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Unit 1: The Great American West
1.1: The Western Experience: Life on the Plains
Brief Timeline of Westward Expansion post Civil War
Directions: Create 2 columns – date & event/explanation. Leave 4-5 lines (depending on your handwriting) between each date. Copy the following dates in the appropriate column.
1862 1865 (2 events happen … leave extra space) 1886 1870 1874 1887 1889 1890
IntroductionAfter the Civil War, many
Americans took to the trail & headed west. Though they share the common experience of settling
the west, their individual experiences differ.
Government incentives & new technologies made settling the
Great Plains attractive & profitable.
Reasons for Western Population Explosion
2 main reasons for the population increase in the west
1. Farming/Ranching become profitable
2. Discovery of gold/silver
Push & Pull Factors
Push Factors– Cause people to
leave their home• Debt, overcrowded
cities, war, etc…
– Reasons people left
Pull Factors– Attract people to a
certain place• Cheap land,
gold/silver, religious freedom
Mining Population The discovery of gold & silver lodes in the Rocky
Mountains & Montana led to a huge population boom in the west
– Eventually leads to statehood
More people began to move west due to the discovery of more gold & silver
– Most heading to in California & Colorado– Immigrants, Civil War Vets
As mining population grew, wealthy people bought out claims of individual miners, who then began to mine for the companies
– BAD WORKING CONDITIONS/PAY!
Boom Towns: Cities that sprang up around gold/silver mines
– As word got out about a lode, more people came to mine it trying to get rich
– Originated as tent cities, eventually grew into towns
Farmer Population Amount of farmers increased in the west
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave 160 acres of land to those who promised to farm it
– Spreads Union influence
The Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 gave states land to create agricultural colleges to educate homesteaders (Farmer Education)
Dry Farming: Planting drought resistant crops & using mulch to maintain moisture
– Learned from Mexican farmers
Life on the Great Plains Settlers lived in sod houses
– Why?
Life revolved around the seasons– Everyone worked in the fields
during planting & harvesting– Sometimes, families joined
together to complete this task
Men worked the fields, women & children did everything else!
– Cook, clean, tend livestock, schooling, etc.
Often lived far from other neighbors
Hard life for very little reward!
Role of Women in the West
“Could do her chores in the morning, give birth in the afternoon, & get back to work in the evening to make diner”
Civilized mining & cattle towns– Called for libraries, theaters,
schools– Became doctors, teachers, etc.
Gained the right to vote in the mid-late 1800s
– Women in Montana began voting in 1869, & most western women had earned the right to vote by 1910
– Eastern women were still fighting for the right!
Longhorns
Cattle with horns 5-6 ft. across Brought by Spanish settlers
Could forage food, needed little water – perfect for life on the Plains Raising longhorns provided a way of life for many Western settlers
– Beef was in high demand after the Civil War & earned high prices
Open range herding: Cattle roam & graze freely on open range – Practiced by many cattle ranchers on the Great Plains
– Ended with the invention of barbed wire (FENCES)
Cattle Drive
Route cowboys used to herd cattle to the major rail head in Dodge City, Kansas Main route was the Chisholm Trail
– Herds would be transported to the slaughterhouses– In Texas, a steer = $3; in Chicago, a steer = $40
10 cowboys to herd of 3,000: Very dangerous – STAMPEDES!! Took 2-3 months
Mexican Influence American cowboys learned from
Mexican cowboys (Vaqueros)
Food, clothes & vocab influenced
Cowboy Vocabulary!!
Hot Rocks: Biscuits Belly Wash: Coffee
Axle Grease: Butter Strawberries: Beans
Hen Fruit: Eggs Splatter Dabs: Pancakes
Real Life Cowboys
25% African American
12% Mexican
Up around 3:30AM & worked until sundown
Worked through Spring & Summer, living off savings for winter
Cowboys sang to the herds to calm them down
Not like Hollywood
African-Americans in the West Freed slaves left violence
in the South in hopes of a better life
– Own land, start fresh– Have more freedoms
in the west
Buffalo Soldiers: Army regiments of all black troops
– Could only serve west of the Mississippi River
• Why?
– To protect border with Mexico & the Western frontier
– Many also became cowboys
Problems in the West Many began to breed cattle due
to bad winters & droughts Overgrazing Drought High Heat
– Potatoes were baked in the ground!
Prairie fires Blizzards
– Lost 40%-90% of cattle Grasshopper Plagues 4 of 5 families moved back east.
Big Inventions to Help Farmers
Hard sod made farming difficult
Improved steel plow made in possible to break up tough ground
Steel Windmill helped farmers bring water up from the ground
Refrigerated Boxcar allowed products to be transported faster & fresher than before
Railroads transported goods across country
Grain Drills allowed farmers to plant several rows at once – efficient!
Threshing machines removed wheat from plant easier
Barbed Wire allowed for fences & ends open range herding
In order to get farmers supplies, the government expanded the railroads– Railroads reached the new markets in the west
Eminent Domain states that the government can/will take private land for public use, as long as it pays a fair price for it
– Used to expand the railroads west You can’t say no, as it’s protected under the 5th Amendment
The Transcontinental Railroad
Companies: Union Pacific & Central Pacific
Who Built It: Immigrants were used to build the railroads
– Mainly Chinese & Irish– African Americans & Mexicans,
too.
Dangerous working conditions
The Transcontinental Railroad
Built Where: through the middle of the country
– Purpose: Transported goods to & from farms on the Great Plains
– Impact: • Destroyed Native American
culture• Opened new markets in the
west
Promontory Point, UT: Where the 2 railroads meet – railroad complete
– The Golden Spike
Problems Causes by the Railroads
Problems for Native Americans
– Killed off buffalo– Took more land– Destroyed the Plains
Tribes
Problems for Farmers
– Charged higher prices for settlers in the West!!