Unit 1

Chapter 18

Urbanization was jarring

We finally had to leave the Jeffersonian Myth behind

Mostly excluded from factory jobs

Entirely excluded from professional opportunities (White Collar Jobs)

Service Occupations: Cooks, Janitors, Domestic Servants

Most jobs available considered women’s work

Black women outnumbered black men in the cities

East Coast: Ellis Island

West Coast: Angel Island

Lack capital to buy farmland

Lack education for professions

Unskilled labor, think: The Irish before the Civil War

Most population of major cities=Immigrants Chicago 87%

New York 80%

Milwaukee and Detroit 84%

No single national group dominates

Most between the ages of 15-45

“Immigrant Ghettoes” Retained close ties with native country and culture

Strong racial prejudice from Native-born Whites White immigrants had an advantage

Large immigrant groups eventually had political power

Whites encourage assimilation especially for second generation immigrants

Multiple-family rentalbuildings

Slum housing for the poor

Windowless rooms

No plumbing, no heating

Upper-Class Solution: tear them down, don’t build replacements

New York: Central Park, designed to be as “Un-city like” as possible.

Construction of public libraries

1893 Columbian Exposition: Chicago Daniel Burnham

“The Great White City”

Inspired the “City Beautiful” movement

Impose symmetry on disorder

Attempts to create ORDER

Streetcars Drawn by Horses

Drawbacks?

New York’s first elevated railway (1870)

First Electric Trolley: Richmond, Virginia (1888)

First American Subway: Boston, Ma (1897)

The Skyscraper

1884: Chicago, first modern skyscraper (10 stories)

New types of steel girders

Passenger elevator

Steel-frame construction makes cities more fireproof

Increased Congestion~ Lack of Public Services ~Crime ~Fire~ Disease~ Poverty

Chicago and Boston “Great Fires” (1871)

Encouraged construction of fireproof buildings and development of professional fire departments

Forced re-building of the entire devastated city

New tech and architectural innovations available

Poor neighborhoods had poor sanitation Could spread to other

neighborhoods

Few recognize the relationship between sewage and water contamination Typhoid, cholera

Flush toilets appear in 1870s Still drain into open ditches and

streams, polluting water supplies

Most cities have sewers by 1910

1912: Public Health Services

Public agencies and private philanthropic organizations offered some relief, but not nearly enough

Aid only to the “Deserving Poor” Those who truly can not help

themselves

Investigations to separate the “deserving” and “undeserving”

Salvation Army (1879)

Middle Class concerned by number of poor children and orphans No lasting solutions

Murder rate rose rapidly

25 per million in 1880, 100 per million in 1900

Today (2010): 42 per million

Violence in nonurban areas

Lynchings in the American South

“Wild West” boom towns

Violence was blamed on immigrants

Rise of gangs and criminal organizations in ethnic communities

Native-born just as likely to commit crimes

Encouraged cities to develop larger and more professional police forces

Could themselves spawn corruption and brutality

The Political “Machine” formed the foundation of many immigrant communities Power vacuum in cities, potential voting power

of immigrant groups were not being utilized

“Urban Bosses” Win votes for his organization

Win loyalty of constituents Provide them with occasional relief: groceries,

coal, etc.

Keep those arrested for petty crimes out of jail

Find jobs for the unemployed

Patronage: Jobs in the city government or in the police

Jobs building or operating new transit systems.

Made $$$$$$$ Graft and Corruption

Tammany Hall (1860s-1870s)

Tammany Ring

William M. Tweed

Contracts to build public projects, received kickbacksfrom contractors

Arrested in 1872

Middle Class influence began to exert influence over the whole of American Life

Incomes rise for almost all groups

Increasing prosperity of the middle class

“White-Collar” Workers Clerks, accountants, middle managers, Doctors, etc.

Saw average salaries rise by 1/3 between 1890 and 1910

Working-class incomes increase much more slowly Iron/Steel industry salary increase by 1/3

Industries with large female workforces saw less of an increase Shoes, textiles, paper

Wages in the south rose slowly (why do you think?)

Wages for African Americans, Mexicans, and Asians also rise slowly

By 1900 almost all Americans buy clothing from stores

Interest in personal style

Interest in women’s fashion

Now available to middle-class and working-class women too!

Mass production of tin cans in the 1880s

Large industry devoted to packaging and selling canned food and condensed milk

Refrigerated railroad cars

Transport perishable foods over long distances

Artificially frozen ice

Household iceboxes

Improved diets and better health

Live expectancy rises by 6 years.

“Chain Stores” offered a wide array of goods at lower prices than small local stores

The Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company grocery stores

F.W. Woolworth

Sears and Roebuck

Mail-order merchandise

Catalog

Made Shopping more alluring and glamorous

Marshall Field (Chicago)

Deliberately designed to produce a sense of wonder and excitement

Stores spread to New York, Brooklyn, Boston, Philadelphia, and other Cities

Women’s clothing styles changed more rapidly than men’s

Encouraged frequent purchases

Women bought and prepared food for their families

New food products changed how women shopped and cooked

Florence Kelley

Attempted to mobilize the power of women and consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions

“White Label:” indicated that the product was made under fair working conditions

Middle and professional classes now have “free time!”

New, clear distinctions between work and leisure

New forms of Recreation and entertainment

Before late 1800s, leisure was considered the same as laziness or sloth

The Theory of Prosperity (1902), The New Basis of Civilization(1910) Economist Simon Pattern

Challenges the assumption that scarcity of goods was the normal condition of civilization

Modern industrial societies had new economies that could create enough wealth to satisfy both needs and the desires of all.

I couldn’t find a picture for this slide, so

here’s a picture of a kitty.

Saloons, some sporting events: Male

Shopping, going to tea rooms and luncheonettes: Female

Theaters, Pubs, Clubs: specific to particular ethnic communities or work groups

Considerable class tension in areas where many classes met

Central Park: “Genteel” activities vs. Sports and entertainment

Derived from cricket and “rounders”

Began to appear in US in early 1830s

200 Amateur and Semiprofessional teams and clubs Formed national associations and standard rules

Cincinnati Red Stockings (1869) First salaried team

National League (1876)

American Association (1901)/American League

World Series (1903) Boston Red Sox vs Pittsburgh Pirates

By this point it had become a big business and a national pastime

Appeals to a more elitesegment of the male population

Originates in colleges and universities

Princeton vs Rutgers (1869)

First intercollegiate football game

Very different from the modern game (more like rugby)

Becomes standardized by the late 1870s

Springfield, MA (1891)

Dr. James A. Naismith

Golf and Tennis

Mostly the wealthy

Bicycling and Croquet (1890s)

Women’s Colleges: track, crew, swimming, basketball

Theaters in ethnic communities

Presented plays in the language of the immigrant communities

Urban theaters with a broad audience

Musical Comedy: New and distinctly American

Developed from comic operettas of Europe and Vaudeville

Consisted of a variety of acts

Musicians, comedians, magicians, jugglers, and others

Inexpensive to produce

One of few forms of entertainment open to Black performers

Incorporated elements of Minstrel shows

Al Jolson: White Performer in “Black Face”

Most performers were black

Music based on gospel, folk, jazz, and ragtime

Acts tailored to fit white prejudices

Demeaning African American stereotypes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PIaj7FNHnjQ

Pioneered by Thomas Edison in the 1880s

1900: Technology improves enough for theaters and large numbers of Americans go to see these movies, most had no plot

Silent Films

The Birth of a Nation (1915) and Intolerance (1916) D.W. Griffith

“Epics”

Serious plots and elaborate productions

The first truly mass entertainment medium

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRtB6Ur76bw

Entertainment is a public experience Movies, parks, etc.

Coney Island Brooklyn

Luna Park (1903)

Rides, stunts, lavish reproductions of exotic places and spectacular adventures Japanese gardens

Venetian canals with gondoliers

Chinese Theater

Simulated trip to the moon

Re-enactments of disasters (earthquakes, etc.)

Average Daily Attendance: 90,000!

Dreamland (1904) 375 foot tower

Three ring circus

Chariot races

An escape from Genteel Standards

Circulation of daily newspapers increases from 3 million to 24 million by 1910

3x the rate of population increase

Development of a professional identity in American Journalism

William Randolph Hearst

Controls 9 newspapers by 1914

Most powerful newspaper owner in the country

1878: Switchboard: allows telephone user to connect to any other telephone user without a direct wire to them.

“Telephone Operator”

Hired only young white women: make the experience more appealing.

Telephone service controlled by the Bell System

AT&T

Had a complete monopoly

All telephones were built and owned by the company, subscribers could only lease them.

1914: First transcontinental lines

A switchboard circa 1950, the tech

didn’t change much in the 70 years

after its invention…

“Highbrow” Culture vs. “Lowbrow” Culture

Human species had evolved from earlier forms of life through a process of “natural selection.”

History was not the working out of a divine plan. It was a random process dominated by the fiercest or luckiest competitors

Theory is mostly accepted by elites by 1900

Created a deep schism between the cosmopolitan city and traditional rural areas. Liberal Protestantism: aligned with

Darwinism

Organized Protestant Fundamentalism

Social Darwinism William Graham Sumner

William James

Modern society should rely for guidance not on inherited ideals and moral principles but on the test of scientific inquiry

No idea or institution is valid unless it “works.” It must stand the test of experience

Growing demand for specialized skills and scientific knowledge

By 1900: 31 states had mandatory school attendance laws

Rural areas lag behind urban areas

South: Many African Americans have no opportunity for education

Native Americans

“Civilize” them and help the adapt to white society

Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879)

These reforms failed

Symptoms were not a cause of disease but instead an effect

Improved technology

X-Ray, Improved microscopes, Laboratory testing

Aspirin (1899)

Beginnings of Chemotherapy

First Blood Transfusion (1906)

G. W. Crile

Made it possible to conduct longer and more elaborate operations

Germs by themselves did not necessarily cause disease, some got sick and others did not.

Why?: General health, previous medical history, diet and nutrition, and genetic predisposition

Importance of Infection in spreading disease

Sterilization of instruments

Surgical gloves

By 1900, American surgeons and medical training were considered to be the best in the world

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