Land Biomes

Unit 11 Organization of LifeEcology study of the interactions between organisms and their environmentEcosystem StructureBiosphere part of the Earth in which life exists including land, water, air and atmosphereEcosystem different communities and their non-living environmentCommunity different populations living in the same areaPopulation many members of 1 species living in the same areaSpecies group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspringOrganism 1 member of a species

Which is the biggest or broadest?Which is the smallest or most specific?Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?

Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?

Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?

Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere?

Factors in EcosystemsEcosystems are influenced by biological and physical factors.Biotic Factors (Biological)Living organisms that influence an ecosystemEx Predator and PreyAbiotic Factors (Physical)Non-living factors that influence an ecosystemEx Soil, Water, Temperature, Sunlight

Abiotic FactorsECOSYSTEMBiotic FactorsLiving ONLYNon-Living ONLYLiving & Non-Living TogetherTrees, bird, grass, rabbit, & mooseMountain, clouds, water & rocksWhat is an ecosystem composed of?Roles in EcosystemsNiche an organisms role in its ecosystem - full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditionsIf an organism dies, another organism will take over its nicheYour niche right now is being a studentHabitat the environment in which an organism livesYour habitat is your houseRelationships - SYMBIOSISSymbiosis organisms that live together3 typesMutualism both organisms benefit Ex bee and flowerCommensalism one organism benefits and the other is not hurtEx bird nest in a treeParasitism one organism benefits and the other is harmedMistletoe growing on a tree

The cuckoo lays eggs in other species of birds nests. It hatches first and pushes out the other birds eggs. Then the mother bird raises the cuckoo rather than her own babies!Cuckoo Egg!

Parasite ExampleLand BiomesBiome = large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communitiesWhat determines the different types of biomes?Latitude distance of any point on the surface of the Earth north or south from the EquatorImpacts weather and climate

Climate vs. WeatherClimate average weather conditions in an area including temperature and precipitation

Weather condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and timeWe listen to the weather report everyday on the newsWhy we have different seasons and different biomes

Different Land BiomesTundraBoreal ForestTemperate ForeestTemperate Woodlands/ ShrublandTemperate GrasslandsDesertTropical SavannaTropical Seasonal ForestTropical Rain ForestTundraJust below the polar ice capsNo treesSoil only thaws a couple of cm during the spring/ summer, so it is impossible for tree roots to growPermanent layer of frozen soilCalled PERMAFROST

Boreal ForestSouth of the tundraEvergreen forestAlso called Coniferous Forest or Taiga

Temperate ForestDirectly south of the Boreal ForestCovers most of southern Canada, the eastern US, most of Europe, Asia and AustraliaWe live in this biomeComposed mostly of DECIDUOUS treesTrees that lose their leaves in the fall

Temperate Woodland/ ShrublandAlso called the ChaparralOpen woodlands (trees) and shrubs (small plants that have woody stems)

Temperate GrasslandAlso called the prairie, pampas, savannahDrought, grazing animals and fires keep the grassland from becoming forestsFertile soil

DesertExist on every continent except for EuropeAny area in which the rate of evaporation is greater than the rate of precipitation Very little precipitationColdest Desert Polar Ice CapsTropical SavannaGrasses, scattered trees, get less precipitation than other tropical areasAfrica, South America, Australia

Tropical Seasonal ForestHas a dry season and a rainy seasonDuring the dry season, the trees drop all of their leavesLike the jungle

Tropical Rain ForestWarm temperatures, large amounts of rainfall throughout the yearFound in Central and South America, Africa, Asia, AustraliaMost diverse of all biomes

Aquatic BiomesAquatic BiomesTwo Types Marine (Salt) and FreshwaterCover more than 75% of the biosphere97% of water on earth is salt water3% of water on earth is fresh waterFreshwater BiomesPonds and lakesRivers and streamsWetlands

Ponds and LakesIf they dont have a connecting river, they were formed by glaciers.Life: Plankton, Algae, Insects, Fish, Crustaceans (crawfish), floating aquatic plants Climate can vary depending on Geographic location

Rivers and StreamsBodies of flowing water, moving in one direction

WetlandsAreas of standing water that support aquatic plantsAlso called Marshes, Swamps, Bogs

Marine BiomesCoral ReefsOceans EstuariesCoral ReefsWarm, shallow watersUsually barriers around continents or islandsVery many different species of plants and animals

OceansLargest biome of the world

EstuariesWhere freshwater streams or rivers meet the oceanHigher salt concentration than freshwater, but less than marine biomes

Population EcologyPopulation Characteristics1) Population Density2) Spatial Distribution3) Population Range

Population Characteristics - Population Density is the number of organisms per unit of area

Population CharacteristicsSpatial Distribution also called Dispersion pattern of spacing of a population within an areaUniform black bears are spaced out pretty evenlyClumped animals found in herds - cattle Random deer found clumped and uniform no predictable patternPopulation CharacteristicsPopulation Ranges can be affected by temperature, humidity, rainfall, or sunlight. Also can be affected by predators, competition, parasites, threats to survivalAbiotic Factors

Biotic FactorsThings that Effect a PopulationPredation- Predators: as the number of prey increase, the number of predators will tooDisease Outbreaks occurs when population density is highDisease is transmitted easier ParasitesSimilar to disease, when population density is high, parasites are transmitted easierCompetition- Individuals compete for: Food, water, shelter, & spacePopulation Limiting FactorsTwo TypesDensity-IndependentAbiotic Factors Density-DependentBiotic Factors

Density-Independent FactorsAny factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population.Usually abiotic weather events BeforeAfter

Density-Dependent FactorsAny factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a populationUsually biotic factors predation, disease, parasites, competitionPredation what happened to the moose population as the wolf population increased?

Disease when the density of a population is too high, diseases are transmitted more easily than a low-density populationCompetition Competition increases when density increases

Parasites populations can be limited by parasites

Population Growth RateGrowth Rate, Emigration, Immigration, Exponential Growth, Logistic Growth, Carrying CapacityPopulation Growth RateDefinition explains how a population growsFormula to calculate growth rateBirths Deaths = Growth RateTimeFactors Effecting Growth Rate of a PopulationNatality number of birthsMortality number of deathsEmigration leaving or exiting a populationImmigration moving into a populationTypes of Growth in a PopulationLogistic population level balances outBirths < deaths and/ orEmigration > immigration

Types of Growth in a PopulationExponentialBirths > Deaths and/ orEmigration < Immigration

Carrying Capacity Definition Maximum number of individuals in a species that an environment can support for the long term.

Carrying Capacity

What type of growth is this?

Human Population Growth Rate