Unit 1: Earth Science Essentials

Mrs.Mauer

Temperature: Measure of the Average Kinetic Energy of molecules

Fahrenheit: Water freezes at 32 Water Boils at 212

Celsius: Water freezes at 0 Water Boils at 100

Fahrenheit and Celsius meet at -40

3 Scales to Measure Temperature

Lord Kelvin 1. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero kelvin (0 K).

2. This means 0 K = molecules aren’t moving

3. Never say degrees Kelvin!

If temperature is based on the movement of molecules, let’s look at the 4 phases of matter which describe their movement

Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma

4 States of Matter

Plasma is defined as partially ionized gas What does that mean? It means that electrons aren’t tied to their

atoms like they are normally What do I need to know? The sun is an example of a plasma meaning

that it is ionized gas!

Plasma?

Which of the following is the highest temperature?

Lowest?A.) 30 ° CB.) 270 ° KC.) 74 ° FD.) 0 ° C

Practice Problem:

The motion of their molecules

State of Matter Type of MotionSolid VibratingLiquid Sliding Gas BouncingPlasma Colliding

What Makes the 4 States of Matter Different?

When Molecules stop moving they are at absolute 0 or -273 C

Like temperature they are a lot of ways to measure something.

There can be errors in measurement. We can calculate this error!Percent Error or Percent Deviation

Measured - actual x100 actual

Measurements

You measure a soccer field to be 102 meters long. It is actually 100 m long. What is your % deviation?

Practice Problem

You measure a room to be 8 meters wide. It is actually 10 m wide. What is your % deviation?

Practice Problem

Also…how tightly packed the molecules are

D= Mass/Volume

Units are g/cm3

Mass: Amount of matter

Volume: Amount of space an object takes up

Density: Concentration of Matter

Mass & Volume

A 15g rock takes up 5 cm3. What is its density?

How can I make the rock MORE dense? Less dense?

When a substance is heated, its molecules move faster, and it EXPANDS.

What variable is changing? VOLUME. If volume increases, density:

DECREASES

Practice Problem

When an object becomes a solid it is almost always more dense than in its liquid form.

Name the substance that defies this law! Water!

Trick Question

Water Displacement

Density of Irregularly Shaped Objects

Remember: D=m/v

1.Weigh the object on the balance

2.Measure the change in volume.

3. Plug & Chug

How would the density of each piece of the rock compare to its original density?

You drop a coin into a jar with 4 different liquids of different densities. Where will the coin, with a D= 2.4 g/cm3 end up?

Comparing Densities

If you compress a squishy ball of goo, how would its density change and how quickly would it change?

Rate of Change: How fast something changes.

Look at Change in field valueChange in time

Field Value= Whatever you are measuring!

More Thought Provoking Q’s

Look at Monday night’s temperature change:

Examine the values below and calculate the R.O.C. from 10 PM to 6 AM

Practice Problem

Rate of change = -16° F8 hours = -2.0°F/hr

Time Temp10pm 5611pm 5412pm 501am 482am 463am 444am 425am 416am 40

Graphing is the best way to show rate changes!

10pm 11pm 12pm 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am0

10

20

30

40

50

60

5654

5048

4644

42 41 40

Title X & Y Axis indicators X & Y Axis Labels X & Y Axis Units Data!

Essential Parts of a Graph

Fill in the Missing Info

10pm 11pm 12pm 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am0

10

20

30

40

50

6056

5450

4846

4442 41 40

Extrapolation Interpolation

Common Graphing Problems

Extending your graph with data points you don’t know

Extrapolation

Adding data points within your set of data

Interpolation

Height over time

01234567

0 5 10 15

Age (yrs)

Hei

ght (

ft)