Unit 1 ReviewUnit 1 Review

What is geography ?

HERE ARE SOME HERE ARE SOME DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS

FOUND IN VARIOUS FOUND IN VARIOUS TEXTSTEXTS

If "When?" is the realm of If "When?" is the realm of history, then "Where?" is the history, then "Where?" is the primary focus of geographic primary focus of geographic

inquiry.inquiry.

Why what is where.

Why what is where.

tallest buildings

fast food restaurants

slums

volcanoes

hurricanes

center of city

grouped together

close to downtown

edge of plates

Caribbean region

Space – Space – No, not the final frontier…No, not the final frontier… describes a two-dimensional describes a two-dimensional

location on a maplocation on a map

PlacePlace•on the other hand is a less dry term, one that is used to describe a location that has meaning.

Human Geography: Five Human Geography: Five ThemesThemes

LocationLocation – the space that is occupied in – the space that is occupied in the universe (absolute/relative).the universe (absolute/relative).

PlacePlace – physical and human – physical and human characteristics: space after humans.characteristics: space after humans.

Human/Environment InteractionsHuman/Environment Interactions – – how humans depend, modify, and adapt how humans depend, modify, and adapt to their environments.to their environments.

MovementMovement – how humans interact on – how humans interact on earth, the diffusion of religion or trade earth, the diffusion of religion or trade patterns through connections of patterns through connections of peoples.peoples.

RegionsRegions – an area with one or more – an area with one or more shared characteristics.shared characteristics.

How to Lie with mapsHow to Lie with maps A map is a generalization or representation of A map is a generalization or representation of

the real world.the real world. Cartography – the science of mapmaking.Cartography – the science of mapmaking. Contemporary Mapping – Contemporary Mapping –

Remote Sensing SatellitesRemote Sensing Satellites GIS (geographic information systems)GIS (geographic information systems) GPS (global positioning system) GPS (global positioning system)

All maps lie flat and all maps lieAll maps lie flat and all maps lie. They . They contain distortions. You cannot represent the contain distortions. You cannot represent the three-dimensional earth on a flat surface three-dimensional earth on a flat surface without distorting reality.without distorting reality.

Any useful map is selective in what is put in Any useful map is selective in what is put in and left out. Example: road or subway map.and left out. Example: road or subway map.

Three sources of map Three sources of map distortiondistortion

Map scale – most maps are smaller Map scale – most maps are smaller than the reality they represent. Map than the reality they represent. Map scales tell us how much smaller.scales tell us how much smaller.

Map projection – this occurs because Map projection – this occurs because you must transform the curved surface you must transform the curved surface of the earth on a flat plan.of the earth on a flat plan.

Map type – you can display the same Map type – you can display the same information on different types of maps.information on different types of maps.

Map scale – tells us relationship Map scale – tells us relationship between distance on map and between distance on map and

distance on earth’s surfacedistance on earth’s surface

Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth Ratio scale = ratio of map distance to earth distance.distance. 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals 1:10,000 means that one inch on the map equals

10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter 10,000 inches earth’s surface; one centimeter represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals represents 10,000 centimeters; or one foot equals 10,000 feet.10,000 feet.

Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so Recall a small fraction has a large denominator so that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.that 1:100,000 is a smaller scale than 1:25,000.

A A large-scalelarge-scale map depicts a small area with map depicts a small area with great great detail.detail.

A A small-scalesmall-scale map depicts a larger area with map depicts a larger area with little little detail. Distortion is especially severe here.detail. Distortion is especially severe here.

Which Which is the is the large-large-scale scale map?map?

A.

B.

C.

D.

A.

B.

C.

a.

c. d.

b.

Map scale continuedMap scale continued

Verbal scale – translates the representative Verbal scale – translates the representative fraction into words.fraction into words. One inch represents one mile conveys more One inch represents one mile conveys more

meaning than 1:63,630.meaning than 1:63,630. Used little in places where people use metric Used little in places where people use metric

system. People familiar with centimeters and system. People familiar with centimeters and kilometers have little need for verbal scales to kilometers have little need for verbal scales to tell them that 1:100,000 means that one tell them that 1:100,000 means that one centimeter equals 1 kilometer or that 1:250,000 centimeter equals 1 kilometer or that 1:250,000 means that four centimeter represent one means that four centimeter represent one kilometer.kilometer.

Map scale continuedMap scale continued

Graphic scale – is a simple bar scale that Graphic scale – is a simple bar scale that portrays distance on the map.portrays distance on the map.

Map projection is the way we Map projection is the way we fit earth’s three-dimensional fit earth’s three-dimensional surface onto flat paper or a surface onto flat paper or a

screenscreen

Goode’s ProjectionGoode’s Projection

Goode’s projection interrupts the Goode’s projection interrupts the oceans and tucks Australia and oceans and tucks Australia and New Zealand farther west than in New Zealand farther west than in reality. Therefore, land masses reality. Therefore, land masses appear relatively large compared appear relatively large compared to the oceans.to the oceans.

Minimized distortion in the shape Minimized distortion in the shape of the various land masses and the of the various land masses and the size of one land mass compared to size of one land mass compared to other land masses.other land masses.

Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection

Mercator ProjectionMercator Projection Stretches the poles from one length to the Stretches the poles from one length to the

size of the equator. The north-south scale is size of the equator. The north-south scale is constant, but east-west scale increases to constant, but east-west scale increases to twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N twice the north-south scale at 60 degrees N and infinitely at the poles.and infinitely at the poles.

Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has Shapes are correct for all areas, and map has correct directional relationships.correct directional relationships.

Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica.Look at the size of Greenland and Antarctica. Map exaggerates the distance between Map exaggerates the distance between

Chicago and Stockholm, both in northern Chicago and Stockholm, both in northern latitudes.latitudes.

Equal Area ProjectionEqual Area Projection

Equal Area ProjectionEqual Area Projection

Represents areas correctly, but Represents areas correctly, but distorts shapes.distorts shapes.

If South America is 8 times larger If South America is 8 times larger than Greenland on the globe, it will than Greenland on the globe, it will be 8 times bigger on the map.be 8 times bigger on the map.

Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection

Robinson ProjectionRobinson Projection Frequently used.Frequently used. Distorts both size and shape, but not Distorts both size and shape, but not

too much.too much. The major benefit of the Robinson The major benefit of the Robinson

projection is that oceans are projection is that oceans are uninterrupted. This projection is uninterrupted. This projection is useful in depicting patterns of global useful in depicting patterns of global interactioninteraction..

Equal Area Projection

Map Type – you can display the Map Type – you can display the same information on different same information on different

mapsmaps A thematic map depicts a single feature, for A thematic map depicts a single feature, for

example: climate, population, landform or land example: climate, population, landform or land use.use.

Statistical – Demonstrate information - include Statistical – Demonstrate information - include dot, choropleth and proportional symboldot, choropleth and proportional symbol

Types of maps:Types of maps: Isoline – connects points of equal valueIsoline – connects points of equal value Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps

classes for each regionclasses for each region Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds Cartogram – adjusts the size of the country corresponds

to the magnitude of the mapped featureto the magnitude of the mapped feature Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to Proportional symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to

the magnitude of the mapped featurethe magnitude of the mapped feature Dot – each dot represents some frequencyDot – each dot represents some frequency

Isoline – connects points of Isoline – connects points of equal valueequal value

Choropleth – puts features into classes Choropleth – puts features into classes and then maps classes for each regionand then maps classes for each region

Proportional symbol Proportional symbol – size of the symbol – size of the symbol corresponds to the corresponds to the magnitude of the magnitude of the mapped featuremapped feature

Cartogram – adjusts Cartogram – adjusts the size of the the size of the country corresponds country corresponds to the magnitude of to the magnitude of the mapped featurethe mapped feature

Dot – each dot Dot – each dot represents represents some frequencysome frequency

Thematic- spatial Thematic- spatial distribution of one distribution of one or more specific or more specific themesthemes

Other types of visual Other types of visual images:images:

Mental map = map of an area in your Mental map = map of an area in your mindmind

Bottom line: hundreds of Bottom line: hundreds of decisions are made in the decisions are made in the making of a map, including making of a map, including scale, projection, and type. scale, projection, and type. These decision ultimately These decision ultimately determine the map’s determine the map’s message.message.

The acquisition of data about The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite Earth’s surface from a satellite

orbiting the planet is called orbiting the planet is called remote sensingremote sensing..

Space/LocationSpace/Location Distribution – the arrangement of a Distribution – the arrangement of a

feature in space.feature in space.

Three propertiesThree properties

a.a. DensityDensity – the frequency with which – the frequency with which something occurs.something occurs.

b.b. ConcentrationConcentration – the extent of a feature’s – the extent of a feature’s spread over space. Used to describe changes spread over space. Used to describe changes in distribution.in distribution. ClusteredClustered DispersedDispersed

c.c. PatternPattern – geometric arrangement of objects – geometric arrangement of objects in space.in space.

Population DensityPopulation Density

REGION defined:REGION defined:

A region constitutes an area that A region constitutes an area that shares similar characteristics – shares similar characteristics – de Blijde Blij

Formal or Uniform RegionFormal or Uniform Region

Can be defined by physical criteriaCan be defined by physical criteria Or by cultural traitsOr by cultural traits

Functional or Nodal RegionFunctional or Nodal Region

The product of interaction, of The product of interaction, of movement; not necessarily movement; not necessarily homogenous, rather the people of homogenous, rather the people of the region function together – the region function together – politically, socially, or economicallypolitically, socially, or economically

Will operate around a nodeWill operate around a node The surrounding area of a cityThe surrounding area of a city A newspaper circulation areaA newspaper circulation area

Functional Functional RegionRegion

Core area – it Core area – it characterizing features characterizing features are most clearly are most clearly defineddefined

Periphery – Periphery – characteristics become characteristics become less prominent toward less prominent toward the region’s marginsthe region’s margins

Perceptual or Vernacular Perceptual or Vernacular

Primarily in the minds of people Primarily in the minds of people – how people think about regions – how people think about regions

DiffusionDiffusion

The process by which an The process by which an idea or innovation is idea or innovation is transmitted from one transmitted from one individual or group to individual or group to another across space - another across space - FellmanFellman

People move to a People move to a new area and take new area and take their culture with their culture with them – examples them – examples include- crops, include- crops, culture, farming culture, farming techniques, building techniques, building stylesstyles

Known asKnown as

Relocation Relocation DiffusionDiffusion

Information about an Information about an innovation may innovation may spread through a spread through a society – examples society – examples include - Hybrid corn, include - Hybrid corn, Cd’s, a religious Cd’s, a religious creed. Possibly creed. Possibly through mass media through mass media advertisement—advertisement—

Known as Known as

Expansion Expansion DiffusionDiffusion

Relocation DiffusionRelocation Diffusion

Type of Expansion DiffusionType of Expansion Diffusion

Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion

Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion

Diffusion that spreads like a disease Diffusion that spreads like a disease – but not necessarily applying only to – but not necessarily applying only to diseases!diseases!

Affects nearly uniformly all Affects nearly uniformly all individuals and areas outward from individuals and areas outward from the source regionthe source region

Examples – influenza, HIV/AIDS, Examples – influenza, HIV/AIDS, ideas on the world wide webideas on the world wide web

Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to or nodes of authority or power to other persons or placesother persons or places

Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, Examples- Birkenstocks, Christianity, styles of clothing, musicstyles of clothing, music

Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion

A fundamental idea, though not the A fundamental idea, though not the trait itself, stimulates imitative trait itself, stimulates imitative behaviorbehavior

Examples – creation of a unique Examples – creation of a unique Cherokee written language, Beta vs. Cherokee written language, Beta vs. VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated VHS, Macs, Siberians domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated reindeers (after seeing domesticated cattle)cattle)

Cultural Cultural HearthsHearths

An area where cultural traits develop An area where cultural traits develop and from which the cultural traits and from which the cultural traits diffuse.diffuse.Examples – Islam, agriculture, Examples – Islam, agriculture,

Time-Distance Time-Distance DecayDecay

The farther the place is from the The farther the place is from the hearth, the less likely an innovation is hearth, the less likely an innovation is to be adopted. to be adopted. The acceptance of an innovation The acceptance of an innovation becomes less likely the longer it takes becomes less likely the longer it takes to reach its potential adopters.to reach its potential adopters.Cultural barriers work against Cultural barriers work against diffusion.diffusion.

S-CurveS-Curve Diffusion of innovationsDiffusion of innovations3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 3% - innovators, 13% early adopters, 68% majority, 16% laggards68% majority, 16% laggards

Changing attributes of place (built Changing attributes of place (built landscape, sequent occupance) landscape, sequent occupance)

Cultural attributes (cultural Cultural attributes (cultural landscape) landscape)

Density (arithmetic, physiological) Density (arithmetic, physiological) Direction (absolute, relative) Direction (absolute, relative) Dispersion/concentration Dispersion/concentration

(dispersed/scattered, (dispersed/scattered, clustered/agglomerated) clustered/agglomerated)

Distance (absolute, relative) Distance (absolute, relative) Distribution Distribution

Vocabulary

Environmental determinism / Environmental determinism / Possibilism Possibilism

Location (absolute, relative, site, Location (absolute, relative, site, situation, place name) situation, place name)

Pattern (linear, centralized, random) Pattern (linear, centralized, random) Physical attributes (natural Physical attributes (natural

landscape) landscape) Spatial (of or pertaining to space on Spatial (of or pertaining to space on

or near Earth’s surface) or near Earth’s surface) Spatial interaction (accessibility, Spatial interaction (accessibility,

connectivity, network, distance connectivity, network, distance decay, friction of distance, time-decay, friction of distance, time-space compression) space compression)

Geographic Tools Geographic Tools Distortion Distortion Geographic Information System (GIS) Geographic Information System (GIS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Global Positioning System (GPS) Grid (North and South Poles, latitude, Grid (North and South Poles, latitude,

parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, parallel, equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, international date prime meridian, international date line) line)

Projection Projection Remote sensing Remote sensing Time zones Time zones