TIME WITH AN OUTAGE RELIABILITAUDIBLE NOISEMONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARELOCAL / REMOTE CONTROLINITIAL COSTMAINTENANCE COSTWARRANT&2REFERENCESIEEE STANDARD 1100/200(RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR POWERING AND GROUNDING SENSITI)E ELECTRONIC E"UIPMENT IEEE STANDARD 11(9/199(RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR MONITORING ELECTRICAL POWER "UALIT&%"UESTIONS