UNION · Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.) Executive Secretary of the Society for Inter-national Development....

UNION OF INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONSUNION

DES ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Executive CouncilComité de DirectionPrésident : Président :F,A. CASADIO, Directeur. Societa Italians perl'Organizzazione Internarionale (Italie) :Vice-Présidents ; Vice-Présidents :W. ETEKI-MBOUMOUA (Cameroun).

Mohamed Aly RANGOONWALA (Pakistan)Chairman of the Pakistan National Committee of

Th. CAVALCANTI, (Brésil).Président de l'Institut de Droit Public de laFondation Getulio Vargas.F.W.G. BAKER. (U.K.)Executive Secretary, Intornational Council ofScientific Unions.Nikola A. KOVALSKY (U.R.S.S.)Directeur adjoint de l'Institut du mouvementouvrier international de l'Académie des sciencesde l'U.R.S.S.Roland RA1NAUT (France)Ancien Directeur de l'Information et de la Pressede l'O.E.C.E.Andrew E. RICE (U.S.A.)Executive Secretary of the Society for Inter-national Development.Mohamed Aly RIFAAT (R.A.U.)Former Secretary-General of the Afro-AsianOrganisation for Economic Cooperation.S.K. SAXENA (India)Secretary-General of the International Coope-rative Alliance.Louis VERNIERS (Belgique)Secrétaire Général Honoraire du Ministère Belgede l'Education et de la Culture.Secrétaire Général : Secretary-General :Robert FENAUX (Belgique).Ambassadeur honoraire de Belgique.

« International Associations »« Associations Internationales »

Editorial Committee : Comité de Rédaction :

Robert FENAUXGeorges Patrick SPEECKAERTGeneviève DEVILLEJere W. CLARKAnthony J.N. JUDGEGhislaine de CONINCKThai Wo TSANMardi RABER

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS12e ANNEE 7-1971 23nd YEARAOUT AUGUSTASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES

Editorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

Secretaries General in International Non GovernmentalOrganizations (INGOs) by Lawrence J. Young .

396

Résumé français . . . . . . . . . . . 403

Problem : What is a Problem ? by Bertil Nordbeck . . . 405

Résumé français . . . . . . . . . . . 408

INGO Problems, Studies and Activities : A UAI Survey . 414

Books, reports, and proceedings received . . . . . 425

Ouvrages, rapports et comptes rendus . . . . . .reçus

425

Nouvelles organisations internationales . . . . . . 429

New International Organizations . . . . . . . . . 429

Congressalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

New International Meetings Announced . . . . . . 445

Copyright 1971 UAIViews expressed in the articles, whether signed or not, do notnecessarily reflect those of the UAI.

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Copyright. 1971 UAI .Les opinions exprimées dans les articles, signes ou non, ne reflètentpas nécessairement les vues de l'UAl.

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INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1971, No 7 393

Les Etats et la Société

Nous, peuples des Nations Unies

« Nous, peuples des Nations Unies

Résolus

à préserver les générations futures du fléau de la guerre qui deuxfois en l'espace d'une vie humaine a infligé à l'humanité d'indiciblessouffrances,

à proclamer à nouveau notre foi dans les droits fondamentaux del'homme, dans la dignité et la valeur de la personne humaine, dansl'égalité de droits des hommes et des femmes, ainsi que des nations,grandes et petites,

à créer les conditions nécessaires au maintien de la justice et durespect des obligations nées des traités et autres sources du droitinternational,

à favoriser le progrès social et instaurer de meilleures conditoonsde vie dans une, liberté plus grande. »

Préambule de la Charte de San Francisco.Ou a souvent évoqué et sollicité ce début de la Char-te des Nations-Unies pour opposer les aspirations deshommes aux pouvoirs des Etats. La réalité de la vieinternationale est à vrai dire plus complexe sousses aspects politiques et humains.

En politique, le système universel de l'ONU et desInstitutions spécialisées est assurément l'expressionactuelle d'un ordre interétatique. Certes la nouvelledémocratie internationale d'assemblées a des formeshybrides tantôt doplomatiques et tantôt parlemen-taires. Mais en définitive les délégués représententleurs gouvernements et obéissent à des instructions

dont l'impératif croît avec la responsabilité des Etats,en particulier dans le chef des cinq membres per-manents du Conseil de sécurité.

L'unanimité requise de ces membres permanentspour les questions de fond, en cas de menace contrela paix, de rupture de la paix et d'acte d'agression(le veto) ainsi que l'incompétence des Nations Uniesdans le domaine réservé aux Etats (art. 4 § 7) nelaissent aux « peuples » que des moyens de protes-tation ou de pression et, à la limite, un droit morald'insurrection contre l'ordre établi. On ne s'étonneradonc pas que des majorités se trouvent ou se retrou-

394 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1971, No 7

Editorial

vont aux assemblées à chaque levée de revendicationsminoritaires. Nous, les peuples deviennent alors :nous, les Etats disposant de nos peuples.

***

La réalité humaine ne recouvre pas toujours cetteréalité politique, tant s'en faut, et c'est la raisonpourquoi la Charte de San Francisco, sous la pres-sion de l'opinion, a fait une place aux organisationsnon gouvernementales. Quand on lit les premiers do-cuments ayant trait à l'organisation du travail duConseil économique et social, on constate que le sta-tut consultatif a été justifié par le besoin démocrati-que de « permettre aux OING qui représentent deséléments substantiels de l'opinion publique d'expri-mer leurs vues » (1). Cette expression directe del'opinion publique est une manifestation plus certainede la démocratie que la représentation des Etats.

***

Nous avons suivi avec intérêt une partie des travauxde l'assemblée du vingt-cinquième anniversaire de laFédération mondiale pour les Nations Unies qui s'esttenue à Luxembourg. Beaucoup de délégations sesont prévalu de l'opinion des peuples contre la poli-tique des Etats. Cette liberté d'expression non gou-vernementale nous semble une conquête de l'espritde solidarité internationale et transnationale. Et nuln'en a mieux usé à Luxembourg qu'un vétéran del'organisation de la paix, le Ministre d'Etat HenriRolin, dans un émouvant discours qui a durementétrillé un certain conformisme.

Le fait nouveau de la réunion de Luxembourg, sou-ligné par le Secrétaire général de la Fédération mon-diale des Associations pour les Nations-Unies, M.Horace Perera (Ceylan), fut la participation de nom-breuses délégations africaines qui avaient d'ailleurspu se déplacer grâce à la générosité d'autres délé-gations plus aisées. Or il s'est trouvé que certainsdélégués plaideurs de l'indépendance des OING

(1) Bulletin des Nations-Unies, Vol. I, n° 6, 9 septembre1946, p. 7.

étaient précisément les ressortissants des mêmes Etatsqui, à l'Unesco, avaient inspiré ou voté la malen-contreuse résolution 8 (§ 9) qui a soumis les OINGà un traitement blessant pour leur dignité. Véritéd'un point de vue et erreur d'un autre point de vue...

***

Nous avons déjà dit, dans notre editorial de mai, lamanière élégante dont le Directeur Général del'Unesco s'était acquitté très objectivement d'unmandat ingrat. A ceux qui lui rendaient hommageou lui faisaient confiance pour bien mener son en-quête, M. René Maheu a répondu finement : « Neme placez pas au-dessus de l'assemblée ». Ce quiarrive quand une majorité égarée est bien aise deretrouver son guide.

Un des membres du Conseil exécutif de l'Unesco leplus écoutés, M. de Hoog, représentant des Pays-Bas, a rappelé avec force que l'enquête sur lesOING, viciée dans son principe même, était offen-sante pour l'ensemble de l'organisation non gouver-nementale, en soulignant le fait que les réactionsdes OING se sont manifestées à froid, quatre moisaprès l'incident, telle la réponse de l'UAI dont M.Maheu avait bien voulu citer de larges extraits. Onpeut penser que cette défense des OING aurait étéplus efficace encore si elle avait été plusappuyée par les démarches de la conférencedes OING de l'Unesco. On doit aussi déplorer que,répugnant à se déjuger, la majorité ait persisté dansson erreur en faisant adopter par le Conseil exécutifune résolution invitant le Directeur Général à pour-suivre son enquête par un complément d'informationet à confier au Comité de l'Unesco chargé desOING l'analyse critique des renseignements qu'il re-cevra.

Mais l'essentiel est, selon nous, dans le contexte del'événement qui a donné aux OING un succès moralqu'il dépend désormais d'elles de valoriser.

Si l'organisation non gouvernementale devait jamaiss'attribuer une charte, elle pourrait commencer ainsi :« Nous les OING, expression indépendante de l'opi-nion des peuples des Nations-Unies ».

Robert FENAUX.


Secretaries General in InternationalNon Governmental Organizations (INGOs)

Introduction

We live in a world system that is witnessingimportant growth in the number and influence ofinternational organizations. A phenomenon forthe most part of post-World War II society, inter-national governmental organizations (IGOs) arebecoming more and more recognized as neces-sary mechanisms for the management of inter-national problems in the world community. Butit is also well known that the relationships be-tween some of these organizations are whatconstitute international problems (NATO - War-saw Pact).

Less recognized, but far more numerous (2) areINGOs. The vast network of these organizationsand their interrelationships in the world systemhas been discussed by Galtung (3) and then bySkjelsbœk (4) in terms of a theory of « non-territorial actors » (5). INGOs create and spreadinformation and special kinds of resources anddeal in the provision of certain services whichin character are both non-governmental andnon-profit. Their impact upon world conflictcreation and resolution is unclear (at least tothis author) but that impact is being studied (6).

This is a summary of. the complete report. The com-plete report with tables can be obtained by writing tothe International Peace Research Institute-Oslo, Nor-way.

(2) There are approximately nine INGOs for every IGO inthe world today and that ratio has remained fairlyconstant since 1954. See Johan Galtung's PRIO publi-cations.

(3) Ibid.(4) « Peace and the System of International Organizat-

ions, » (Magister's Thesis), PRIO mimeograph 1970.Kjell Skjelsbœk.

(5) The theory is needed because of the declining valueof viewing international relations merely from a pers-pective of nation-state interaction. See Galtung, PRIOpublications.

(6) At PRIO as part of the INGO project.

Business international non-governmental organ-izations (BINGOs) refer to the powerful constel-lations of multinational profit-making corpora-tions. BINGOs bring us Coca-Cola and Wrigley'sSpearmint Gum, and other scarce but highlyprized material commodities. Who benefits mostin the provision of such goods is open to dis-cussion. Together, IGOs, INGOs and BINGOsconstitute the three types of international organ-ization in the world system.

Recognizing the need to study the vast array ofinternational organizations so as to be able toproperly assess and understand their importan-ce and activity in the world system, the PeaceResearch Institute Oslo (PR1O) began three stillongoing projects (IGO, INGO, and BINGO). Inthe summer of 1967, a questionnaire was sentto all secretaries general in international organ-izations listed in the Yearbook of InternationalOrganizations (YIO) (7). The response for IGOswas disappointing (8). For INGOs, however, ofthe 1739 existing organizations at that time,responses were received from 790 (45.6 %). Ananalysis of the. data relating to the system ofnon-territorial actors has been completed bySkjelsbask (9). This report, using data from the-same questionnaire, will focus upon the secre-tary general in INGOs. Knowing as much as wedo about the universe of INGOs because of theYIO information, PRIO has considered the ques-tionnaire data adequate for analysis (10).

The basic assumption of this report is that thebehavior and characteristics of the secretarygeneral in an INGO effects and reflects the be-havior and characteristics of the INGO itself.

(7) Eleventh edition; later, a small number of new organ-izations listed in three supplements were added.

(8) See Skjelsbœk, ibid., «The Data Collection ».(9) Ibid.(10) Ibid.


by Lawrence J. Young.

In short, an understanding of the differencesamong secretaries general should be helpfulin understanding differences within INGOs. Thisreport will consider in particular how importantthe differences in the « rise to power » of secre-taries general is for an understanding of INGOs.

MethodSecretaries general can be typed on the basisof their rise to power in INGOs by using thefollowing characterization which was createdfrom the responses to one of the questions inthe questionnaire.

PATRIARCHS or « founding-fathers » are nowand have been general secretary of theINGO since it was formed. Their INGOs areyounger than most other INGOs and com-prise an important category because of thecontinuing tremendous growth of INGOs(24 %).

CAREERISTS are those who have worked pre-viously in a national or in the internationalsecretariat before being promoted to generalsecretary (32 %).

NATIONAL LEADERS are those who served asmembers and/or president of the governingboards in national sections prior to theirselection as general secretary (22 %).

FOLLOWERS are those that have held no lea-dership positions or staff positions in theINGO but who have only been members ofnational sections and who then were select-ed as general secretary (17 %).

OUTSIDERS are those who were taken fromoutside the INGO and selected as generalsecretary, having no previous connection tothe organization (13 %),

INTERNATIONALISTS are those who have serv-ed as members and/or president of the inter-national board or as a staff member in theinternational secretariat before being select-ed as general secretary. (This type wascreated to see whether or not those partiesthat participated most directly in policy-making in the international system at the

highest decision-making levels in their or-ganization are any different from generalsecretaries not sharing those experiences)(17 %).

We first notice that there has been some over-lap. There is a 130 % response for this seriesof alternatives. Approximately one in four secre-taries general are bound in two alternatives.This overlapping exists between the followingcategories : CAREERISTS and INTERNATION-ALISTS and is due to shared requirements forthese categorical distinctions.

The categories are rather more than less sepa-rate, distinct, and independent.

The secretary general types were then compar-ed on the basis of sixteen indicators to deter-mine differences and similarities. These indi-cators are :

1. length of membership of the SG in the INGO2. history in other organizations for SGs3. proportion of SGs receiving full, part, or no

salary4. SG's choice of the most important quality for

SG in their INGO5. nationality tendency for general secretary6. nationality tendency for staff7. nationality tendency for secretariat8. amount of paid workers in the INGO9. membership selectiveness

10. « self-protective » organizational goals in theINGO

1 1 . «aggressive» organizational goals in theINGO

12. «peace and cooperation» goals in theINGO

13. SG's age14. the budget of the INGO15. regionality (ten regions)16. regionality (five regions)

FindingsPatriarchs have a history of membership inINGOs that is very distinctive and different fromother general secretaries. Patriarchs are INGO


THE NATIONAL LEADER...


THE OUTSIDER...

THE CAREERIST...

THE INTERNATIONALIST...

Editorial note :The accompanying article inspired the UAI residentcartoonist to « flesh out » the somewhat abstractstereotypes. The results may, for some, be eithertoo close to reality or too far from it. Of course,stereotypes never apply to oneself — but the cart-oons may inspire you to see others you know in anew light...


THE FOLLOWER...

and THE PATRIARCH...

members most often found in the newer INGOsand consequently have an average low length ofmembership. Their history in other organizationsemphasizes high ranking. They are or havebeen most often general secretaries in otherorganizations before founding and then ad-ministering the INGO of which they are now apart. A very small number rely upon a salaryfor their work. Two-thirds receive no salary atall. High rank and independence, give a profileof a wealthy, successful, well-known personalitywho has achieved enough high stature in ad-ministrative and leadership roles elsewhere tobe able to successfully found and dominate anew INGO in the international system.

There is an indication that Patriarchs value a« high commitment to the organizations goals »more than « administrative ability » as a per-sonal quality for the secretary general of theirINGO. They are found in INGOs which have avery narrow and self-limiting tendency to choosestaff, secretariats, and general secretaries, allfrom one country (perhaps another indicationof their newness). Their organizations most fre-quently have no paid workers. They are, how-ever, relatively unselective when concerned withmembership recruitment and show the strongesttendency toward welcoming all possible joiners.These INGOs are no more « self-protective » intheir goals than others and are slightly less« aggressive ». « Peace and cooperation » arenot emphasized particularly as part of their pro-gram goals either. Patriarchs are considerablyolder than other general secretaries and ad-minister about average size budgets within theINGO systems. These Patriarchs are most oftenfound in the capitalist countries of continentalEurope (EEC).

Outsiders have a similar length of membershipprofile to Patriarchs. These two groups are verydifferent from the rest of GSs on this dimension.Only a minute proportion (5 %) are members oftheir organizations for comparatively long times,while two-thirds have been members for com-paratively short times. Evidently, the necessityfor expertise and more specialization accountfor the desire of some INGOs to go outsidetheir own organization in search of a top ad-ministrator. Outsiders have a very unusual his-tory in other organizations. They often have no

other previous organizational experiences whencompared to all other GSs. They have not usual-ly been GSs elsewhere before joining their cur-rent INGO. Outsiders are most likely to receivea full salary compared with the other types ofGS and are least likely to be unpaid. Theirlow rank and high dependence upon their INGOcontrasts sharply with Patriarchs. Still, manymore than one might expect receive no pay. Out-siders are most likely to choose administrativeability as the most important quality for a GSto possess and least likely to choose a highcommittment to organizational goals. They arethe only type that prefers administrative abilityto « high committment ». They" are probablyhired from the outside expressly to be goodadministrators (perhaps after a former Patriarchwas « retired » from leadership).

Outsiders are also found in organizations thatchoose both staff and secretaries in much thesame way as all other INGOs, however thengeneral secretary is most likely chosen fromone country. The pattern of selection in all threeareas is better (more open) for INGOs withOutsiders than INGOs with Patriarchs.

Outsiders are most likely to have a large paidstaff and administer relatively complex organiza-tions within the INGO system. These organiza-tions choose their members in much the sameway as all other INGOs, are not particularly« self-protective », but are characterized by amore « agressively » oriented set of goals. TheseINGOs are not especially « peace and coopera-tion » oriented. Outsiders are the same age asother GSs. Their major distinguishing point isthat they administer high budgets within theINGO system and comprise the only type whichreverses the trend towards increasingly low bud-gets to increasingly high ones. Regionalityshows no marked differences.

Although Patriarchs and Outsiders are almostnever members in their INGOs for long periods,Followers have a large number with long mem-berships in their INGO and a comparativelysmall number who have been members for onlya short time before becoming Secretary-Gene-ral. Their history in all other organizations is notunlike that for all GSs, although no other typeof GS has a similar profile. The same is truefor salary figures. Followers reflect the mean but

400 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1971. No 7

the other types are quite different from themand the mean. When asked to choose the mostimportant GS quality they preferred « high com-mitment » over administrative ability almost 2:1and 8:1 over « knowledge of the issues ». Theyvalue high commitment more than all other GStypes.Followers are in organizations which tend tohave a more open INGO structure in terms ofsecretariats, although they choose staff and GSssimilarly to all other INGOs. Their organizationsare of average size (budget and number of paidworkers). These organizations however, reversethe trend towards open selection requirementsfor membership. They showed the highest pro-portion in closed systems and in partially closedsystems and the smallest proportion in opensystems. While not in INGOs that are particular-ly « self-protective » in their organizational goals,they were the most « aggressively » orientedand the most oriented toward « peace andcooperation ». Followers reflect the mean figu-res for all GSs in age and regionality.

Leaders have the longest length of membershipin INGOs amongst GSs. Their history in otherorganizations however is not very different fromthe other GSs. Leaders are very unlikely to bereceiving part or full salary for their servicesand are evidently independent of their organiza-tions economically. Leaders reflect the generaldistribution regarding most important GS quali-ty. While general secretaries are more likely tocome from many different countries, secretariatselection and staff selection are not too differentfrom the mean. Membership selection, budget,age, and regionality do not appear to be distin-guishing variables. Leaders tend to be in INGOswhich are least « self-protective », not particular-ly « aggressive » and very « peace and coopera-tion » minded.

Careerists tend to be long time members intheir INGOs. They are high ranking in their pro-file in previous positions in all other organza-tions as well. (42 % were GSs in other organiza-tions previously). They are slightly more likely toreceive part or full salary for their services thanother GSs. Their high rank and dependenceupon their INGO is combined with a stronglikelihood to have many paid workers in theorganization they administer, including high

budgets, which indicates complexity. Their or-ganizations reflect the mean in their tendenciesfor staff, general secretary, and secretariat se-lection. Careerists tend to be younger thanother GSs. Their organization's goals areneither especially « self-protective » or « peace »oriented. These organizations are slightly « ag-gressive » though.

Internationalists tend to be members slightlylonger than the average for GSs and don'tappear to have a high ranking profile outsideof their INGOs. They are almost always unpaid,only a very few receive full salaries. Lowranking outside the INGO and high degree ofeconomic independence is combined with anINGO characteristic of consistently having moreopen selection systems for general secretary,secretariats, and staff. The organizations theyadminister are as large and complex as theaverage with the same budgets and number ofpaid workers. Membership selection is not dif-ferent from other INGOs either. Nor are theseINGOs more or less «self-protective», «ag-gressive », or « peace » oriented. International-ists are consistently older than most GSs andslightly prefer high commitment to goals overadministrative ability.

Implications for Peace

We find that the secretary general typé with theleast chance of being in an INGO with organiza-tional goals commited to « peace and coopera-tion » is the Patriarch. The problem is that it isspecifically this type which reflects the dynamicin INGO's, for Patriarchs are by definition foundin the newer INGOs. Our projection must be thatwhile INGOs are steadily increasing in the world,proportionately, « peace arid cooperation » asorganizational goals are not increasing at ashigh a rate in these new organizations havingPatriarchs as their chief administrators. Thisdoes not, of course, mean that the INGO systemis not now or will not become a positive factorin world peace. The international links that theyprovide are very likely more important than thestated goals of these organizations according toassociational peace theories.

The GS types which are in INGOs that arerelatively more peace oriented are Followersand Leaders. These types reverse the overall


SECRETARIES GENERAL TYPED AND COMPARED ON THE BASIS OF 16 INDICATORS

TYPE LENGTHOFMEMBER-SHIP

HISTORYOTHERORGANI-ZATIONS

DEPEND-ENCEONSALARY

MOSTIMPOR-TANTQUALITYFOR SG

NATIONALITYTENDENCY

NUMBERPAIDSTAFF

MEMBER-SHIPSELECT-IVITY

INDEX OFORGANIZATIONAL GOALS

AGEFORGS

BUDGETOF -INGO

REGIONALITY

FOR FOR SECRETSG STAFF ARIAT

SELF PEACEPRO- AGGRES- +TECTIVE SIVE DEVE- LOPM.

10REGIONS

5REGIONS

PATRIARCH VERYLOW

HIGHRANK

LOW HIGHCOMMIT-MENTTO ORG.GOALS

CLOSEDSYSTEM

VERYLOW

VERYOPEN

MIDDLE SLIGHTLYLOW

LOW OLD MIDDLE MOSTOFTEN INEECCOUNTRY

NODIF-FERENCES

OUTSIDER VERYLOW

LOWRANK

HIGH ADMIN.ABILITY

SLIGHTLY MOREOPEN THANPATRIARCHS

VERYHIGH

MIDDLE MIDDLE SLIGHTLYHIGH

MIDDLE MIDDLE HIGH NODIFFERENCES

FOLLOWER VERYHIGH

MIDDLERANK

MIDDLE H.C. MIDDLE MIDDLE VERYCLOSED

MIDDLE VERYHIGH

HIGH MIDDLE MIDDLE NODIFFERENCES

NATIONALLEADER

VERYHIGH

MIDDLERANK

LOW H.O. MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDLE LOW MIDDLE HIGH MIDDLE MIDDLE NODIFFERENCES

CAREERIST VERYHIGH

HIGHRANK

HIGH H.C. .(SLIGHTLY

MIDDLE VERYHIGH

MIDDLE MIDDLE SLIGHTLYHIGH

MIDDLE YOUNG HIGH NODIFFERENCES

INTER-NATION-ALIST

MIDDLE LOWRANK

LOW H.O.(SLIGHTLY

OPENSYSTEM

MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDLE MIDDLE OLD MIDDLE NODIFFERENCESI


tendency away from peace and cooperation asorganizational goals. Still, even amongst thesetwo groups, the tendencies while clear aresmall.

SummaryAs part of an ongoing study of international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) in theworld today at the Peace Research Institute,Oslo, a study was made of the different types ofsecretaries general on the basis of their rise topower in their organizations. Six types, PA-TRIARCHS, OUTSIDERS, FOLLOWERS, NA-TIONAL LEADERS, CAREERISTS, and INTER-

NATIONALISTS were compared using sixteenindicators. Patriarchs, a type found primarily inthe new INGOs, were found to be least peaceoriented in the goals they identified for theirorganizations. Great differences between the sixtypes were found in length of membership inthe 1NGO, previous organizational histories, sa-lary figures, age for the secretary general. Dif-ferences were also found beween the INGOs ofthese six types regarding selection processesfor membership, staff, secretariats, general se-cretary, budget, organizational goals, and num-ber of paid staff. No differences in regionalitywere found, primarily because all INGOs are somuch a part of the « NORTH-WEST » by region.

Résumé français de l'article page 396Partie d'une élude plus générale menée au PeaceResearch Institute à Oslo, sur les ONG Internationalesdans le monde d'aujourd'hui, ce document analyse lesdifiérents types de secrétaires généraux d'après le modede préparation à cette fonction. Six types différents ontété ainsi relevés : le « patriarche » (père-fondateur), lepersonnel de carrière (secteur national ou international),le dirigeant national, le «suiveur» (sans responsabiliténationale ou internationale préalable, avec la simple expé-rience de membre d'un groupe national), l'« outsider »(sans connexion préalable avec l'ONG), /'« internationa-

liste » (qui a présidé ou participé comme membre auConseil de direction). Ces différents types ont été compa-rés entre eux avec l'aide de 16 indicateurs : durée de laparticipation comme membre de l'ONG, rémunération(totale, partielle ou nulle), qualités primordiales requ'ses,âge, philosophie de l'action de l'ONG : dynamisme agres-sif de ses buts, auto-protection, « paix et coopération »,etc. Grâce à ces indicateurs, des différences significativesont été relevées à la fois entre les différents types desecrétaires généraux, mais également entre tes ONGinternationales au sein desauelles travaillent ces secré-taires généraux.

TRANSNATIONAL RELATIONSandWORLD POLITICS

The spécial issue of International Organization for 1971Volume 25 Number 3Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

editorsEighteen eminent political scientists, economists, historians, and sociologists examinethe importance of nongovernmental actors in world politics and the implications ofincreases in transnational interactions between societies.

World Peace Foundation40 Mount Vernon St.Boston, Mass. 02108

$ 10.00 per year18.00 two years25.00 three yeare


PROBLEM :

WHAT IS A PROBLEM ?

Comments on some definitions of the concepts« Problem » and « Problemsituation ».

BERTIL NORDBECK

The word problem seems often to be used in some-what different senses varying from person to personand from situation to situation. One gets a similarimpression from the more formal definitions of thisconcept.My main aim in this paper is to give a review ofsome of the different definitions and descriptionsof « problem », « problem situation » and similarconcepts in order to get an insight in to the mea-ning of these concepts mainly from a psychologicalpoint of view. Further, I have attempted to deducefrom this synopsis the common elements in thedefinitions and to formulate a concluding definition,with special comments upon characteristics of scien-tific problems. The aspects analysed in this reportare, also, determined by some more special aimsrelated to the following questions :Is research work principally concentrated upon thesolving of problems ? Is this the most characteristicfeature of research ? Is it reasonable to view res-earch work as a processing of problems, whichcomprise a number of problem solving processes ?To facilitate the answering of these questions it isnecessary to have some kind of definition of « pro-blem » (and « problem solving »). It may, however,be useful to distinguish between the processes of« solution » and the « identification » of problems,even if one considers discovery and formulation ofa problem, as a sort of, partly conscious, problemsolving process (Nordbeck & Maini, 1970).2

1This paper is based upon on earlier internal report (ReportN°2, 1969, Res. Pol. Prog., Lund) by the same author.

2Nordbeck, B. & Maini, S. M. Psychology of the Researcherand Research. Critical moments and processes in res-earch work. Project progress report - Part I. Psychol. Res.Bull., Lund Univ., 1 0 , N ° 1 1 , 1970.

This leads us to another aim. In studying the variousdefinitions, I have assumed that it would be possi-ble to form a theoretical base for a description ofthe problem identification process, which will be ofimportance for empirical studies related to suchquestions as : What happens when one finds aproblem ? How to describe the processes which arein action when one comes upon and observes anew, important problem ?From the literature I have chosen a number ofrepresentative definitions and descriptions of « pro-blem », « problem situation » and analogous con-cepts. As I am primarily interested in the psycholo-gical aspects, the definitions have mainly been se-lected from the psychological literature.My comments are, first and foremost, built upon thefollowing examples of definitions and descriptions :1. Berlyne : e.g. a) situation in which an animal has highdrive and lacks a readily available drive-relieving res-ponse, b) gap; e.g. Bartlett : information is given, and thenmore information, and between there is a gap. c) disequi-librium (Claparede). d) Johnson, DM., van de Geer, J. P. :« problem situation » : a problem arises if a subject ismotivated towards a goal and his first attempt at reachingthis goal is unsuccesful (Berlyne, D. E. : Structure anddirection in thinking, Wiley, New York, 1965, pp. 281-284).2. Bunge : « problem » : designates a difficulty that cannotbe solved automatically but requires a search, whetherconceptual or empirical (Bunge, M. : Scientific research I,Springer-Verlag, Berlin m. fl., 1967, p. 170).3. Dewey : a) felt difficulty — the feeling of a discrepancy— « the difficulty must then be located and defined, butthese two processes often fuse into one conflict betweenconditions at hand and a desired and intended result »(Dewey, J. : How we think, Boston : Heath, 1910. c.f. Ber-lyne).4. Drever : problem solving : general term for a type ofexperiment, in which an individual, human being or animal,is faced with a situation of some complexity, demanding


some initiative and some mental synthesis, if the goal isto be attained (Drever, J. : A dictionary of psychology, Pen-quin Books Inc., 1955).5. Duncker : A problem arises when a living creature has agoal but does not know how this goal is to be reached(Duncker, K. : On problem solving. Psychol. Monogr. 1945,58, No. 270, see also Ray, p. 4).6. English & English : problem : a situation in which, kno-wing certain elements, it is desired or required that theothers be ascertained, (English, H. B. & English, A.C. : Acomprehensive dictionary of Psychological and Psychoana-lytical terms, Longmans, Green and Co., 1958).

7. Fairchild : problem : a situation defined as a difficultyto be solved, mastered or adjusted to, an unadjusted situa-tion. There are both normal and abnormal problems, perso-nal and social problems. A problem is purely personal andnormal so long as it is being dealt with within the person'susual resources of means, intelligence and contacts.(Fairchild, H. P. : Dictionary of sociology and related scien-ces, Littlefield, Adam & So., Totowa, New Jersey, 1967).

8. Hinton : problem : any felt need which is perceived asrequiring action. This does not require recognition of theproblem as it may in reality exist — the problem as percei-ved is the one toward which effort will be extended. Theproblem may also be ill-defined or ill-structured, but it mustnot be so remote as to elicit no action (including mentalaction) on the part of the individual. (J.. creat, beh. nr 2,1968, p. 134).9. The concise Oxford dictionary : problem : 1. doubtful ordifficult question. 2. thing hard to understand. (Oxford Univ.Press, London, 1959).10. Pounds : The word « problem » is associated with thedifference between some existing situation and some desi-red situation. (Pounds, W. F. : The Process of Problemfin-ding, Industr. Manag. Rev., MIT, No. 1, vol. 1 1 , fall 1969).1 1 . Raaheim : the problem situation is conceived as lyingbetween two experimental thresholds : the lower being pas-sed as soon as a familiar situation appears with somedeviating elements, the upper threshold marking in its turnthe passing into a situation where a familiar pattern nolonger is recognizable (Raaheim, K. : Problem solving,intelligence and creative thought, Nordisk psykologi nr 4,1968, pp. 184-202).

12. Ray : problem solving may be defined for experimen-tal purposes as the process of attempting to change a gi-ven situation into a known and desired new situation, themethod of change being at the moment unknown to S (sub-ject), and the attempt to find it involving at least someactivity within S. (Ray, W. S. : The experimental psychologyof original thinking, The Macmillan company, New York1967, p. 5).

13. Reitman : In a sentence, we say a system has a problemwhen it has or has been given a description of somethingbut does not yet have anything that salifies the descrip-tion (Reitman, W.R. : Cognition and thought. New York :Wiley, 1965, p. 126).

14. Runes : problem (gr. problema: anything thrown for-ward) : 1. Any situation, practical or theoretical, for whichthere is no adequate automatic or habitual response, andwhich therefore calls up the reflective process. 2. Any

question proposed for solution. (Runes, D. B. : Dictionary ofphilosophy, 1962, Littleford, Adams and Co., PatersonNew Jersey).15. Soelberg : a. problem : any constraint or goal whichDm (decision maker) does not immediately know to satisfyor attain, b. (with reference to Newell, A., Shaw, J. c. &Simon, H. A.) : GPS (general problem solver program)identifies as problems those differences that might existalong one or more critical attributes, between the descrip-tions of goal and Dms (decision makers) current position(Peer Soelberg : A study of decision making : job choice,Alfred Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Insti-tute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1967, p. 11-15).16. Wertheimer : the situation in which the actual thoughtprocess starts, as compared with the situation in which theproblem is solved, involves a gap or a structural trouble...(Wertheimer, Max. Productive thinking, Harpers & BrothersPubl., New York, 1959, p. 238).

As it appears, there is a significant variation amongthe different authors with respect to the meaning ofthe concept problem, at least on first reading. Butdespite these variations, several common elementscan be discerned.

I. One can observe an aspect which could be called« cognitive » :1. The experiencing or the perception of a certaininitial situation (sit X), (see Fig. 1).This may concern specific variables, a « frozeninstant », a hypothetical situation, an observation ofdifferences existing between special situations, etc.The experience of this situation is part of a processin which e.g. different observations have been suc-cessively combined.2. Generation and selection of an imagined situation(or a system of imagined situations) which becomesa sort of goal or ideal situation (sit G) with respectto the existing, initial situation (sit X), (see Fig. 1).The critical attributes in the goal situation can beeither e.g. cognitive or emotional, scientific or per-sonal etc. — or a synthesis of these and similarelements. The goal situation, sit 6, may most oftenbe considered as a part of a system of interrelatedsituations. The initial situation, sit X, probably leadsto a number of different associated situations, poten-tial goal situations, one of which is sit G. Thesepotential goal situations can be more or less distantfrom sit X and vary in frequency, precision, genera-lity, etc.3. The perception or registration of a differencebetween sit X and sit G (see Fig. 1).That this difference may be registered or gives alasting positive or negative impression dependscertainly on several different factors, for examplemotivation, « distance » between sit X and sit G,capacity for discrimination, knowledge, topicalityand degree of pleasure — displeasure associated


with a possible difference between the situations.Established structures in the individual and earliergenerated goal situations (or systems of such) in-fluence the perception and selection of sit X, sit Gand of the difference between sit X and sit G, and asa consequence, the perception of the problem. Fur-ther, iterative and interrelated changes of sit X, sitG and the perception of a difference between themoccur during the problem identification process.

II. The concept problem also has a « motivation-activation » aspect, which forms an integrated partof the cognitive aspects and which is a prerequisitefor the experiencing or perception of a problem, « aproblem experience » :

1. Need, demand or desire to attain sit G, whichaccordingly becomes a goal situation. This may attimes be perceived, in non-structured problem situa-tions, as a desire to leave or avoid sit X in order tomove towards another situation (sit G) which doesnot arouse such a desire.It is of interest to study which factors and majorgoal situations primarily influence the experiencingof these needs and why the desire to achieve theselected sit G, from among the potential goal situa-tions, dominates.2. Needs for action, search, or activitation to achievesit G, own or that of others.

3. Initiation of search by a first trial (for examplesome kind of mental activity), which fails. Thus, sitG is not automatically achieved by a learned habi-tual activity. There seems to arise a strain or a con-flict between searching for and avoiding furthersearch because of the failure and the perceivedhindrances.One can evidently discuss what shall be definedas automatic, in any case, that which concerns themicroprocesses, and microproblems. One could pos-sibly say that when there exists any search or achoice between different alternatives at all, there isno question of an automatic process. But this mustcertainly be given more precision for different psy-chological, physiological, technical, etc., situations.Automaticity, like problemacity, can of course beconsidered as a continuous variable.4. Continued need to achieve or to search for sit G,despite the first failure.Conclusion :A problem or a problem situation exists when oneexperiences a need or a demand to achieve —through some kind of activity or search — from acertain existing situation (sit X) to another imaginedsituation, a goal situation (sit G), which cannot beattained either immediately or by any automatic,habitual activity.The process of problem solving consists of varioustypes of activities permitting the achievement of the


goal situation, sit G. The problem is solved whenone achieves this sit G.In the process of problem identification is includedthe process which leads to an experiencing of adifference between sit X and sit G, and changes ofthis experiencing. These changes are dependent onrelated changes in sit X and sit G.A problem may, in most cases, be formulated as aquestion.

This description of « problem situation » may on thewhole be valid for both conscious and non-consc-ious, human and non-human systems, scientific andnon-scientific systems, etc. — possibly with someminor changes (e.g. « one experiences » changesfor « it is registered » etc.). It depends of courseupon how broad a definition one will admit for thedifferent concepts included in the description.The degree of problemacity can vary dependingupon variables in the problem situation (e.g. what iscalled an automatic activity) and activities requiredfor the problem solution.There seems to be no absolute difference betweenscientific problems and other problems. But thereare a number of characteristics which together oftendistinguish scientific problems from most other pro-blems. Among these are the following :Scientific problems are distinguished by the fact thatthe description of sit X and sit G is based on (or isexpected to be based on) an assembly of scientific

Résumé français de l'article page 405.

knowledge, and that the need to attain sit 6. can bemotivated with this assembly of knowledge as apoint of departure. They may also be distinguishedby the fact that the methods (or activities) whichmay be used to achieve sit G are, at least partiallymethods called scientific with certain requirementsof objectivity, reproduceability, etc. (cf. Bunge :scientific problems are just those which are posedagainst a scientific background and are investiga-ted with scientific means in order primarily to in-crease our knowledge1).Research problems are also characterized by thetime, generally significant, required for their solu-tion. Goal-situations are often the object of repeatedchanges, that is to say, the problems and the objec-tives proposed are specified, limited, enlarged ormade the subject of any other modifications as aresult of the problem solving activity. Further, scien-tific problems are also often said to be relativelycomplex problems, i.e. they are intimately related toa lot other major, minor and secondary problems.Bearing in mind the specific aims of the above sum-mary, I believe that such a review and the conclu-sions drawn provide a necessary base for continued,detailed theoretical and empirical studies of res-earch work, as principally focusing upon the pro-cessing of problems, and the problem identificationprocess in scientific work.Bunge. M. : Scientific research I, p. 183- Springer Verlag,Berlin, 1967.

PROBLEME: QU'EST CE QU'UN PROBLEME?

Le but de cet article est d'étudier les définitions du pro-blème, envisagées sous l'angle psychologique des diffé-rents concepts que couvre ce mot. La plupart des définitions— qu'il s'agisse de celle donnée par Berlyne, Fairchild,Duncker ou Wertheimer — ont été empruntées à la littéra-ture psychologique. Bien que les définitions soient appa-remment différentes, elles ne le sont que superficiellementet ont plusieurs points communs :1) l'aspect de perception de l'expérience d'un certainproblème.2) la projection d'une situation imaginaire qui devient unbut à atteindre eu égard à une situation existante.3) /a perception d'une différence entre la situation X etla situation G.Il y a également l'aspect motivation, stimulation : il y anécessité d'atteindre le but, il y a donc nécessité d'actionou de recherche pour atteindre ce but et possibilitéd'échec, d'où résulte la nécessité d'un nouvel effort.En conclusion, pour M. Nordbeck, une situation de « pro-blème » existe lorsque le passage d'une situation à uneautre, imaginée, ne peut pas être obtenu immédiatement

ou par le truchement d'une activité habituelle et auto-matique. Cette définition est applicable aux problèmesscientifiques ou non, en dépit de certaines différences denature.


INGO PROBLEMS, STUDIES AND ACTIVITIES

A UIA SURVEY

« Autonomy for each organization, mutual sup-port for all ».« Reaching an agreement is just one way of de-veloping independent action. And such agree-ment is just as desirable for unifying efforts asfor simplifying ways and means ».« Put the combined power of all behind eachindividual unit ».These three ideas, conceived by the UAI'sfounders before 1914, viewed in the light of thenew problems now being faced by internationalnon-governmental organizations (INGOs) ingeneral, inspired the UAI to organize a two-pronged consultation during the last quarterof 1970 : in writing, by submitting a list of twentydifferent subjects for research or action to abroad spectrum of 250 INGOs; and orally, bymeans of meetings held successively in Parison 15 October, in Geneva:on 28 October, and inBrussels on 17 December.

The general aimThe purpose of the operation was set out in theinvitation sent to INGOs :« In order to ensure continuity and progress wehave, like all organizations, to draw up a pro-gramme of future work. Given the UAI's specialrole, we naturally want to develop its programmein close collaboration with INGOs.» But over and above that, it seems to us neces-sary that the responsible leaders of importantINGOs should get together and support eachother.

» Certain new trends arising within the frame-work of INGO relations with inter-governmentalorganizations, multinational corporations andfoundations, the possibilities afforded by newkinds of information services, as well as ourcommon preoccupation with the future handling

of staff, equipment, finance, tax problems, etc.,or the complications arising out of the scatteredefforts of groups that are trying to work forINGOs, all this goes to suggest that it wouldbe worth our while to spend a few hours ex-changing information and examining togetherwhat research should be carried out or whataction taken, whether under UAI auspices or bysome other body, or by a joint ad hoc com-mittee.» After twenty years of friendly co-operation withso many INGOs we are not unaware of thequantity of work their hardpressed leaders haveto tackle, day in day out. But that is preciselywhy we feel a pause for reflection to be all themore necessary ».The UAl is extremely grateful to the 52 INGOleaders who kindly wrote in answer to the quest-ionnaire, and to the 75 or so organizationsparticipating in the three round tables. They arelisted in the French version of this article. Heartythanks are due to the International Chamber ofCommerce, the League of Red Cross Societiesand the Bank of Brussels for providing accom-modation.

The questionnaire and the answers

The questionnaire was drafted in the form of alist of eleven subjects under the heading« General problems » and nine under theheading « Problems concerning staff, finance,management, services».

INGOs were asked to tick the subjects theyconsidered to be interesting, and to indicatetheir order of priority by allocating numbersfrom 1 to 10 as a maximum.

The twenty subjects put forward by the UAI andthe analysis of the 52 written answers are shownfollowing :


A, GENERAL PROBLEMS

1) Adoption by INGOs of the system of ad hoc association,by setting up international organizations or committeesfor a single specific task and hence for 3 limitedperiod, under the auspices of several INGOs (perhapswith IGO co-operation).

This subject was ticked by 21 INGOs, 3 ofthem classifying it as the most important *.

2) Utility and methods of implementation of working contracts between INGOs and inter-governmental org-anizations, foundations, government departments, bu-siness companies, etc.

This subject was ticked by 23 INGOs, 2 ofthem classifying it as the most important.

3) How to speed up the inclusion in INGO working pro-grammes or on INGO congress agendas questionsconcerning the Third World; how to secure greaterattention to the development aspect in the process oftackling all problems (which for many INGOs impliesa fundamental modification of their attitudes and int-erests).

This subject was ticked by 31 INGOs, 7 ofthem classifying it as the most important

4) Main difficulties encountered by INGOs in obtainingmore active participation by members and simultaneousgeographical extension of membership with parallelgrowth in financial contributions : methods to beadopted, advantages and disadvantages of regionalsecretariats.

- This subject was ticked by 32 INGOs, 5 ofthem classifying it as the most important.

5) Participation by young people in INGO activities.


6} Study of INGO income and expenditure, and how tofinance their future activities.

This suject was ticked by 31 INGOs, 4 ofthem classifying it as the most important.

7) Launching a campaign to draw the attention of found-ations to the research and operational capacities ofINGOs and their national branches, as well as theirability to identify the fundamental needs of particularsectors or regions. Moral support that INGOs can offerto foundations at the present time when the latters'raison d'être is being questioned.


' The system of ad hoc associations was dealt with in anarticle published in the April 1971 issue of InternationalAssociations, pp. 205-217,

8) Examination of reasons why international foundationsshould be set up by INGOs and how they could beset up.


9) Future relations of INGOs with multinational commercialcompanies.


10) Calling a high-level Round Table tor the purpose ofconsidering INGOs' place in the world of today andtomorrow, bearing in mind the changing international,environment and the problems facing humanity. Somefifly participants could be chosen in equal proportionsfrom the following five groups : a) intergovernmentalorganizations; b) non-governmental organizations;c) leading national political figures or officials; d)professors, research workers and directors of nationalcentres for the study of international relations; e) bu-siness and professional circles.


11) Catling a World congress of INGOs to consider theresults of the Round Table's work, and to bring out,in a spirit of individual autonomy and mutual solidarity,INGOs' common viewpoints on the necessary pre-conditions for the full use of their potential on theircontribution to the operations of inter-governmentalorganizations, and on a global philosophy and pro-gramme of international organization.


B. PROBLEMS CONCERNING STAFF, FINAN-CE, MANAGEMENT, SERVICES

12) Career planning for INGO personnel : problems ofrecruitment, training, rotation, payment and pension.This subject was ticked by 27 INGOs, 5 ofthem classifying it as the most important.

13) Preparations for the second Turin seminar (March orOctober 1971) : modern management for INGOs.


14) Application of value-added tax as it affects activitiesof INGOs established in the Common Market countries.


15) Compilation by INGOs of a model charge book fortheir congresses, to be supplied to local organizingcommittees and to contractors for the whole rangeof professional and commercial services involved inarranging and running international meetings.



16) Prospecte tor securing the construction by States ormunicipalities, along the tines of cultural centres orcongress palaces, of international houses to accom-modate INGO secretariats.


17) Development by the UAI of an INTER-CONTACT in-formation centre and international data bank, com-puter-based, in which INGOs could become associate-co-operating members.


18) Establishment, under UAI auspices, of a Museum-Study-Centre on past, present and future internationalco-operation, serving in particular to help professors, research workers and students and encourage their

mutual relations with. INGOs.


19) Assistance the UAI could give to INGOs in sellingtheir publications to organizations, centres, librariesor booksellers interested in a general way in all intern-ational publications; in distributing review copies tothe major papers and periodicals; and in acting undercertain circumstances as a publishing house.


20) Administrative and distribution services the UAI couldrender to INGO conferences and groups lackingsufficiently strong secretariats.


PrioritiesIn order to bring out some interesting aspects ofthe data contained in the answers, the twentysubjects appear above in the same order as inthe questionnaire. The following tables showthe order of preferences, both as regardsnumber of votes for each subject and as regardschoice of primary target :

a) subjects in order of popularity

35 INGOs for No. 10 23 INGOs for No. 232 INGOs for No. 4 22 INGOs for No. 1631 INGOs for No. 3 21 INGOs for No. 131 INGOs for No. 6 21 INGOs for No. 5

30 INGOs for No. 13 19 INGOs for No. 1130 INGOs for No. 19 17 INGOs for No 2028 INGOs for No. 7 17 INGOS for No. 1427 INGOs for No. 12 16 INGOs for No. 926 INGOs for No. 17 13 INGOs for No. 824 INGOs for No. 15 10 INGOs for No. 18b) voting for the most important subject 8 INGOs for No. 10 2 INGOs for No. 2 i

7 INGOs for No. 3 2 INGOs for No. 17 ;5 INGOs for No. 4 1 INGO for No. 16 5 INGOs for No. 7 1 INGO for No. 5 5 INGOs for No. 12 2 INGOs for No. 11 4 INGOs for No. 6 1 INGO for No. 204 INGOs for No. 13 1 INGO for No. 93 INGOs for No. 15 1 INGO for No. 83 INGOs for No. 1 0 INGOs for No. 193 INGOs for No. 14 0 INGOs for No. 18

Opinions as revealed in the two tables show afairly striking degree of similarity.

Careful readers will note that 52 answers haveprovided 58 choices for the title « most import-ant subject ». Some correspondents had indic-ated several « No. 1 » choices, and it was aquestion of deciding whether to omit all of themrather than include the two or three extrasubjects held to be of particular interest fromthe point of view of the organizations concerned.

The consultative meetings

At the start of the consultative meetings it hadbeen explained to participants that they wereinvited to speak in their personal capacity, with-out committing their organizations, nor wouldnames be mentioned in the reports. While com-ments were to be in line with the kind ofproblem referred to in the questionnaire, theywere not expected to follow the same orderingof subjects or be linked specifically with them.

Copies of the analysis of written answers weredistributed to all participants on arrival. Severalof them mentioned how impressed they werewith the results.

An excellent spirit prevailed at the meetings,and exchanges were very lively. On each occa-sion discussions had to be cut short at theappointed time for closure. In Paris and Genevathere were both morning and afternoon ses-


sions, but in Brussels there was only one, inview of the fact that a restricted meeting hadbeen held there three months previously in orderto prepare for the survey and the consultativemeetings.

The general tone was reflected quite well in thefollowing extract from the verbatim report ofthe Geneva meetings : After stating that he wasimpressed with the analysis of the question-naire said « The fact that the Round Table (Item10) drew the greatest number of votes, and wasregarded as Priority No. 1, shows that INGOsfeel the need for joint reflection on their presentposition. What with their multiplying numbersand increasingly technical nature, they need toretain their specific identities but to be able tocall on common services. The UAI could devoteitself to setting up such services. Ad hoc coal-itions could likewise be organized for givenprogrammes. Thus a programme started by oneINGO could secure the support of « fraternal »INGOs. Such coalitions would be temporary andwould necessitate a system of communicationbetween INGOs».

In the following account no further attempt ismade to distinguish between what was said inParis, Geneva or Brussels. The appropriate pas-sages from the respective minutes have beenregrouped around each question, which aredealt with in sequence below.

INGO diversity

One participant pointed out that the extremelydiverse nature of INGOs made any kind of jointaction very difficult. Agreed, and admittedlythere is a fundamental difference between bu-siness and professional INGOs — and a fortiorithe multi-national corporations — and the ideo-logical INGOs, but nevertheless it is becomingmore and more evident that to march in extend-ed and scattered order is sheer folly, was thereply from another participant.

A third emphasized the importance of making aa distinction between the phenomenal level andthe legal level. INGOs were not neutral structu-res : they were pulled this way and that bydiffering and even conflicting ideologies. Butwhatever the content of their ideology might bethere was one point in common that could bringthem together : their status.

Although it might appear easy to class INGOsinto different categories, when close attentionis paid to the details of a classification they arefound to differ from individual to individual, as-serted another participant, and he drew the con-clusion that the UAI should not try to set upartificial regroupings, but should respect thereal facts, with their multiple interdependencies.Another proposition was that like-minded INGOsshould establish small groups, working in anentirely unofficial way, reporting to inter-groupbodies operating similarly, thus building up apyramid-like structure.A speaker noted that there are some commoncauses that unite, or ought to unite, all INGOsand even all international organizations, such asthe ratification of numerous international con-ventions being promoted by international institut-ions. Many of the conventions have not yet beensigned or ratified. In even more cases the re-quisite number of ratifications have not yet beensecured. There are also some which, thoughsigned and ratified, have not yet been put intooperation. Concerted INGO action in this fieldwould be extremely valuable. A sound strategicplan should be worked out, as particular INGOsare better placed in particular countries to stim-ulate ratification of a particular convention.

Diminishing credibilitySeveral participants considered that nowadaysINGOs were suffering from diminished credibili-ty. It is revealed in the general indifference ofpublic opinion to the work of governmentalorganizations, and in the failure of governmentsto act except under pressure of public opinion,while getting vaguer and vaguer about the veryconcept of international co-operation, so that itis emptied of meaning or interpreted in a wrongway.The intellectual confusion as regards INGOs isworse confounded because they have no intern-ational legal status or definition.The behaviour of a few small INGOs vis-à-vis theUnited Nations reflects unfavorably on all ofthem. And it has to be admitted that seriousINGOs are sometimes represented at the UNby unsuitable individuals.The excessive self-centeredness of many INGOsdoes not help to raise the level of credibility.


The Third WorldThe third subject to be put forward in the UAIlist was considered to be very important by oneof the participants. After attending a recentmeeting in Addis Ababa, where it had been pro-posed to constitute a regional group of NGOs,he had become convinced that INGOs mustovercome their continental separatisms and notforget the African and Asian countries. Patern-alism was an out-of-date attitude if INGOs wereto avoid missing the bus. They must put theirexperience at the service of the developingcountries, adapting it to the special needs of theyoung nations.

Legal statusThis point had not been included in the list ofsubjects, because the UAI had felt it to be alltoo well known, but is was raised by variousparticipants on different occasions.

The reiterated opinion was that securing anauthentic international status was a necessity.

In view of the failure of previous efforts atUnesco, and the recent postponement to a laterand perhaps far-distant session of the MinisterialCommittee of the Council of Europe of consider-ation of the project being prepared by its LegalAffairs Division, thanks to the support given toINGOs by the FAO, a discussion took place onthe possibility and advisability of making an ap-proach to the European Community.

One participant thought that if a good examplewere given by this restricted group of countries,the problem would be taken more seriously byothers. Another participant thought that it wouldlikewise not damage INGO interests if countrieswith advanced legal systems were to give a leadto the developing countries.

While agreeing that the harmonization and uni-fication of the status of INGOs in the SixCountries was a natural development in thecontext of European integration, another speak-er expressed the fear that it might prejudicea global solution, and would inexitably workprimarily, if not exclusively, in favour of theregional organizations operating within the Sixframework. Another speaker added that statusrestricted to six developed countries wouldinvolve difficulties for INGOs having for example

members in 60 countries; it was necessary tocontinue efforts in favour of a broadly-basedinternational legal status.It was also pointed out that the one effort didnot exclude the other : the universal did not ex-clude the regional, and vice versa.An observer from one of the inter-governmentalorganizations remarked that his work of study-ing INGO applications for consultative statuswith the organization was becoming more andmore complicated, and he often found it im-possible to decide whether a given NGO wasinternational in character or not. He would liketo see international standards drawn up, towhich INGO constitutions should be made toconform.Another speaker compared the problem of legalstatus to that of human rights; the Declarationon the latter dated from 1948, though it wasonly signed in 1966 and the number of ratificat-ions is still small. Perhaps instead of strugglingfor legal recognition it would be better to startby working for sociological recognition, i.e. adeclaration of INGO rights.

University teaching

A suggestion was made that the absence oflegal or sociological recognition could be ac-counted for by the absence of university teach-ing on INGOs.

Another idea was that above all contacts shouldbe multiplied with institutes of advanced studiesprimarily concerned with research. The speakerremarked that at present few people were ac-quainted with INGOs, and they were practicallyignored by the institutes of international affairs.A professor who was present made a contribut-ion which we feel should be reproduced in full.

« There is no university chair, or even teaching,on international organizations. Now the only wayto secure acceptance for an idea or a pheno-menon is to get it taught. And teaching aboutinternational organization is now blocked.

« NGO activities constitute a fascinating fieldfor research workers, but it is a very difficultfield to tackle, in spite of the facilities offeredby the UAI. There is such a wealth of material,but so difficult to grasp, that a student loseshis way or returns empty-handed.


« A team of qualified workers and legal expertsshould be constituted for the purpose of think-ing about the problem of INGOs. Its terms ofreference would set out the subject for study,the time available, the documentation at itsdisposal, and the financial support that wouldbe forthcoming. Thanks to computerization, thebasic time requirements would be greatly short-ened, and it would be possible to proceed im-mediately with the research work.

« The university viewpoint will never be identicalwith the UAI's, which is not to say that theywill be opposed to each other. We professorswould like the UAI to provide us with the hardfacts, the practical information, the material, sothat we can analyze it and adapt it to the educ-ational sphere.

« INGOs offer a possible alternative structure forbuilding up tomorrow's world, taking their placebeside the inter-state relationships which evennow are still the sole arbiters of internationalaffairs ». *

Financial resources

Questionnaire points 6, 7, and 8 were dealt withfrom various angles. **

A piece of general advice was offered by a part-icipant who declared that experience showedit to be difficult to collect funds for vagueprojects. The more specific the project theeasier to finance it.

The question of asking for help from foundationswas raised by a speaker who, having described

* As regards INGO studies in the universities referencecan be made to a recent book by Robert Angell, Emer-itus Professor of Sociology at the University of Michigan,« Peace on the March. Transnational Participation »(Van Nostrand Reinhold Co), as well as to the newedition of the book by Professor Marcel Merle, of theParis Faculty of Law, « La Vie Internationale » (ArmandCollin), with its chapter on transnational forces, ment-ioned in the March 1971 issue of International Asso-ciations; also to an article by G.P. Speeckaert « Intern-ational Organization and University Teaching » in theFebruary 1960 issue of International Associations, pp.89-92.We do not propose to enlarge on these three subjects,as they were discussed in detail in the report on « Pro-blèmes financiers des organisations internationalesnon-gouvernementales » in the May 1971 issue of In-ternational Associations.


the different types of foundation and the prob-lems they themselves had to face, recommend-ed on the one hand that the financial manage-ment of INGOs should be in line with industrialor commercial practice, and on the other handthere should be co-operation between Interfieldand the U.A.I, in the matter of INGO finance.The similarity of the rules applicable to profit-making and non-profit-making organizationsalike had been stressed at one of the othermeetings by a participant who recommendedcarrying out studies with the help of INGOsin order to ensure a more thorough knowledgeof all the rules they ought to observe in attempt-ing to improve their financial position.

The idea of setting up a foundation for intern-atonal non-governmental co-operation, adumb-rated by the UAI Secretary-General during theAssembly of 1958, was raised and discussed.The object would not be to establish a commonINGO treasury, but to finance research work,meetings or publications aiming at improvingthe status and functioning of INGOs, to awardgrants or prizes to INGOs or individuals prod-ucing particularly useful ideas for the develop-ment of international non-governmental co-operation. The foundation's administrative boardcould include not only INGO leaders, but alsodirectors of multinational profit-making corpor-ations. One participant considered that such afoundation would be able to contribute a greatdeal towards facilitating the securing of socio-logical and legal status for INGOs. Other part-icipants expressed approval for the project, butfelt that instead of establishing such a found-ation with the help of about thirty major INGOsit would be better to try to obtain the supportof all INGOs, thus diminishing the contributionsnecessary from each.

It was also suggested that the UAI should putits publications and services on the soundestpossible commercial basis, so as to be able toprovide an income for the foundation. It mightbe able to operate in a somewhat analogousway to the Battelle Institute, which carries outresearch work financed by industry, and thanksto these paid services it can also act as a grant-making body.

International centresThere were three short contributions on quest-ion 16, that is to say future prospects as regardsconstruction of international centres intended toprovide office space for INGO secretariats.Insurance companies might be persuaded totake an interest, and it was emphasized thatINGOs having their headquarters in the sametown would derive considerable economies fromthe concentration of secretariats within a singlebuilding. At present each of them had to havea complete set of equipment, which constituteda heavy outlay.

Seminars, manuals and expertsThe idea of organizing seminars for INGOchairman, secretaries-general, and senior staffwas unanimously held to be useful by the var-ious people who spoke on the question.It was recommended that the UAI should givepriority to this activity in its working program-me, while taking care to ensure leaders' part-icipation in the seminars. All too frequently theysend their young assistants, who come awaydoubly discouraged, because they realize howfar they are from achieving the principles theyare taught there, and they find themselves with-out the power to put into operation the reformsthey see as desirable. The groups should be lim-ited to fifteen persons at the most.Turning to the specific case of the 2nd seminaron INGOs and modern management, which theUAI proposed to organize in Turin, like the 1stseminar held there in October 1969, the questionwas raised as to whether it would not be betterto meet for one or two days in different townsinstead of four to five days in a single town.In this way it would be easier to reach interestedparties and to concentrate discussions on aclearly defined problem.But another participant wondered whether theformula of meetings being held in the townswhere the invited organizations had their head-quarters might not mean that their leaders wouldbe unable to get sufficiently away from theirdaily tasks or their local ambiance. Two speak-ers urged that if the 2nd seminar was to be forthe benefit of secretaries-general they should beaccompanied by their « young hopefuls » fortraining purposes.

420 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1971 , No 7

Another participant considered that three dayswould be the optimum duration for the seminar,and that it would be better to try to developattitudes among the leaders rather than work onhighly technical documents.

The idea had in fact been put forward that theManual on the Constitution and Management ofINGOs, now being planned by the UAI, mighthave served as basis for the activities of the 2ndseminar, or alternatively could have been itsoutcome.

It was felt that the Manual ought to be extremelyuseful. One participant thought that it ought tobe short, and simply take the form of directives.Another urged the use of the loose-leaf system,so that instructions on further problems couldbe added.

Another new suggestion was that the UAI shouldset up a group of expert consultants on INGOmanagement.

Joint action and the UAI's role

The three consultative meetings studied in depththe double-edged questions : « What is practic-able in the way of joint action by INGOs, andwhat part can the UAI play in this respect ? »« What can INGOs do for the UAI ? » « Whatcan the UAI do for INGOs ? ».

Several speakers were emphatic about the con-crete services the UAI could render : sales serv-ice for INGO publications; reproduction, distrib-ution, secretariat and office facilities; premisesfor meetings, conference organization; inform-ation processing through its data bank; listsof staff vacancies in INGO secretariats; develop-ment of research work and promoting INGOinterests generally, in addition to other pointsalready mentioned.

There was complete unanimity on the point thatUAI services should be offered on a payingbasis.

A participant pointed out that, paradoxicallyenough, the greater the number of INGOs inexistence the weaker they became. Althougheach one has its own special mission, theyought all to know more about each other andso enhance their mutual respect. The UAI couldwell act the co-ordinator's part. It was essential


to develop a cohesive force out of their individ-ual characteristics, and in relation to INGOconsultative activities for inter-governmentalorganizations.

Another participant had in fact already askedthe UAI to consider the problem of the multi-plication of United Nations and other IGO com-mittees and sub-committees; if INGOs were tobe represented everywhere it could only be atthe risk of doing poor work. It ought to be pos-sible, he thought, to imitate the Swiss exampleduring the second world war, and create acoalition of organizations for a specific purpose,without endangering the freedom of each.

In Paris an extremely interesting debate aroseafter a speaker asked « Would it not be possibleto find ways of associating INGOs more closelywith the UAI, both de jure and de facto ? ». Thefollowing dialogue ensued between two particip-ants :

« NGOs need a spokesman. The UAI is just that.It would be well if NGOs were to feel a deeperconcern vis-à-vis the UAI. The question of UAImembership should be reconsidered, particular-ly as regards the category of correspondingorganizations. The UAI's resources must be in-creased if its influence is to be increased ».

•< For NGOs it is often difficult to pay a subs-cription, for legal or other reasons. Furthermore,it would be difficult for the UAI to be the NGOspokesman, in view of their wide variety ofspecialities. But NGOs might be interested inworking with the UAI under contract for limitedand temporary operations ».

« So there can't be a spokesman for NGOs ? Butthat is one of the reasons for their weakness.If the UAI had not submitted the question of

legal status to the FAO, and if it had not beenconsidered the NGO's spokesman, the problemwould never have been taken up ».« NGOs must be able to see what there is forthemselves in the UAI. Couldn't the UAI tabulatethe services it can provide for NGOs ? TheNGOs set up by the professions, for instance,would be less interested in the computer facil-ities, being already well equipped, but they haveproblems concerned with drawing up statutes,training staff, etc. ».Suggestions were offered by other speakers.The UAI ought to bring together on a short termbasis INGOs involved more or less closely witha given problem, in order to undertake jointaction or research. Profit-making concerns couldbe established by the UAI jointly with INGOsfor the provision of certain kinds of services orwork, in the same way that large commercialcompanies set up non-profit-making associat-ions for some purposes.It seems fair to conclude from the discussionson this question of joint INGO action and theUAI's role that all participants clearly wantedto see an intensification of joint action and anintensification of the UAI contribution.As regards concrete ways and means, the pref-erred formula seemed to be that of splitting upthe various fields of work, so that each could befinanced by the INGOs specially interestedtherein. It was to some extent aptly summarizedby one of the participants at the Geneva meet-ing : « INGOs as a class have limited resourcesand the need to operate economically. Many ofthem would be interested in seeing the UAIundertake tasks such as those which have beenenumerated. In so far as its resources wouldallow, his organization would be prepared tocontribute to the cost of such work ».

La version française de cet article ainsi que la liste des participants aux réunions ont été publiéesdans notre numéro de juin/juillet.

422 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1 97 1 , No 7

Books,

reports

and proceedings received

Ouvrages,

rapports

et comptes rendus recus

ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DES UNIVERSI-

TES / INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNI-VERSITIES. The university and the needs of contemporary society. Paris, AIU. ,1970, 15,5 x 24 cm.,n° 10, xv + 81 p., index, tabl.Existe également en français.

CENTRE DU COMMERCE INTERNATIONAL. CNU-CED, GATT. Le rôle du Transitaire dans les paysen voie de développement. Genève, GATT/CNUCED, 1969, 16 x 23 cm., 146 p., bibl., illustr.,price : US $ 5.—.

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIO-NALE / INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSION. Guide to the calculation of resist-ance of plain and tinned copper conductors oflow-frequency cables and wires. Geneva. CentralBureau IEC, 1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., 11 u., tabl.. price :S.Fr. 9.—

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIO-NALE / INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSION. Safety requirements pour lesventilateurs électriques, et leurs régulateurs devitesse. Geneva, IEC, 1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., n° 342,60 p., tabl., illustr., price : S.Fr. 45,—

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIO-NALE / INTERNATIONAL ELECTHOTECHNICALCOMMISSION. Preferred diameters of wire ter-minations of capacitors and resistors. Geneva,IEC, 1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., n° 301, 5 p., price :S.Fr. 4.50.—

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIO-NALE / INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSION. Strip-wound cut cores of grainoriented silicon-iron alloy, used for electronic andtelecommunication equipment. Geneva, IEC, 1971,21 x 29,5 cm., n° 329, 57 p., tabl., illustr., prix :S.Fr. 45.—

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIO-NALE / INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICALCOMMISSION. Sound system equipment. Part14 : Mechanical design features. Geneva, IEC,1971, 21 x 29,5 cm., n° 268-14, 10 p., tabl., graph.,price : Fr.S. 10.—

COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIO-NALE / INTERNATIONAL ELECTHOTECHNICAL

COMMISSION. Radio-Frequency cables. Geneva,IEC. 1971. 21 x 29.5 cm., n° 96-1, 81 p., tabl. illustr.,prix : S.Fr. 60.—

CONSEIL GENERAL DES PECHES POUR LA MEDI-TERRANEE / GENERAL FISHERIES COUNCILFOR THE MEDITERRANEAN. Etudes et Revues :on the use of anaesthetics in the transportationof sardines. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organi-zation of the United Nations, 1970, 22 x 28 cm.,n° 47, 23 p., bibl., tabl., graph.

CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL POUR L'ORGANISA-TION SCIENTIFIQUE / INTERNATIONAL COUN-CIL FOR SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT. Report onactivities of the International council for ScientificManagement during 1970. Geneva, CIOS, 1971,21 x 29,5 cm., n° 1114 E, 7 p., tabl.

CONSEIL OLEICOLE INTERNATIONAL. Rapport surles travaux de la 24ème Session du Conseil Oléi-cole International tenu à Madrid, puis à Cordobadu 29 mars au 3 avril 1971. Madrid, Le Conseil,1971, 21 X 27,5 cm.. n° COI/R.24-II/17. 13 p. +annexes, tabl.

EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF CORPORATE AND STA-TEGIC PLANNERS. Society Seminar book : two-day seminar dealing with « Launching the Corpo-rate Plan*. Brussels, ESCSP. 1970, 20.5 x 29 cm.,154 p.. bibl., tabl., graph.

FEDERATION DES INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONA-LES SEMI-OFFICIELLES ET PRIVEES ETABLIESA GENEVE. Catalogue des Membres. Geneva,FIIG, 1971, 22 X 30 cm., 77 p.

GENERAL FISHERIES COUNCIL FOR THE MEDITER-RANIAN / CONSEIL GENERAL DES PECHESPOUR LA MEDITERRANEE. Etudes et revues :Studies on the distribution, growth and abun-dance of migrating fry and juveniles of mullet ina brackish coastal lake (Edku) in the United ArabRepublic. Rome, Food and Agriculture Organi-zation of the United Nations. 1970, 22 x 28 cm.,n° 46, 19 p., bibl., tabl., graph., cartes.

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY /AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L'ENERGIEATOMIQUE. IAEA Library New Acquisitions,February, 1971. Vienne, IAEA, 1971, 15 x 21 cm..n° 13, 2, 25 p., bibl.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1 9 7 1 , No 7 425

INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF FISCAL DOCUMEN-TATION. Convention between the Governmentof ndia and the Government of the United ArabRepublic for the avoidance of double taxationwith respect to taxes on income. AmsterdamIBFD, 1971, 15 x 24 cm., supplement Bulletin VolXXV, n° 4, 1971, 13 p.

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZA-TION / ORGANISATION D'AVIATION CIVILEINTERNATIONALE. Catalogue of ICAO Publica-tion 1971 edition. Quebec, The Secretariat, 1971.15 x 23 cm., ii + 57 p. bibl.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF UNIVERSITYWOMEN / FEDERATION INTERNATIONALEDES FEMMES DIPLOMEES DES UNIVERSITES.Report of the Meeting of the 54th Council. Lon-don, IFUW, 1969. 14 x 21,5 cm., Yearbook n° 2,102 p., tabl.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE. Report of theCommission Appointed Under Article 26 of theConstitution concerning the Observance by Greeceof the Freedom of Association and Protection ofthe Right to Organization Convention. Geneva,ILO, 1971, 15,5 x 21 cm., n° 2, vol. LIV, iii + 94 p.,price : S.Fr. 5.—

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDAR-DIZATION / ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALEDE NORMALISATION. Standardization vocabula-ry : basic terms and definitions. Geneva CentralSecretariat, 1971, 15 x 21 cm., n° 1, 4 p. + annex.

MIJARC. Mijarc '68 : son orientation, son action.Louvain, Mijarc, 1968, 14,5 x 22 cm., 24 p.. illustr.

ORGANISATION DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L'A-LIMENTATION ET L'AGRICULTURE / FOODAND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THEUNITED NATIONS. Les événements de 1970. Rome.FAO, 1971, 21,5 x 27 cm., n° MI/B1912, 33 p.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES, PERMA-NENT COUNCIL. Report of the General Committeeconcerning the draft standards on cooperative relationsbetween the organization of American states and theUnited Nations, its specialized agencies and other inter-national and national organizations. Washington, theGeneral Secretariat, 1971, 21,5 x 28 cm., n° CP/doc.86/71 rev. 1, 15 p.Exists also in Spanish.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES, PERMA-NENT COUNCIL. Report of the General Committeeon adaptation of the Provisional General Standards ofthe General Secretarial to the new structure of the Or-

21,5 x 28 cm., n° OAS/Ser. G./ENGLISH, 41 p.Exists also in Spanish.

426 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES 1971, No 7

INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK. The IDB'sfirst decade and perspectives for the future. Punta delEste, IDB, 1970, 15 x 22,5 cm., xi + 240 p., bibl., tabl.

INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. Inter-national Guide to Company Formation. France, ICC,1970, 13,5 x 21 cm., brochure 263, 48 p., index.

INTERNATIONAL WHEAT COUNCIL/CONSEIL IN-TERNATIONAL DU BLE /CONSEJO INTERNACIO-NAL DEL TRIGO. World wheat statistics/Statistiauesmondiales du blé / Estadisticas Trigueras Mundiales.London, the International Wheat Council, 1970, 29.5 x21cm., 88 p., tabl., Price : S. 3.00.

G.A. JOHNSTON. The International Labour Organisation :its work for social and economic progress. London,Europa Publications Limited, 1970, 24 x 16 cm., xii363p., bibl., index, Price : £ 9.

OFICINA INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO. Actas dela 175a. reunion del Consejo de Administracion (Ginebra,30-31 de Mayo de 1969). Montreux, Oficina Internacio-nal del Trabajo, s.d., 3 1 x 2 1 cm., vii+90 p., tabl.

OFICINA INTERNACIONAL DEL TRABAJO. Actas dela 176a. réunion del Consejo de Administration (Gine-bra, 26 de Junio de 1969). Montreux, Oficina Interna-cional del Trabajo, s.d. 3 1 x 2 1 cm., iv + 29 p.

ORGANIZACION DE LOS ESTADOS AMERICANOS.Legislacion sobre energia nuclear en los estados ameri-canos. Washington, Secretaria General, Organizacionde los estados americanos, 1969, 21 cm x 29,5 cm, 2nded. viii + 404 p., Prix : S 2.

ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE. Groupede travail sur l'évaluation de l'enseignement infirmier.Rapport (Copenhague, 11-13 décembre 1968). Copen-hague, le Bureau régional de l'Europe de l'O.M.S., 1970,24 x 18,5 cm. Euro 0342. iv + 106 p.Ce rapport existe également en anglais et en russe.

ORGANISATION DE COOPERATION ET DE DEVELOP-PEMENT ECONOMIQUE/ORGANIZATION FORECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOP-MENT. Ouvrages et périodiques nouveaux. Paris,OCDE, 1971, 20 x 27 cm., 43 p., n° 1, bibl.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES. Directory.Washington, the General Secrétariat, 1971, 13,5 x 21 cm.,42 p., prix : S 0.25.

ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES GENERALASSEMBLY. Proceedings : first special session, Was-hington, D.C. June 25-July 8, 1970. Washington, theGeneral Secretariat, 1970, 21 x 27 cm., vol. I, 138 p.,Prix, $ 2.00.


La mention d'une organisation dans la présente rubriquen'implique en aucune façon une prise de position del'UAI à l'égard de celle-ci, pas plus qu'elle ne préjuge del'insertion de cette organisation dans la prochaine éditionde /' « Annuaire des Organisations Internationales ».

Mention of an organization in these columns does notimply, in any way, a judgment of it by the UIA; nor does itnecessarily mean that an entry on the organization willappear in the next edition of the Yearbook of InternationalOrganizations.

South-East Asia Iron and SteelInstitute : As the result of re-commendations made by anECAFE-fostered mission, theSouth-East Asia Iron and SteelInstitute was formally inaugurat-ed on March 9, 1971 in Singa-pore. The new organization isdesigned to help countries with-in the geographical scope of theUnited Nations Economic Com-mission for Asia and the FarEast to develop and improveiron and steel industries throughregional cooperation and ad-vanced technology. Members ofthe Institute are Indonesia, Ma-laysia, the Philippines, Singapo-re, Taiwan and Thailand; sup-porting members are Australiaand Japan.

Le 9 mars 1971 a été inauguré àSingapour l'Institut du fer et del'acier du sud-est asiatique. Ensont membres : l'Indonésie, la Ma-laisie, les Philippines, Singapour,Taiwan et ta Thaïlande.

Study of the Environment : Fol-lowing the initiative of architectPaul Mignot, president of theCentre for Architectural Studies,and under the sponsorship ofthe Ministry of French Culture,

the Centre for Study and Re-search on the Environment wasfounded in September 1970. Theprincipal object of the new Cen-tre is to promote study, researchand concerted action on all as-pects of man's environment —technical, psychological, econ-omic, sociological and political.The research and study pro-grammes organized by the Cen-tre will group together special-ists and students in diversefields to ensure a truly multi-disciplinary approach to an ex-panded concept of the environ-ment. The headquarters of theresearch Centre is in Brussels.

A l'initiative de l'architecte PaulMignot, président du Centre d'Etu-des Architecturales, et sous le pa-tronage du Ministère de la Culturefrançaise, a été crée en septembre1970 le Centre d'études et de re-cherches de l'environnement. L'as-sociation, dont le siège social estsitué à Bruxelles, a pour objet depromouvoir l'étude, la rechercheet l'action dans toutes les disci-plines intéressées par l'environne-ment physique et non-physique,de l'homme.

Economie and social progressthrough literacy : As the result

of a joint meeting of the trusteesof World Education, New York,and World Literacy of Canada,Literacy International — an in-ternational organization whichwill seek to advance social andeconomic development throughthe promotion and support offunctional literacy programmes— will be formally inauguratedin January 1972. The pillar onwhich the concept of LiteracyInternational rests is the ex-ample set by Literacy House,Lucknow, founded by Mrs.Welthy Fisher in 1953, when shewas 74 years old. Inspired byGhandi, Mrs. Fisher is respons-ible for the creation of a teach-ing method which has influenc-ed educaters in underdevelopednations around the world.

Un Comité international pour l'al-phabétisation des adultes a étécrée cette année à New Delhi, Sonhistoire est née aux Indes lorsqueMme Fisher, 74 ans, inspirée parGhandi, a tonde le premier villaged'alphabétisation à Sakrharta. Cet-te première expérience a été sui-vie dans d'autres pays en voiede développement où l'on adaptaitla méthode initiale créée par MmeFisher en 1953.

(Suite page 431)


(Suite de la page 429)

Pour le développement de lamain-d'œuvre en Asie : Au coursd'un séminaire organisé parl'APO (Organisation asienne deproductivité) à Hong-Kong ennovembre 1970, 17 pays d'Asiedonnent leur accord pour lacréation de la Société asiennepour le développement de lamain-d'œuvre (ASMD). Les prin-cipaux objectifs du nouvel orga-nisme sont les suivants : pro-mouvoir une coopération mu-tuelle entre les pays membresen vue d'une réelle promotionde la main-d'œuvre asiatique;créer de nouvelles associationsnationales ou se mettre en liai-son avec les associations natio-nales existantes et leurs cadres;diffuser l'enseignement adéquatet le matériel pour la formationdes cadres nécessaires à la pro-motion de la main-d'œuvre enAsie. « Peut devenir membre dela Société toute personne enga-gée ou intéressée au dévelop-pement de la main-d'œuvre enAsie sans distinction de race,couleur ou credo ». L'ASMD,dont le siège social s'établira auJapon, publiera un bulletin deuxfois par an. Le Comité de direc-tion est le suivant : Dilip K. Roy,des Indes, président; L.N. Teo,d'Hong-Kong, vice-président;Eijei Katsuyama, du Japon, di-recteur et trésorier.

Participants in the November 7970APO seminar on Modem TrainingMethods, held under the auspicesof the Hong Kong ProductivityCentre, were founding members ofthe Asian Society for ManpowerDevelopment. One of the functionsof the new Society will be to setup or to liaise with national train-ing associations as part of aneffort to realize its primary object-ive of promoting manpower deve-lopment In the Asian region. TheSociety's headquarters is tentative-

ly located in Japan, the country inwhich the ASMD is to be register-ed.

La lutte contre la myopathie :Les premières assises de lanouvelle Alliance européennedes associations de myopathesse sont tenues aux Pays-Bas enoctobre dernier. C'est au coursdes journées d'échange et d'unefructueuse mise en commun quela France, l'Angleterre, la Bel-gique, l'Italie, la Hollande, l'Alle-magne, la Yougoslavie, le Dane-mark et la Tchécoslovaquie ontdécidé de fonder une Fédéra-tion pour lutter contre la myo-pathie en Europe. La premièreréunion de la nouvelle organi-sation aura lieu en septembre1971 à Londres. Celle-ci seraprécédée d'une réunion prépara-toire qui se tiendra à Bruxellesà l'occasion du Congrès inter-national d'électromyographie.Au cours de ce congrès lespays membres de l'Alliance eu-ropéenne contre la myopathie .sont invités à documenter lespersonnalités médicales etscientifiques présentes sur lesproblèmes sociaux et humainsposés par les maladies de l'a-trophie musculaire.

La nouvelle Alliance encourage-ra de toutes les façons, tous lestravaux concernant la myopa-thie. Chaque pays membre estincité à organiser un Bureau deconsultation médicale qui coor-donnera les recherches et l'as-sistance, au plan national et in-ternational, avec la collabora-tion des malades eux-mêmes.

L'Alliance maintiendra et tendraà développer des contactsétroits avec la Fédération mon-diale de neurologie. Son siègesocial s'établira soit à Bruxellessoit à Londres.

Delegates from medical societiesin 9 countries met last year inDriebergen (Holland) to form theEuropean Alliance of MuscularDystrophy Associations. Membersfrom each country will maintaina bureau of medical consultationto coordinate research and assist-ance at both the national and in-ternational levels in collaborationwith the disabled. The Associationwill further seek to establish closecontact with the World Federationof Neurology. Its headquartersare presently located in London.

Les pays du Danube et la luttecontre le diabète : Vienne 1969.Premier symposium sur le dia-bète-mellitus. 1971 : naissancede la Fédération internationaledes symposiums du Danube surle diabète-mellitus, dont le butprincipal est d'établir un lien sé-rieux entre les chercheurs et lesmédecins de l'Est et de l'Ouest,permettant ainsi une corrélationentre l'aspect clinique du dia-bète et les expériences vécues.

La Fédération est organiséesous les auspices de l'Associa-tion européenne pour l'étude dudiabète, établie à Genève. Tou-tes les informations concernantl'organisation de la Fédérationet des symposiums est centrali-sée à l'Académie de Médecinede Vienne : Stadiongasse 6-8,A-1010 Vienne.

At the first International Donau-Symposium on Diabètes Mellituswhich took place in Vienna in 1969,it was decided to hold these sym-posia every other year, alternatingbetween cities in the East andWest, within the Danube area. Ac-cordingly, the statutes of the Fe-deration of the International Danu-be-Symposia were drawn up priorto the official founding of theorganization under the auspices ofthe European Society tor Diabetes.The address of the Federationwill be the Vienna Academy ofMedicine.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, 1971. No 7 431

Industrial and Technological Re-search : Under the sponsorshipof UNIDO (United Nations In-dustrial Development Organizat-ion), delegates from over fiftycountries met in Vienna in Oct-ober 1970 to form the World As-sociation of Industrial and Tech-nological Research Organizat-ions (WAITRO). The new Asso-ciation will seek to promote theexchange of information, tech-nical know-how and expertise atthe international and regionallevels among member industrialresearch organizations. As afirst step in the realization ofthis aim, a centra] informationclearing house will be set upand programmes for the ex-change of research workers andfacilities established. Obviously,

the benefits to : be derived willbe of immediate advantage tothe developing countries but theprojected technological exchan-ges will become increasingly im-portant to members in advancedcountries. The secretariat of thenew organization is located inVancouver; its Secretary-Gener-al is P.C. Trussel.

Une nouvelle association interna-tionale, crée sous les auspices del'ONUDl, vient d'être établie àVienne. Le nouvel organisme, ap-pelé Association mondiale des or-ganisations de recherche indus-trielle et technologique (WAITRO)aura comme but principal de dé-terminer les domaines de la re-cherche où la coopération inter-nationale et régionale sont néces-saires et de faciliter le transfertdes résultats de la recherche ainsi

que tes échanges d'expérience en-tre membres de l'Association. Poufréaliser ses buts, WAITRO fourniraune assistance en vue de l'obten-tion des moyens financiers néces-saires à l'amélioration des instal-lations de recherche. L'organisa-tion créera un centre pour la dif-fusion de l'information et organi-sera des échanges de chercheurset de moyens de recherche.

Comité international pour l'uni-versité en état de crise : « Main-tenir le niveau professionnel desenseignants et celui des étu-diants, étudier ensemble enpaix, librement, et ceci malgréceux qui, de l'intérieur ou àl'extérieur de l'université, etquelle que soit leur opinion poli-tique, nient notre droit de le

(Suite page 435)


(Suite de la page 432)

faire. En tant qu'étudiants, pro-fesseurs et citoyens, nous affir-mons qu'aucune cause socialene peut servir l'humanité si elledétruit ou corrompt les institu-tions où régnent une disciplineintellectuelle et un dialogue ra-tionnel ».

Ces lignes sont tirées d'un ma-feste publié par 103 personnali-tés intellectuelles mondiales,dont 7 Prix Nobel, lesquelles ontprésidé à la création du Comitéinternational pour l'université encrise. Le texte déterminant lesbuts du nouveau Comité a étépublié à Paris, Bonn, Londres,Rome et New York. L'un desprincipaux objectifs du nouvelorganisme est de préserver l'in-tégrité même de l'esprit univer-sitaire : « le travail des univer-sités ne doit pas être politique-ment dirigé ou forcé en aucunsens et en aucun cas ». Commepremière base de son travail lecomité entreprend une étude dela condition universitaire à l'é-chelle mondiale, laquelle serapubliée par la suite.

Le siège du Comité internationalpour l'université en crise est si-tué à New York, à la FondationWendel Wilkie.

In an attempt to embody the con-viction that « the university mustbe a partisan of no creed or partyand a critic of every creed andparty », 103 internationally re-cognized scholars from 53 univer-sities in 9 countries have formedthe International Committee on theUniversity Emergency. The memb-ers of the organization, including7 Nobel Prize winners, will try toexert their personal influence andtheir reputations as fair-mindedscholars in settling academic dis-putes and perhaps averting crises.To this end, the Committee willstudy the « university condition »and will seek « to protect the

rights of teachers and students tostudy together in peace and freed-om against all those, inside theuniversity or outside it... whatevertheir politics, who deny theserights... ». The permanent secreta-riat of the International Committeefor the University Emergency islocated at the Wendel WilkieFoundation in New York City.

Production des ferro-alliages :L'institut des producteurs de fer-ro-alliages d'Europe occidentale(IPFEO) est une association in-ternationale qui vient d'être fon-dée à Paris le 3 novembre 1970.L'institut rassemblera les pro-ducteurs de ferro-alliages d'Eu-rope occidentale pour des étu-des techniques.

The Institute o1 Producers of IronAlloys of Western Europe, foundedin Paris in November 1970, willprovide a medium for technicalstudies and for the exchange ofinformation among iron alloy pro-ducers in the Western World.

Création d'une fédération des in-génieurs dans la région Pacifi-que : A la suite d'un Séminairesur le Travail, organisé par lespays du Commonwealth à Sin-gapour en mai 1970, la PAFIE(Pacific Asian Federation of In-dustrial Engineering) a été fon-dée. Le quartier général de lanouvelle Fédération sera situéen Inde durant les trois premiersannées à partir de sa fondation.

At a Work-Study seminar for Com-monwealth countries held in Singa-pore in May 1970, the Pacific AsianFederation of Industrial Engineer-ing (PAFIE) was formed. The head-quarters of the Federation wiil bein India until 1973.

Coopération pour la science enAsie : En début d'année, à Ma-nille, huit pays d'Asie créent unenouvelle organisation de coopé-ration pour la recherche scien-

tifique. Augmenter la capacitétechnologique et scientifique detous les pays d'Asie, tel est l'ob-jectif principal de la nouvelleAssociation.

The primary aim of the newlyfounded Association for ScientificCooperation in Asia (ASCA) willbe « to increase the scientific andtechnological capability of allAsian countries ». The organizationwas recently formed in Manila byscience ministers from eight Asiannations : Australia, Japan, Korea,India, the Philippines, Singapore,Taiwan and Thailand.

Jeunesse européenne : Quinzeorganisations de jeunesse sesont dotées d'un instrument detravail important en créant toutrécemment le Bureau européende coordination des organisa-tions internationales de jeunes-se, mettant ainsi à la dispositiondes jeunes d'Europe desmoyens renforcés d'information,de formation, d'action et d'ex-pression. Au plan de travail1971, comme premier objectif,une concertation efficace desorganismes internationaux dejeunesse sur plusieurs points,très concrets, en matière de po-litique européenne de la jeu-nesse. Parallèlement, trois grou-pes d'étude ont été mis surpied : I. Orientation de la politi-que économique et sociale del'Europe en voie d'intégration;II. L'Europe en voie d'intégra-tion et ses relations avec lesautres continents (priorité don-née aux pays en voie de déve-loppement); III. L'Education(contenu, structures, démocrati-sation).

L'Assemblée Constitutive dunouveau Bureau a manifesté sonadhésion à l'idée d'unificationpolitique de tous les peuplesd'Europe pour une promotion dela paix et du développement.


mais condamne ouvertement lamanière dont s'opère actuelle-ment l'intégration européenne.Elle s'est clairement prononcéepour une transformation fonda-mentale de notre société, àlong terme, et, à court terme,des mesures qui aillent dans lesens de cette transformation etnon plus d'un aménagement quin'atteint pas les causes du mal.

Le secrétariat du Bureau est si-tué 27, rue du Taciturne, 1040Bruxelles.

The European Co-ordination Bu-reau for International Youth Organ-isations was recently formed, asa means of providing Europeanyouth with a more effective meansof information, training, action andexpression. In favour of Europeanintegration, the Bureau is never-theless critical of the present man-ner in which this is being done.The Bureau's 1971 work program-

me calls for study groups oneducation, European integrationand foreign relations, and theeconomic and social policies ofa Europe in the process of in-tegration.

Union asiatique de règlements :A Bangkok, du 12 au 22 mars1971, au cours de la premièresession du Comité préparatoirede l'ECAFE, un projet d'accord aété signé établissant une Unionasiatique de règlements. Cetteunion sera centrée sur l'expan-sion du commerce régional etl'usage des monnaies asiati-ques. A cet effet l'on établiraune unité de monnaie commune,qui sera reconnue en tantqu'Asia Clearing Dollar (ACD).Celui-ci sera alloué par le Fondsmonétaire international et aural'équivalence d'un dollar. Un

Comptoir de règlements seraégalement organisé et enregis-trera les transactions à réglerainsi que les déterminations desmembres. L'Union asiatique en-trera en vigueur lorsque cinqreprésentants de Banques cen-trales autorisées auront signé lenouvel accord. Le projet d'ac-cord a été présenté aux gouver-nements membres de l'ECAFE,aux Nations Unies, au Fondsmonétaire international et autresinstances lesquelles procéde-ront aux vérifications législativesadéquates.

In March 1971 a preparatory com-mission set up by ECAFE draftedan agreement providing for theestablishment of the Asian ClearingUnion, a mechanism designed toaid in the expansion of regionaltrade and to promote the use ofAsian currencies.


Documents de congrèsLes 21 et 22 mai 1971, l'Asso-ciation momentanée : Fédéra-tion Internationale de Documen-tation et Union des AssociationsInternationales, a réuni à LaHaye, le Comité Spécial « Docu-ments de Travail des Congrès ».Les membres de ce Comité re-présentaient respectivement lesorganisations internationales engénéral, les associations inter-nationales spécialisées (biblio-thécaires, documentalistes, in-terprètes, etc...), les maisonsd'éditions, les palais et organi-sateurs de congrès.La mission de ce groupe étaitde mettre au point des recom-mandations pratiques destinéesaux. organisateurs de réunionsinternationales et portant aussibien sur les documents diffusésavant l'ouverture de celles-cique sur les documents distri-bués pendant les réunions et lescomptes rendus publiés aprèsles réunions.L'importance d'instructions con-crètes en cette matière, pourles responsables des congrès,avait été soulignée par les parti-cipants du 5e congrès interna-tional sur l'organisation des con-grès et par l'indication qui yfut donnée que les documentsde travail peuvent absorber30 % à 50 % des dépenses d'uncongrès.La publication d'un manuelgroupant l'ensemble de ces re-

commandations a été décidée.Le manuscrit de cette publica-tion sera discuté lors d'uneréunion prévue pour la secondequinzaine du mois d'octobre1971.

Congress reportHereunder we print extractsfrom the final report of the 10thInternational Cancer Congresswhich took place in Houston(Texas) in May 1970.« There were a number of in-novations in programming theTenth Congress.1. There were four Preliminary

Special Sessions of the Con-gress (PSSC's). These occup-ied two and one-half dayseach, with four concurrentsessions each morning andafternoon. There were 105speakers invited and 40 co-chairman. Each PSSC pre-sented a logical and integrat-ed coverage of the subjectmatter assigned. The pre-Congress registration for thePSSC's was much higher thananticipated.

2. At least one hour was sche-duled for discussion in eachsession of the PSSC's and ineach of the 45 panels at theMain Congress; this had notbeen done previously. Contra-ry to predictions that particip-ants would suffer stage frightand not participate in activediscussions, there were dis-cussions which often proved

extremely lively and penetrat-ing. The level of discussiondepended on the Chairmen,most of whom were excel-lent.

3. The main plenary session ofthe Congress involved pre-sentations by a Rapporteurfor each of the PSSC's. Thesewere uniformly good. EachRapporteur presented an in-teresting and somewhat dif-ferent and personal approachto the subject matter cover-ed.

4. Approximately 1,342 proffer-ed papers were accepted forthe program, which necessit-ated as many as 33 simult-aneous sessions on three af-ternoons of the Main Con-gress.

5. A Clinical Postgraduate Cour-se was organized and wellattended. The PostgraduateCourse consisted of 14 panelswith 80 speakers and 28 co-chairmen. These occupiedfive one-half day sessions.This program innovation prov-ed to be popular with 1,191registrants; 676 (56 %) werefrom the USA; 515 (44 %)were from other countries.

6. There were 45 panels duringthe Main Congress sessions.

Reports from those attendingthe Tenth International CancerCongress indicate that thescientific program was very suc-

(Continued on page 441)



PSSC* Registrants :PSSC No. 1 718 USA 463 (63 %); Foreign 255 37 %)PSSC No. 2 750 USA 391 (52 %); Foreign 359 (48 %)PSSC No. 3 768 USA 502 (65 %); Foreign 266 (35 %)PSSC No. 4 1,000 USA 517 (52 %); Foreign 483 (48 %)Total PSSCRegistrants 3,236Total Postgraduate C CourseRegistrants 1 ,1 91 USA 676 (56 %); Foreign 515 (44 %)

Registrants No PSSC 1.380

Member Registrants : USA 2,785

Foreign 1,831Total Members 4,616 4.616Associate Member Registrants :USA 380Foreign 518Total AssociateMembers 898 898

Other Registrants :Press 102

102

CommercialExhibitors 66 66Scientific Exhibitors 86Secretariat & Official .Personnel 109Volunteers, Hostesses,Entertainment CommitteeMembers 141Grand Total Registrants : 6.018

* PSSC = Preliminary Special Sessions of the Congress.

cessful, and that the innovationsintroduced were worthwhile andshould be continued.Translation was provided in bothEnglish and French for all ses-sions of the PSSC's and fivepanels per day of the Main Con-gress. One panel per day of thePostgraduate Course was trans-lated in English, French, andSpanish. In addition, the Rap-porteur Reports and the variousactivities of the Closing Cere-mony were translated in Englishand French.

An abstract book was edited,published and distributed at theCongress. This book contained1.342 abstracts which utilized814 pages, at an approximatecost of $ 9.90 per book. Thetransactions will occupy fivevolumes of 600 pages each.The Organization of the TenthInternational Cancer CongressSecretariat was made up of 13full-time members.The Office of the Secretariat,with the aid of the consultants,prepared an administrativecheck-off list for all activities,materials needed, and person-nel to be involved in implement-ing the Congress. This compilat-ion of Items was gathered to-gether during preparation forthe Congress and should provevery helpful to subsequent com-mittees who are charged withdeveloping congresses or otherlarge meetings.The Technical CommunicationsCommittee and staff plannedand implemented the audio-taping of all 45 Main Congresspanels and all proffered papersessions held in the ConventionCenter. The Postgraduate Cour-se and the Rapporteur reportsand Closing Ceremony were al-so audiotaped. Twenty-seven

selected panels were videotap-ed.Television featured « CongressWrap-up » twice daily. Theseprograms were received in ho-tels and the participants weremade aware of this feature bysigns in each hotel room. Theprograms brought to the viewingaudience pertinent Congressnews of the day, including pro-gram highlights, special meet-

ings, interviews by various offi-cials of the Congress and an-nouncements. This innovationwas highly successful.Official entertainment of theCongress included : an eveningat the Opera; a concert; a play;a festive evening, and a barbe-cue and rodeo in typical Texasstyle at a ranch 23 miles fromthe city. There were approx-imately 4,685 registrants attend-ing the barbecue.

A statistical analysis of the pro-gram reveals the following factsconcerning co-chairman, invitedspeakers, and proffered paperssubmitted for presentation:PSSC Co-Chairmen 40

PSSC Speakers 105Main Congress Co-Chairmen 90

Main Congress Speakers : 27Postgraduate Course Co-Chairmen

28

Postgraduate Course Speakers80Proffered Papers Accepted 1.342

Total Panels 79Total Panel Speakers 457

Le nouveau siège de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé à Genève.

Un nouveau service d'organisation de congrèsAu 19 Viale Tiziano, à Rome, l'EGA Congressi prépare etassure, sur place ou au siège du congrès tous les servicesnécessaires à !a réussite d'une réunion nationale ou inter-nationale.Deux ou trois mois à l'avance, un personnel efficace etpolyglotte prend en mains tous les travaux relatifs à lapréparation d'un Congrès : secrétariat général et scienti-fique, programme des travaux, documentation et maté-riel du congrès, préparation des séances et des diversssmanifestations sociales, programme des dames, etc...Dans le cadre des manifestations sociales, un servicecomplet de relations publiques EGA est mis à la dispo-sition de l'organisation promotrice pour la réalisation devisites touristiques, concerts, cocktails, banquets et, plusparticulièrement pour les dames, shopping et défilés demode avec de jeunes accompagnatrices polyglottes etd'un haut niveau culturel.Ce service de relations publiques prend tout contact

utile et obtient la participation, aux diverses manifesta-tions du congrès, de personnalités politiques, scientifiquesou artistiques.Un comité d'accueil jeune, avenant et polyglotte assureune partaite réception et assistance au cours du Congrès.L'EGA dispose également d'interprètes de simultanée, tra-ducteurs, secrétaires de conférences, assistantes-secrétai-res, dactylos, possédant une connaissance parfaite deslangues étrangères désirées.Un service spécial se charge de l'enregistrement sur ban-des des séances scientifiques, et de la transcription ettraduction ultérieure.Tout le personnel fourni par l'EGA est hautement qualifiéet tous les services EGA sont coordonnés par le coordi-nateur général de cet organisme, avant et pendant lesCongrès ou Conférences, de façon à faciliter au maximumle déroulement de ces derniers.

(Communiqué)


(Who Photo by Tibor Farkas)

Installations d'interprétation si-multanée

Le Bureau International du Tra-vail vient de passer commandepour la réalisation des installa-tions d'interprétation simultanéedans ses nouveaux bâtimentsen construction à Genève.

Cette commande comprend on-ze salles dont cinq à équiperavec une installation permanen-te.

Chaque installation, qu'elle soitamovible ou permanente, est dutype à fil, à huit canaux de dis-tribution permettant la transmis-sion et l'écoute simultanée dudiscours original et de son inter-prétation en sept langues diffé-rentes.Chaque installation se composede cinq parties essentielles : lepupitre d'opérateur pour la com-mande et le contrôle de toutel'installation, les microphones

du président, de l'orateur et desdélégués, les pupitres d'inter-prètes à trois positions de tra-vail, les unités de contrôle d'é-coute avec sélecteur de pro-gramme, potentiomètre et écou-teurs et le réseau de signalisa-tion générale entre les diversparticipants et services, permet-tant l'échange de consignessans perturber le fonctionne-ment de l'installation d'interpré-tation simultanée.

Vienne

Si l'on travaille toujours beau-coup aux Congrès de la Cham-bre de Commerce Internationale,le Congrès de Vienne a toute-fois probablement battu les re-cords précédents. Du 17 au 24avril 1971, en dehors des cinq

séances plénières, il y a eu autotal 21 réunions spécialiséesdont cinq Comités sur « Tech-nologie et Société », trois collo-ques sur les problèmes de « Li-bération des Echanges » et deuxréunions régionales (Asie et Ex-trême-Orient, Amérique Latine).Toutes ces réunions ont été sui-

vies par un auditoire attentif etnombreux. Parmi les multiplesréunions du Congrès, dix collo-ques ont été organisés qui mé-ritent une mention spéciale.Traitant de questions tantôt trèstechniques tantôt d'ordre plusgénéral, ces colloques ont per-mis aux délégués aussi biend'entendre des experts particu-lièrement qualifiés que de faireconnaître leurs propres pointsde vue.

Les sujets abordés allaient dumécanisme de paiements inter-nationaux aux techniques mo-dernes de marketing en pas-sant par les progrès des télé-communications, le développe-ment du transport combiné, lasimplification des procédures etdocuments du commerce exté-rieur, le système d'arbitrage dela CCI, la mise en œuvre de latechnologie et le rôle des socié-tés internationales.

La qualité de la participation àces colloques préparés avecsoin a permis de ne pas se bor-ner à de simples échanges devue mais de fournir de multiplesidées et informations aux com-missions spécialisées de la CCIqui se réunissent, elles, à lon-gueur d'année.


New International Meetings AnnouncedInformation listed in this section supplements details in the AnnualInternational Congress Calendar (published as the December 1970issue of the magazine) as well as details in earlier 1971 issues

AUX ORGANISATEURS DE CONGRES

Comme les années précédentes, nous préparons le calendrier annuel complet des congrès interna-tionaux qui paraîtra en janvier 1972.

En vue de répondre à de nombreuses demandes, nous avons décidé de publier, outre les congrèsinternationaux, les congrès nationaux à large participation internationale.

Nous vous prions de vouloir bien nous faire parvenir, avant le 30 septembre 1971, la liste com-plète des congrès, conférences, symposia internationaux que vous patronnez ou organisez à partir dejanvier 1972 et années ultérieures, même si pour les années 1973 et au delà le lieu ou (et) le mois nesont pas encore connus.

TO CONGRESS ORGANIZERS

As in previous years we are preparing our comprehensive annual calendar of internationalcongresses, to be issued in January 1972.

In response to numerous enquiries., we have decided to add to the list of international congressesa list of national congresses with large international participation.

Details for publication on all international congresses, conferences and symposia sponsored ororganized by you from January 1972 onwards, (even if for subsequent years the date and/or placeare not yet known) should reach us by 30 September 1971 at the latest.

1971 Aug 18-20 Leuven (Belgium) Int Committee on Occupational Mental Health. 7th annualmeeting: Mental health and foreign workers.

Dr P Verhaegen, Psychologisch Instituut, Tienseslraat100, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.

1971 Aug 18-21 Manila (Philippines)Int Federation of Purchasing. 1st Asian congress on pur-chasing and the challenge of the 70's.

J Hyde, 1 rue aux Laines, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1971 Aug 23-27 Lisbon (Portugal)Bureau of Information and Research on Student Health.6th international congress on school and university healthand medicine.

Dr L Appleton-Figueira, Services Medico-Socials Uni-versitarios de Lisboa, Av Julio Diniz 29, Lisboa 1.Portugal.

1971 Aug 23-28 Ottawa (Canada)UNESCO, Canadian National Commission. 5th regionalconference of national commissions in the WesternHemisphere.

V Vlad, UNESCO, RMS Dept, Place de Fontenoy, 75Paris 7e, France.

1971 Aug 30-Sep 2 Tokyo/Kyoto (Japan)Int Commission for Optics. 3rd int conference on vacuumultra-violet radiation physics.

Prof J Ch Viénot, Laboratoire de Physique Generateet Optique, Université de Besançon, La Bouloie, 25Besançon, France.

1971 Aug 30-Sep 3 St Gall (Switzerland)European Center for Insurance Education and Training.18th course for instructors in insurance training.Dufourstrasse 48, 9000 St Gall, Switserland.

1971 Aug 31-Sep 7 Strasbourg (France)European Parliament. 2nd European population confe-rence.

Strasbourg. France.

1971 Sep 1-3 . Manchester (UK)Institution of Electrical Engineers. Conference : 4th UKACControl convention on multivariable control system designand applications.

Savoy Place, London WC2R OBL, UK.


1971 Sep 1-4 Aalborg (Denmark)4th Nordic Icecream congress. P : 300.

Iskremindustriens Sammenslutning, Radhuspladsen 45,1550 Copenhagen V, Denmark,

1971 Sep 3-6 Montreux (Switzerland)World Union for Protection of Life. Annual assembly.

UMPV, Bemerorder Strasse 61, 3 Hannover-Kirchrode,Germany, Fed Hep.

1971 Sep 4-9 Strasbourg (France)World Organization of Young Esperantists. Seminar : lan-guage and culture.

Association culturelle du Fossé des Treize, 8 rue duFossé, des Treize, 67 Strasbourg, France.

1971 Sep 6-8 Copenhagen (Denmark)Int Union of Local Authorities, Association of WholesaleMarkets. 7th Congress.

Wholesale Market, Gronttorvet 5, Copenhagen, Den-mark.

1971 Sep 8-23 Montreal (Canada)Int Civil Aviation Organization. Diplomatie conférence onunlawful interference.

7080 University Street, Montreal 101, Que, Canada.

1971 Sep 9-10 Berlin (Germany, Fed Rep)Int League against Unfair Competition. Study week.33 rue Jean Goujon, 75 Paris 8e, France.

1971 Sep 10-12 Milan (Italy)Int Society of Hematology, European Division. 1st meeting.

Dott P M Mannucci, do Padiglione Beretta, Via FSforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.

1971 Sep 10-12 Milan (Italy)World Federation of Haemophilia. Meeting : Medical andsocial problems of haemophilia in Europe, their solutionand the action of national haemophilia societies.

Dott PM Mannucci, do Padiglione Beretta, Via FSforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy.

1971 Sep 13-14 Geneva (Switzerland)Unesco, Int Bureau of Education. Council : 5th session.Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1971 Sep 13-17 Gembloux (Belgium)Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques de l'Etat à Gembloux.Semaine d'étude des problèmes méditerranéens.

Secrétariat de la Semaine d'Etude des ProblèmesMéditerranéens, avenue de fa Faculté d'Agronomie 2,5800 Gembloux, Belgium.

1971 Sep 13-20 Dubrovnîk/Kupari (Yugoslavia)Int Federation for Theory of Machines and Mechanisms.3rd conference.

Prof Todor Pantelic, ul Mutapova 49, Belgrad, Yugo-slavia.

1971 Sep 15-16 Paris (France)Int Union of Railways/Postal, Telegraph and Telephone.Int. Conference : « Radiofrequencies ».

14-16 rue Jean Rey, 75 Paris 16, France.

1971 Sep 15-23 Geneva (Switzerland)Unesco. Int conference on education, 33rd session.Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1971 Sep 16-17 Liverpool (UK)European Federation of Corrosion/Corrosion and Protec-tion Association. Meeting : Oxidation and sulphidation ofnickel and cobalt-base superalloys.

Dr D P Whittle, Dept of Metallurgy & Materials Scien-ce, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.

1971 Sep 19-25 Elsinore (Denmark)3rd int conference on quiescent plasmas. P : 150.

DIS Congress Service, Skindergade 36, 1159 Copen-hagen K, Denmark.

1971 Sep 20-22 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Organization for Standardization. Council.

7 rue de Varembé, 1 2 1 1 Geneva 20, Switzerland

1971 Sep 20-23 Milan (Italy)Int Savings Banks Institute. Conference on the mobiliza-tion of savings in African countries.

78 rue du Marché, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland.

1971 Sep 21-24 Brighton (UK)Institute of Petroleum. 5th conference on molecular spec-troscopy.

C H Maynard, Inst of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St,London WI, UK.

1971 Sep 21-Oct 12 Kiev (USSR) and New Delhi (India)United Nations Industrial Development Organization. 2ndint symposium on the production of fertilizers. P : 100-150.

Boîte Postale 707, 1011 Vienna, Austria.

1971 Sep 22 London (UK)Association of Clinical Biochemists. Conference on orga-sitation of the clinical chemistry laboratory at an area andlocal level.

7 Warwick Court, Holborn, London WCI, UK.

1971 Sep 23-24 Belgrade (Yugoslavia)Int Sericultural Commission/Int Silk Association. Int seri-cultural seminar.

Station de Recherches Séricicoles, 28 quai Boissierde Sauvages, Ales (Gard), France.

1971 Sep 23-24 Lancaster (UK)Institute of Physics and the Physics Society. Conferenceon data processing and display for inspection purposes.47 Belgrave Square, London SWI, UK.

1971 Sep 23-26 Iglis (Austria)Int Society of General Practice. 13th congress.

Dr K Engelmeier, Lange Str 21A, 4740 Oelde/Weslf,Germany (Fed Rep).

1971 Sep 27 Salzburg (Austria)Int Savings Banks Institute. Int publicity committee.Meeting.

78 rue du Marché, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland.1971 Sep 27-30 Lille (France)Journées d'Etude de la conduite automatique des procé-dés.

Centre de Perfectionnement Technique, 80 route deSt Cloud, 92 Reuil Malmaison, France,


1971 Sep 27-Oct 1 Amsterdam (Netherlands)Nederlands Instituut voor Efficiency. Int conférence onwork analysis and pay structure.

Parkstraat 18, The Hague, Netherlands.

1971 Sep 27-Oct 1 Birmingham (UK)European Association for Industrial Marketing Research,European Council for Industrial Marketing. 3rd int seminaron industrial marketing research and certificate course.CIM, Fillongley, Coventry, UK.

1971 Sep 28-Oct 2 Liege (Belgium)2nd int symposium on hormones.

Int Convention Bureau, 15 Boulevard de l'Empereur,1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1d71 Sep 30-Oct 1 Salzburg (Austria)Austrian Society for Geomechanics. 20th seminar on geo-mechanics, progress in theory and its, effects on practice.

Franz Josef Strasse 3, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.

1971 Sep Kiev (USSR)Int Scientific Film Association. 25th congress.

Paul M E B M Janssen, Directeur SFW, Hengeveld-straat 29, Utrecht, Netherlands.

1971 Sep London (UK)European Alliance of Muscular Dystrophy Associations.1st congress.

Muscular Dystrophy Group of Great Britain, 26Borough High Street, London SE1.

1971 Oct 1-5 Yerevan (USSR)Int Academy of Astronautics. 4th int symposium on basicenvironment problems of man in space.

250 rue Saint Jacques, 75 Paris 5e, France.

1971 Oct 1-7 Barcelona (Spain)Int Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association. 38th meeting.

M Roses, Autopistas Concesionaria Espanola, PlazaCala Placidia, 1Y3 Barcelona, Spain.

1971 Oct 4-9 Barcelona (Spain)Int meeting on alcoholism and drug addiction.

Mme Vazquez, Provenza 157 bis, Barcelona, Spain.

1971 Oct 4-9 Heidelberg (Germany, Fed Rep)Colloquium spectroscopicum, int XVI.

Gesellsch Deutscher Chemiker, Postfach 119075, 6Frankfurt/Main, Germany (Fed Rep).

1971 Oct 4-11 Zagreb (Yugoslavia)United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe. Semi-nar on selected water problems in Southern Europe (in-cluding a study tour in Yugoslavia).

Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland.

1971 Oct 4-13 Istanbul (Turkey)Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.Inter-regional seminar on food promotion.

via délie Terme di Caracella, 00100 Rome, Italy.


1971 Oct 5-7 The Hague (Netherlands)European Conference of Ministers of Transport. Sympo-sium.

33 rue de Franqueville, 75 Paris 16e, France.

1971 Oct 7-9 Paris (France)Symposium int Technicon 1971.

Compagnie Technicon, 95 Domont, France.

1971 Oct 7-9 ' Toulouse (France)Int symposium on genetic adaptation and pre-adaptation.Pr Jacques Ruffié, Centre de Transfusion sanguine,d'hématologie et de génétique humaine, avenue de

Grande-Bretagne, 31 Toulouse, France.

1971 Oct 7-10 Aalborg (Denmark)Nordic Skal Club meeting. P : 250.

Tourist Office, Vesterbo 65, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.

1971 Oct 8-10 Mainz (Germany, Fed Rep)Int soc of pédiatrie oncology. 3rd int meeting.Dr Neidhart, Mainz, Germany (Fed Rep).

1971 Oct 8-11 Zurich (Switzerland)Int juridical symposium. P : 400.

UDK, Secretariate, Dr Jur K Banninger, Genferstr 23,8002 Zurich, Switzerland.

1971 Oct 11-15 Ostend (Belgium)Int Catholic Girl's Society. Int congress.7 route du Jura, Fribourg, Switzerland.

1971 Oct 12-16 Genoa (Italy)Institute for int communications. 19th int meeting of com-munications and transports.

18 Viale Brigate Partigiane, 16129 Genoa, Italy.

1971 Oct 12-16 Miami Beach (Fla. USA)Int Council of Neurosurgeons. 21e réunion.

Dr Bernard S Patrick, c/o University Medical Center,Jackson, Miss 39216, USA.

1971 Oct 13-15 Julien (Germany, Fed Rep)Gesellsch Deutscher Chemiker. Conference on appliedelectrochemistry.

Postfach 119075, 6000 Frankfurt, Germany Fed Rep.

1971 Oct (Middle) Kolding (Denmark)Int Youth Hostel Federation/Danish Youth Hostel Associa-tion. Seminar for youth hostel architects and other personshaving special experience and responsibility for the de-sign and equipment of youth hostels.

77 White Lion House, Town Centre, Hatfield, Herts,UK.

1971 Oct 16-18 Casablanca (Morocco)Int Federation of Film Societies. Annual congress.33 rue Lacépède, 75 Paris 5e, France.

1971 Oct 18-19 Paris (France)Unesco, European seminar : criteria and methods con-cerning priority in fundamental research.

Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris 7e, France.

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS. 1971, No 7 449

1971 Oct 18-20 Paris (France)7e cours int de perfectionnement médical : actualités enstomatologie.

Dr Lackermance, Institut de Stomatologie, 47 Boule-vard de l'Hôpital, 75 Paris 13e, France.

1971 Oct 18-20 Vienna (Austria)European Parliament. Parliamentary conference on humanrights.

Strasbourg, France.

1971 Oct 18-21 Hong-Kong (Hong-Kong)Symposium int sur la pharmaco-dépendance.

Archer Tongue, I C A A, Case Postale 140, 1001 Lau-sanne, Switzerland.

1971 Oct 25-27 Rome (Italy)Int Union of Producers and Distributors of ElectricalEnergy. Symposium on public relations.

3 avenue de Friedland, 75 Paris 8e, France.

1971 Oct 25-23 Lugano (Switzerland)Federation of Int Youth Travel Organizations. 21st Confe-rence.

Getreidegasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.

1971 Oct 25-28 London (UK)2nd int tug conference : Economics of tug, barge opera-tion and trans ocean tug, barge systems.

K D Troup, « Ship and Boat Int », Thomas Reed Publi-cations Ltd, 39 St Andrew's Hill, London EC4V 5DHUK.

1971 Oct 25-29 Rome (Italy)Int Society for Rehabilitation of the Disabled. Conference :Legislation concerning services for the disabled,279 East 44th Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.

1971 Oct 25-29 Vienna (Austria)United National Industrial Development Organization/CEPAL/FAO/UNCTAD. Expert group on the treatment ofcertain tropical fruits and vegetables destined for exportto beneficial markets. P : 100.BP 707, 1011 Vienna, Austria.

1971 Oct 28 Paris (France)Journée des aciers spéciaux.

Centre de Perfectionnement Technique, 80 route deSt Cloud, 92 Rueil Malmaison, France.

1971 Oct 28-Nov 3 Rome (Italy)FAO, Freedom from Hunger Campaign. 5th conference.P : 300.

FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

1971 Oct 30 Locarno (Switzerland)European Association of Social Medicine. Symposium :Drug addiction.

Dr Courbaire de Marcillat, 10 rue Tour-d'Auvergne,63 Clermont Ferrand, France.


1971 Oct 30-Nov 3 Anaheim (USA)American Ceramic Society, Basic science and nucleardivisions. Joint fall meeting.

Mr R S Gordon, Program Chairman, Div of MaterialsScience and Engineering, University of Utah, Salt LakeCity, Utah 84112, USA.

1971 Oct Prague (Czechoslovakia)Christian Peace Conference. 4th All-Christian Peace As-sembly : Our common responsibility for a better world.Jungmannova 9, Praha 1, Czechoslovakia.

1971 Nov 2-3 London (UK)Institution of Electrical Engineers/Plastic Institute. Confe-rence on plastics in fire.

Plastics Institute, 11 Hobart Place, London SWI, UK,

1971 Nov 2-27 Geneva (Switzerland)Int Civil Aviation Organization. 6th European-Mediterraneanregional air navigation meeting.

HS Marzusch, 3bis, Villa Emile Bergerat, 92, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

1971 Nov 3-5 London (UK)Int Road Federation/British Road Federation. Int sympo-sium : People, roads, and cities.

63 rue de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.

1971 Nov 6 Rome (Italy)FAO. Conference, 16th session. P: 900.

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, ltaly,

1971 Nov 8-15 Mexico City (Mexico)Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.1st Latin American seminar on systematic land and waterresources evaluation.

FAO, Conference Programming Section, via delleTerme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

1971 Nov 9-11 Vienna (Austria)Int Savings Banks Institute. 5th int conference on automa-tion.

18 rue du Marché, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland.

1971 Nov 17-18 Brussels (Belgium)Société Bénéluxienne de Métallurgie. Symposium int.

Centre d'Information de l'Etain, rue du Marais 56,1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1971 Nov 17-18 Jouy-en-Josas (France)European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organiza-tion. Conference on manipulation of bird populations toreduce damage to agriculture.

1 rue Le Nôtre, 75-Paris 16e, France.

1971 Nov 18-22 Paris (France)Int Society for Social Defence. 8th int congress : Les tech-niques de l'individualisation judiciaire.

Adolfo Beria di Argentine, c/o Centro Nazionale diprovenzione e difesa sociale, 3 Piazza Castello,20121 Milano, Italy.

1971 Nov 18-Dec 3 La Plata (Argentina)11 th int Latin-American symposium on the synthesis ofproteins and nucleic acids.

Gabriel Favelukes, Professor of biological chemistry,Faculty of pure sciences. La Plata University, Calle 47et 115, La Plata, Argentina.

1971 Nov 19-22 Tokyo (Japan)Asian and Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons.3rd congress.

Prof S Ishii, Dept of Neurosurgery, Juntendo Univer-sity, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

1971 Nov 22-26 Amsterdam (Netherlands)Unesco. Meeting of experts on the Education of the ArtsAdministrator and Cultural Organizer in Europe.Place de Fontenoy, 75 Paris 7e, France.

1971 Nov 22-Dcc 16 Sierra de la Ventana (Argentina)Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.Latin American watershed management seminar.


1971 Nov 24-26 Manila (Philippines)World Federation for Mental Health. Annual meeting.

Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Morningside Park, Edin-burgh EH10 5HF, UK.

1971 Nov 26 Rome (Italy)FAO. Council, 58th session. P : 200.

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

1971 Nov 28-Dec 1 . London (UK)Association Européenne des Spécialités Grand Public.6e assemblée annuelle.

735 avenue de Wagram, 75 Paris 17, France.

1971 Nov 28-Dec 1 London (UK)Fédération Mondiale des Producteurs de SpécialitésGrand Public. 1ère assemblée.

135 avenue de Wagram, 75 Paris 17, France.

1971 Nov 28-Dec 3 , Las Vegas (USA)Int Association of Skal Clubs. Congress.

C F Schoesetters, Centre International Rogier, 14Passage International, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.

1971 Nov 29-Dec 1 Geneva (Switzerland)Lutherian World Federation. Conference of secretaries ofworld confessional families.

route de Ferney 150, 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1971 Nov 29-Dec 3 Geneva (Switzerland)Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration. 34thsession of the council and 20th anniversary of ICEM,

32 Chemin des Colombettes, Case Postale 18, 1211Geneva 20, Switzerland.

1971 Nov 29-Dec 4 Bombay (India)World Federation of Neurology/Asian and Oceanian Asso-ciation of Neurology. 3rd congress.

Dr Cajendra Sinh, Ben Nevis, B. Desai Road, Bom-bay 26. '


1971 Nov 29-Dec 4 Panama (Panama)Int College of Surgeons. 4th congress for the WesternHemisphere.

1516 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Ill, USA.

1971 Nov 30-Dec 2 Atlantic City (USA)20th int wire and cable symposium.

Symp Comm, Mr J D Kirk, Alberta Government Tele-phones, Box 2411, Edmonto, Alb, Canada.

1971 Nov Madrid (Spain)European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research.17th seminar on advertising research.

Raadhuisstraat 15, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

1971 Nov Rome (Italy)FAO. Council, 57th session. P : 200.

Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, Italy.

1971 Nov (Latin America)World Federation of Engineering Organizations/Unesco.Meeting of regional associations of editors of technicaljournals.

W Lohner, Unesco, SCP dept, Place de Fontenoy,75 Paris 7e, France.

1971 Dec 1-4 Brussels (Belgium)Int Association of Political Consultants. 4th annual worldconference.

Suite 618, 1028 Connecticut Avenue N W, WashingtonDC 20036, USA.

1971 Dec 6-11 Kampala (Uganda)Food and Agricultural Organization of the United NationsRegional seminar on the evaluation of soil resources inEast Africa.


1971 Dec (1st week) Brussels (Belgium)Int Council of Monuments and Sites/Belgian National Com-mittee of ICOMOS. 5th int symposium on the weatheringof stone.

ICOMOS, Palais de Chaillot, Aile Paris, Place du Tro-cadero, 75 Paris 16e, France.

1971 Dec 5-11 Buenos Aires (Argentina)Confederation of YMCAs of South America/CIMS. Inter-American conference.

Hector Caselli, Casilla 172, Montevideo, Uruguay.

1971 Dec 6-18 Brussels (Belgium)Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization.Conference on the establishment of an int. compensationfund for oil pollution damage.

101-104, Piccadilly, London WIV OAE, UK.

1971 Dec 9 London (UK)Royal Society. Discussion meeting on disease resistancein plants. 6 Carlton House Terrace, London SWI, UK.


I VIENT DE PARAITRE [

Yearbook of International Organizations1970-1971 (13ème édition)

1053 pages ; notices sur 3651 organisations internationales : 6 index en français ou anglais (analytique, géographique,noms, abréviations)

EDITION RELIEE : $ 28.00 ; 1.300 FB ; 150 FF ; 1 1 5 FS

REDUCTIONS SPECIALES Pour la première fois, l'Union des Associations Internationales sort de presse simultanément avecle volume normal une édition brochée, à prix réduit et à tirage limité du même Annuaire. C'est uneexpérience.Nous avons pensé que certaines personnes et même certaines organisations ne peuvent pas justifier la dépense quereprésente l'acquisition de l'édition reliée. Ces personnes et ces organisations sont souvent celles que l'U.A.I. s'estassignée pour mission d'aider. D'autre part, dans le cas d'organisations plus importantes, un exemplaire seulementde l'Annuaire peut êtrre acheté par la bibliothèque centrale, alors que plusieurs départements ont besoin d'un exem-plaire personnel pour leur usage courant.Tels sont les motifs des prix indiqués ci-dessous. Ceux-ci ont été rendus possibles parce que tous les frais de rédac-tion, composition, reliure ont été supportés par l'édition normale, édition qui est distribuée par les voies commercialeshabituelles.

GROUPE A Organisations internationales non gouvernementales sans but lucratif (OING) réperto-riées dans le Yearbook— à l'exception des OINGa) qui ont comme membres, en ordre principal, des entreprises ou organismes commerciaux ;b) dont le financement est en ordre principal assuré par des gouvernements.PRIX SPECIAL : $ 10.00 ; 500 FB ; 56 FF ; 42 FSpour un seul exemplaire de l'édition brochée. (Des copiessupplémentaires peuvent être éventuellement acquises à ceprix spécial pour envoi direct aux secrétariats régionauxrépertoriés dans, le Yearbook).Ce prix spécial est consenti pour souligner la signification de l'apport ONG à la communauté interna-tionale et en reconnaissance de la collaboration que celles-ci apportent constamment à l'U.A.I. parl'envoi d'information.(Voir plus loin les réductions pour les organisations correspondantes de I'U.A.I.).

GROUPE B. Organisations intergouvernementales répertoriées dans le Yearbook— qui achètent au moins un exemplaire de l'édition normale pour leur bibliothèque centralePRIX SPECIAL : $ 60.00 ; 3.000 FB ; 330 FF; 250 FSpour un lot de 10 exemplaires de l'édition brochée

GROUPE C. Organisations dans les pays en voie de développement— en Afrique, Asie, région Pacifique, en Amérique Latine— à l'exception des filiales ou succursales de sociétés multinationales ou étrangères établies dans lespays des régions indiquées ci-dessusPRIX SPECIAL : $ 14.00 ; 700 FB ; 78 FF ; 58 FSpour un exemplaire de l'édition normale$ 10.00 ; 500 FB ; 56 FF ; 42 FSpour un exemplaire de l'édition brochéeCette réduction constitue un geste à l'occasion du début de la Deuxième Décennie du Développement.

GROUPE D. Universités, collèges, écoles— dans le cas des universités et collèges, cette offre est faite uniquement à ceux qui souscrivent aumoins à un exemplaire de l'édition reliée pour leur bibliothèque principalePRIX SPECIAL : $ 60.00 ; 3.000 FB ; 330 FF ; 250 FSpour un lot indivisible de 10 exemplaires de l'édition brochée

454 ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES 1971, No 7

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GROUPE H . Membres associés de l'Union des Associations Internationales— à condition qu'ils aient renouvelé leur abonnement à la revue Associations Internationales pour l'an-née en cours (A partir de janvier 1972, le coût de l'abonnement annuel à cette revue s'élèvera à$ 6.00 pour les membres associés anciens ou nouveaux, conformément à notre nouvelle politique desprix)PRIX SPECIAL : 10.00 ; 500 FB ; 56 FF ; 42 FSpour un seul exemplaire de l'édition brochée

GROUPE J. Organisations internationales non-gouvernementales sans but lucratif, répertoriées dansle Yearbook et qui sont aussi organisations correspondantes de l'Union des Associa-tions Internationales— à condition qu'elles aient renouvelé leur abonnement à la revue Associations Internationales pourl'année en cours. (A partir de janvier 1972, le coût de l'abonnement annuel à cette revue pour lesorganisations appartenant au Groupe A, s'élèvera à US $ 4.00, conformément à notre nouvelle politiquedes prix)

PRIX SPECIAL : $ 6.00 ; 300 FB ; 33 FF ; 25 FSpour un seul exemplaire de l'édition brochée. Des exemplai-res supplémentaires peuvent être achetés pour envoi directaux Secrétariats régionaux de ces organisations à conditionqu'ils figurent dans le YearbookLe prix spécial est un témoignage d'appréciation aux organisations correspondantes qui envoient àl'U.A.I., de leur propre initiative, des informations concernant leurs activités et leurs publications

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Yearbook of International Congress Proceedings(every 2 years), 2nd edition (1962-9).

Contents : bibliography of papers, reports and proceedingsof meetings of organizations listed in the Yearbook ofInternational Organizations. 1st edition covers meetingsin the years 1960-1967, 2nd edition covers meetings in theyears 1962-1969. Bibliographies for the meetings in theyears 1957, 1958 and 1959 are also available.

Directory of Periodicals Published by Internatio-nal Organizations (irregular)Contents : bibliography of periodicals of organizationslisted in the Yearbook of International Organizations.

Yearbook of International Organizations (every2 years), 13th edition (1970-71)Contents : aims, titles, structure, activities, finance, publi-cations, meetings of international organizations. Includesthe Who's Who in International Organizations and theInternational Initialese previously published separatelyInformation on approximately 4000 organizations.

international Congress Science Series9 volumes on the technicalities of international meetingorganization.

Documents for the Study of International Non-Governmental Relations15 volumes.

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456 , ASSOCIATIONS INTERNATIONALES, 1971, No 7

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