UNIQUE:  forms long chains and rings UNIQUE:  forms long chains and rings that make up complex organic that make up complex organic molecules…molecules…

6 protons6 protons

6 neutrons6 neutrons

6 electrons6 electrons

4 valence 4 valence electronselectrons

Forms 4 non-polar Forms 4 non-polar covalent bondscovalent bonds

hybridizes hybridizes (rearrange) to (rearrange) to form 4 sp3 orbitals form 4 sp3 orbitals so all 4 val e- have so all 4 val e- have equal energyequal energy

CARBONCARBON

Organic Compounds All living things are made of these 4 kinds of organic compounds. These compounds are all based on the element carbon.Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic acids

Organic compounds are made of single Organic compounds are made of single repeating units,repeating units, monomers monomers, bonded , bonded together in chains called together in chains called polymerspolymers..

Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis : joining of : joining of simple molecules to make a single simple molecules to make a single larger compound with the release larger compound with the release of water.of water.

A + B A + B AB + H AB + H22OO

HydrolysisHydrolysis: breaking apart a single: breaking apart a single compound into 2 or more smaller onescompound into 2 or more smaller ones by adding waterby adding water

AB + HAB + H22O O A + B A + B

CARBOHYDRATES:CARBOHYDRATES: “ose” “ose”

Ex: sugars and Ex: sugars and starches starches

Function: Quick Function: Quick ENERGYENERGY

structurestructure saccharide = monomer;saccharide = monomer;

Elements: C, H, OElements: C, H, O

3 Types:3 Types:

Monosaccharides= single Monosaccharides= single sugarsugar

**GlucoseGlucose : most : most important important

This is This is glucose, a , a monosaccharride, It is a monosaccharride, It is a common sugar that is your common sugar that is your bodies bodies main source of energy. Count the different . Count the different atoms in it you will find atoms in it you will find there are there are 6 carbon (blue) (blue) 12 hydrogen (yellow) and 6 (yellow) and 6 oxygen (white) yielding a oxygen (white) yielding a chemical formula of chemical formula of

C6H1206.Other ex: Fructose: fruit sugar C6H1206 Galactose C6H1206

Energy is inEnergy is in these bonds.these bonds.

Glucose

Monosaccharides : recognize chain and rings

Is this a KEYTONE OR Is this a KEYTONE OR ALDEHYDE? ALDEHYDE?

What functional group(s) do you see?What functional group(s) do you see?

2-2-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-

monosac + monosac-monosac + monosac- disac disac

sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____

maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____

lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____

lactase: enzyme lactase: enzyme

Formula: Formula:

Disaccharides

2-2-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-

monosac + monosac-monosac + monosac- disac disac

sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____

maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____

lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____

lactase: enzyme lactase: enzyme

Formula: Formula:

3: 3: PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides- (many unit - (many unit sugars). sugars).

Starch- Starch- amyloseamylose + + amylopectionamylopection

glucose storage in plantsglucose storage in plants

GlycogenGlycogen-glucose storage in -glucose storage in animalsanimals

CelluloseCellulose: makes up plant cell : makes up plant cell wallswalls

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates-The Polysaccharides

                      

        

Cellulose: CELL WALLS

Cellulose and starch are both based on glucose. Cellulose is the main structural component of plants. It makes plant cells rigid. The leaves, stems and roots of all plants are made of cellulose. It is indigestible to most animals and has little nutritional value.

                      

        

chitin

ProteinsProteins: : chains of chains of amino amino acidsacids.. There are 20 different amino There are 20 different amino acids. The the arrangement of these acids. The the arrangement of these amino acids allows for an almost amino acids allows for an almost infinite number of proteins. infinite number of proteins.

PROTEINS: PROTEINS: growth,repair,regulationgrowth,repair,regulation, , ENZYMES, ENZYMES, transport, hormonestransport, hormones

Protein Structure1

Primary Struct

The PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein molecule is the number and sequence ( ORDER ) of the various amino acids in the polypeptide chain. ( Like letters of the alphabet make up words.) It is the "recipe" of the protein. Every kind of protein has a different primary structure.

                                           

Proteins = chains of = chains of amino acids

Basic Structure of an amino acid:Basic Structure of an amino acid:

amine group: NHamine group: NH22--

carboxyl group- COOHcarboxyl group- COOH R group- different in each R group- different in each

HH

NHNH22--

CC COOHCOOH

RR

Amino acids

Peptide BondPeptide Bond:: bond betweenbond between amino acids. amino acids. PolypeptidePolypeptide: : chain of a.a.’schain of a.a.’s

Protein:Protein: polypeptide(s) polypeptide(s) folded into a specificfolded into a specific3D shape 3D shape

SHAPE SHAPE FUNCTION FUNCTION

Note that all proteins have NH2 on one end Note that all proteins have NH2 on one end And COOH on the other endAnd COOH on the other end

Summary prot struct

Prim-> sec protein structPRIMARY STRUCTUREPRIMARY STRUCTURE

Secondary=attractions bt amino acidsSecondary=attractions bt amino acids

Tertiary

Quart

Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease

Videos of functionsVideos of functions

The most important function of proteins is as the organic catalysts know as enzymes. They speed up chemical reactions.

ENZYMES: the KEYS to lifeENZYMES: the KEYS to life

Enzyme Enzyme

These are carrier proteins. They help transport substances across the cell membrane.(Animation by Jim Sullivan)

Transport Proteins:Transport Proteins: ex: Carrier proteinsex: Carrier proteins

Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships

LIPIDS: fats, oils, waxes,LIPIDS: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroidsphospholipids, steroids * CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE* CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE

*Store ENERGY C-H bonds; 2xE of carbs*Store ENERGY C-H bonds; 2xE of carbs * waterproof, * waterproof, *temperature regulation, *temperature regulation, *steroids: cholesterol, hormones: estrogen*steroids: cholesterol, hormones: estrogen testosteronetestosterone

Hydrophobic; Hydrophobic; NON-POLAR = insoluble in water; no attraction to waterNON-POLAR = insoluble in water; no attraction to water

Elements: C,H,O Elements: C,H,O

lipid

GGLLYYCCEERROOLL

Glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains= triglycerideGlycerol with 3 fatty acid chains= triglyceride

fatty acid chainfatty acid chain

fatty acid chainfatty acid chain

fatty acid chainfatty acid chain

TRIGLYCERIDES: typical fat moleculeTRIGLYCERIDES: typical fat molecule

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htmhttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm

Saturated fatty acidSaturated fatty acid

Unsaturated f.a.Unsaturated f.a.

Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol

ESTERESTER linkagelinkage

                                                                                                          

               In unsaturated fatty acids, there are two ways the pieces of the hydrocarbon tail can be arranged around a C=C double bond. In, the two

Most fatty acids occur in nature in cis formMost fatty acids occur in nature in cis formHeating.Converts cis form to trans form;Heating.Converts cis form to trans form;reuse of oils increases the number of transreuse of oils increases the number of trans forms-forms-

carcinogencarcinogen

Phospholipids make up cell membrane

Phosphate head

fatty acid chains

Fatty acid=

hydrophobic= water fearing

Phosphate= hydrophilic=

H2O loving

Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid

Cell membrane: Cell membrane: double layer of phospholipidsdouble layer of phospholipids

Phospholipids automatically arrange this wayPhospholipids automatically arrange this way

Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments

spontaneousspontaneous

Steroid: cholesterol

Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid

STEROID: 4 rings!!STEROID: 4 rings!!

Found in cell membranes; Found in cell membranes; chemical messengerschemical messengers

Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids

Saturated Fats: have all the Saturated Fats: have all the HydrogenHydrogen they can hold; they can hold; animal fats (excpt fish oil); solidanimal fats (excpt fish oil); solid ALL SINGLE BONDSALL SINGLE BONDS C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CC-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C

Unsaturated Fats: have a least 1 Unsaturated Fats: have a least 1 double bond; plant fats= oilsdouble bond; plant fats= oils

C-C-C=C-C=C-C-C-C-CC-C-C=C-C=C-C-C-C-C

double bonds=kink- not lay close double bonds=kink- not lay close together= liquid at room temp; together= liquid at room temp; easier to burn = healthiereasier to burn = healthier

Nucleic Acids: DNA RNANucleic Acids: DNA RNA

Deoxyribonucleic AcidDeoxyribonucleic Acid

Ribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid

Watson and CrickFigure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick

Watson and CrickWatson and Crick

Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin

Figure 5.27 X-ray crystallography

Figure 5.28 DNA RNA protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell

Monomer: nucleotideMonomer: nucleotide elements C, H, O, N, Pelements C, H, O, N, P

3 Parts of a Nucleotide:3 Parts of a Nucleotide:

Pentose 5C sugarPentose 5C sugar Nitrogen baseNitrogen base Phosphate groupPhosphate group

Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids

Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication