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UNIT 13
Part 2: Totalitarian Aggression and U.S. Policy
Japan and Asia
• Japanese lack natural resources…• 1931: Create an “incident” in
Manchuria • Take military action and set up the
puppet state of Manchukuo• 1937: Japan attacks China
– Japanese brutalities v. Chinese…the “Rape of Nanking”
Headed towards WWII
• Hitler suspended reparation payments
• 1935 Germany begins to rearm
• 1936 German troops move into the Rhineland
• 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis
• 1936 Spanish Civil War- Germany and Italy support Spanish right under General Franco
• “rehearsal for war”
General Francisco Franco
• 1938 “Anschluss”- union of Germany and Austria
• 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland
• 1938 Munich Conference-
“APPEASEMENT”
Chamberlain and Hitler
Headed towards WWII
Chamberlain
HitlerMussolini
German Troops in the Sudetenland
Signs reads “One People, One Reich, One Fuhrer”
A beaming Neville Chamberlain proudly proclaimed to have achieved “peace in our time…”
Headed towards WWII
• March 1939 German troops invade Czechoslovakia…
• August 1939 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
• September 1939: “blitzkreig”
Poland attacked by Germany and Russia- war begins in Europe
• Russia also takes the Baltic states and attacks Finland
WWII
• Starts with Nazi invasion of Poland Sept. 1939
• The “Phony War”• Nazis overrun Norway, Denmark• The Fall of France (1940)
Battle of Britain
• Gr. Britain ONLY democracy remaining in Europe not under Nazi control
• “Operation Sea Lion”• The battle in the skies (RAF v. Luftwaffe)• Hitler gives up…turns to the East…USSR!
U.S. foreign policy
• An isolationist mood in America:1. Senate’s rejection of the League of
Nations
2. Our own problems: Great Depression
U.S. Isolationism (con’t.)
3. Nye Committee (1935):
A. U.S. banks and munitions makers made HUGE profits during WWI…they pushed us into the war…called “merchants of death”
Isolationism (con’t.)
Neutrality Acts (1935-37)Congress passed series of laws to keep us out of future conflictsTerms:• embargo on the shipment of all munitions, arms and
implements of war to belligerents• all indirect war materials (steel, cotton, food, etc.)
must be handled on a “cash and carry” basis – they must be taken from the United States on the ships of a belligerent and paid for in cash
U.S. Isolationism (con’t.)
FDR’s “Quarantine Speech” (1937)FDR compared aggression around the world to a disease…
Said the world’s democracies should quarantine (isolate) aggressive nations as we would a diseased patient
Europe 1941
Hitler in Paris, June 1940
Gr. Britain needs more!
• American neutrality in the 1930s• By 1941, Europe under Nazi control…
situation desperate• Congress passes Lend-Lease Act
Lend-Lease Act
• FDR authority to sell, lend, exchange or transfer weapons and other materials to help defend nations vital to U.S. security
• Example: –FDR traded 50 American destroyers
to Gr. Britain for naval bases in the Caribbean