Unit 14 The Law of Tort and Unit 14 The Law of Tort and Intellectual PropertyIntellectual Property

TextⅠ The Law of Tort TextⅠ The Law of Tort -To learn the definition, remedies and -To learn the definition, remedies and classification of tort and distinguish classification of tort and distinguish between tort and breach of contract and between tort and breach of contract and between tort and breach of trustbetween tort and breach of trust

Text Ⅱ Intellectual Property: the NatureText Ⅱ Intellectual Property: the Nature- To learn about the nature and - To learn about the nature and jurisprudential character of intellectual jurisprudential character of intellectual propertyproperty

Text III Case ReadingText III Case Reading-To read one case related to parental -To read one case related to parental responsibilities and rightsresponsibilities and rights

TextⅠ The Law of TortTextⅠ The Law of Tort

Terms: tort, breach of contract, breach of trust, wrTerms: tort, breach of contract, breach of trust, wrong, trespass, trespass on the case, nuisance, fraong, trespass, trespass on the case, nuisance, fraud, negligence, in personam cf. in rem, simple coud, negligence, in personam cf. in rem, simple contract cf. contract under seal, assumpsit, chattel,ntract cf. contract under seal, assumpsit, chattel, conversion, duty of care, cause of action, damag conversion, duty of care, cause of action, damages (pl.), unliquidated / aggravated / exemplary / es (pl.), unliquidated / aggravated / exemplary / punitive damages, pleadings, trespass to land, Gpunitive damages, pleadings, trespass to land, Government servants, general warrant, remedy, iovernment servants, general warrant, remedy, injunction, abatement, ejectment from land, restnjunction, abatement, ejectment from land, restitution (of goods), tortuous liability, assault and itution (of goods), tortuous liability, assault and battery, false imprisonment, libel cf. slander, cobattery, false imprisonment, libel cf. slander, conspiracy, slander of title, deceit, malicious prosenspiracy, slander of title, deceit, malicious prosecutioncution

Proper names: Courts of Equity, Common Law CouProper names: Courts of Equity, Common Law Courts, Privy Councilrts, Privy Council

Outline of Text IOutline of Text I

ⅠⅠ. (para. 1-2). (para. 1-2) Origin and definition of “tOrigin and definition of “tort”ort”

ⅡⅡ. (para. 3-5) . (para. 3-5) Differences between tort aDifferences between tort and breach of contractnd breach of contract

ⅢⅢ. (para. 6) . (para. 6) Differences between tort aDifferences between tort and breach of trustnd breach of trust

IV. (para. 7-9) Remedies available in tortsIV. (para. 7-9) Remedies available in tortsV. (para. 10-12) Classification of tortsV. (para. 10-12) Classification of torts

Questions based on Part IQuestions based on Part I

1.1. How to understand the first sentence in How to understand the first sentence in para. 1?para. 1?

2.2. In what languages do you find the origiIn what languages do you find the origin of tort? n of tort?

3.3. How is tort generally defined? What doeHow is tort generally defined? What does the distinction refer to? s the distinction refer to?

Questions based on Part II and Questions based on Part II and IIIIII

1.1. What are the differences between tort and brWhat are the differences between tort and breach of contract? each of contract?

2.2. What does “as they do in contract” in para. What does “as they do in contract” in para. 3 mean?3 mean?

3.3. What does “the distinction” in para. 3 refer What does “the distinction” in para. 3 refer to?to?

4.4. What are the 2 connecting points between torWhat are the 2 connecting points between tort and breach of contract given in para. 4? t and breach of contract given in para. 4?

5.5. What are the differences between tort and brWhat are the differences between tort and breach of trust? each of trust?

Questions based on Part IVQuestions based on Part IV

1.1. What is the typical remedy in tort?What is the typical remedy in tort?

2.2. What are the other types of What are the other types of damages available in tort?damages available in tort?

3.3. What is the view of the House of What is the view of the House of Lords as regards when to grant the Lords as regards when to grant the injured party aggravated damages injured party aggravated damages or punitive damages?or punitive damages?

4.4. What are other remedies available in What are other remedies available in tort besides damages?tort besides damages?

Questions based on Part VQuestions based on Part V

1.1. Why is the classification of torts Why is the classification of torts difficult if not impossible?difficult if not impossible?

2.2. How are torts classified in How are torts classified in textbooks?textbooks?

3.3. How does Winfield classify torts? How does Winfield classify torts?

TermsTerms tort tort 民事侵权行为 民事侵权行为

-damage, injury, or a wrongful act done willfully,-damage, injury, or a wrongful act done willfully, negligently, or in circumstances involving strict negligently, or in circumstances involving strict liability, but not involving breach of contract, foliability, but not involving breach of contract, for which a civil suit can be brought r which a civil suit can be brought

*tortfeasor n. *tortfeasor n. 犯侵权行为者犯侵权行为者 tortious adj. tortious adj. 侵权行为的侵权行为的 , , 侵权行为性质的侵权行为性质的breach of contract breach of contract 违反契约 违反契约 / / 合同合同breach of trust breach of trust 违反信托违反信托*trust *trust 信托信托

-the confidence reposed in a trustee when givin-the confidence reposed in a trustee when giving the trustee legal title to property to administeg the trustee legal title to property to administer for another, together with the trustee's obligatr for another, together with the trustee's obligation regarding that property and the beneficiaryion regarding that property and the beneficiary

Terms Terms

wrong wrong 过错过错trespass trespass 非法侵入非法侵入 , , 非法侵害 非法侵害 trespass on the case trespass on the case 间接侵害诉讼，也称间接侵害诉讼，也称 action oaction o

n (the) casen (the) case ，与，与 straight trespass action“straight trespass action“ 直接直接侵害诉讼”相对。间接侵害诉讼的创立就是适用于侵害诉讼”相对。间接侵害诉讼的创立就是适用于直接侵害诉讼所不能处理的侵害。直接侵害诉讼所不能处理的侵害。

nuisance nuisance 妨害行为、滋扰罪妨害行为、滋扰罪*private nuisance *private nuisance 妨害个人安宁的行为 妨害个人安宁的行为 public/common nuisance public/common nuisance 妨害公共秩序的行为妨害公共秩序的行为fraud fraud 欺诈欺诈

TermsTermsnegligence negligence 过失过失

-failure to exercise the degree of care considere-failure to exercise the degree of care considered reasonable under the circumstances, resultind reasonable under the circumstances, resulting in an unintended injury to another partyg in an unintended injury to another party

*culpable/gross negligence *culpable/gross negligence 重大过失 重大过失 ordinary negligence ordinary negligence 一般过失一般过失in personam in personam （尤指诉讼或判决）对人地的（指专（尤指诉讼或判决）对人地的（指专

以要求诉讼一方承担责任或履行债务为目标，而不以要求诉讼一方承担责任或履行债务为目标，而不以财产为目标）与以财产为目标）与 in remin rem 相对，（字面意义相对，（字面意义 agaiagainst the personnst the person ） ）

in remin rem （尤指诉讼或判决）对物地的（指专以物，如（尤指诉讼或判决）对物地的（指专以物，如动产、不动产为目标）与动产、不动产为目标）与 in personamin personam 相对，相对，（字面意义（字面意义 against the matteragainst the matter ） ）

TermsTermssimple contract simple contract 简式合同（指按口头诺言订立的但无简式合同（指按口头诺言订立的但无

完备形式、未加盖印记的非正式合同 完备形式、未加盖印记的非正式合同 (informal cont(informal contract)ract) ；口头合同；无签名的合同 ；口头合同；无签名的合同

contract under sealcontract under seal 盖印合同，属于正式合同 盖印合同，属于正式合同 (formal (formal contract) contract)

assumpsit assumpsit 要求赔偿违约损失的诉讼要求赔偿违约损失的诉讼chattel [chattel [ 常用复数常用复数 ] ] 动产 动产 conversion conversion 对他人财产的非法挪用，是一种侵权行为对他人财产的非法挪用，是一种侵权行为duty of careduty of care （（英）注意义务（普通法上的概念）抚养英）注意义务（普通法上的概念）抚养

责任、保管责任 责任、保管责任 cause of action cause of action 原告的起诉缘由，诉因，案由原告的起诉缘由，诉因，案由

TermsTermsdamages (pl.) damages (pl.) 赔偿金赔偿金unliquidated damages unliquidated damages 未确定的未确定的 // 等待法庭裁定的损害赔偿 等待法庭裁定的损害赔偿 aggravated damages aggravated damages 严重损害他人（财产）赔偿 严重损害他人（财产）赔偿 exemplary / punitive damages exemplary / punitive damages 惩罚 惩罚 / / 惩戒性赔偿 惩戒性赔偿 other types of damages other types of damages *nominal damages*nominal damages （象征性 （象征性 / / 名义赔偿）名义赔偿） : when the nonb: when the nonb

reaching party suffers no compensable loss or fails to preaching party suffers no compensable loss or fails to prove the amount of lossrove the amount of loss

*compensatory / general damages*compensatory / general damages （补偿性 （补偿性 / / 一般性赔一般性赔偿）偿） : make the injured party “whole”, meaning bring : make the injured party “whole”, meaning bring the injured party to the position it would have enjoyed ithe injured party to the position it would have enjoyed if the contract had not been breachedf the contract had not been breached

*consequential / special damages*consequential / special damages （间接 （间接 / / 特殊赔偿）特殊赔偿） : no: not normally foreseeable, in addition to compensatory dat normally foreseeable, in addition to compensatory damages; the injured party suffers additional lossmages; the injured party suffers additional loss

TermsTerms

pleadings pleadings 诉讼文件诉讼文件trespass to land trespass to land 对土地的侵犯行为 对土地的侵犯行为 government servants government servants 政府公职人员政府公职人员general warrantgeneral warrant （英）一般扣押令 （英）一般扣押令 remedy remedy 法律救济法律救济injunction] injunction] 禁令禁令 (( 法院强制被告从事或不得从事某项法院强制被告从事或不得从事某项

行为的正式命令行为的正式命令 ))abatement abatement 减轻债务减轻债务ejectment from land ejectment from land 收回地产之诉收回地产之诉 ; ; 收回产权诉讼 收回产权诉讼 restitution (of goods)restitution (of goods)归还原物归还原物tortuous liability tortuous liability 侵权责任侵权责任

TermsTerms

assault and battery assault and battery 殴打，侵犯他人人身殴打，侵犯他人人身false imprisonment false imprisonment 非法禁锢非法禁锢libel libel 书面诽谤书面诽谤slander slander 口头诽谤口头诽谤slander of title slander of title 权利诽谤；诋毁（他人的财产）所有权利诽谤；诋毁（他人的财产）所有

权（指一种恶意诽谤他人的物业或权利，使其蒙受权（指一种恶意诽谤他人的物业或权利，使其蒙受损失，例如说人家的住宅闹鬼，以致租不出去） 损失，例如说人家的住宅闹鬼，以致租不出去）

conspiracy conspiracy 同谋，共谋。两个或多个人之间进行犯罪同谋，共谋。两个或多个人之间进行犯罪或通过非法行为实现一个合法目标的一种协定。或通过非法行为实现一个合法目标的一种协定。

deceit deceit 欺诈欺诈malicious prosecution (and defamation) malicious prosecution (and defamation) 诬告和诽诬告和诽谤 谤

Proper namesProper names

Courts of Equity Courts of Equity 衡平法院衡平法院Common Law Courts Common Law Courts 普通法法院普通法法院Privy Council Privy Council 枢密院枢密院

-a council of the British sovereign that until the -a council of the British sovereign that until the 17th century was the supreme legislative body, 17th century was the supreme legislative body, that now consists of cabinet ministers ex officio that now consists of cabinet ministers ex officio and others appointed for life, and that has no iand others appointed for life, and that has no important function except through its Judicial Cmportant function except through its Judicial Committee, which in certain cases acts as a suprommittee, which in certain cases acts as a supreme appellate court in the Commonwealth eme appellate court in the Commonwealth

Partial translationPartial translation

1. international agreements other than treatie1. international agreements other than treaties s

2. frown upon parents using the children or m2. frown upon parents using the children or money as leverageoney as leverage

3. the plaintiff is not entitled to3. the plaintiff is not entitled to

TranslationTranslation

• 1. 1. 法庭寻求对于原告名誉损失的赔偿，特别是当法庭寻求对于原告名誉损失的赔偿，特别是当原告的尊严受到影响，遭受信誉和友情的损失时。原告的尊严受到影响，遭受信誉和友情的损失时。

• 2. 2. 诽谤是指发布虚假陈述损毁受害人的名誉。诽谤是指发布虚假陈述损毁受害人的名誉。（尽管对于犯罪性诽谤的控告可以继续）由于诽（尽管对于犯罪性诽谤的控告可以继续）由于诽谤是人身伤害行为，因此它随着被害人的死亡而谤是人身伤害行为，因此它随着被害人的死亡而解除。解除。

• 3. 3. 从历史上看，口头诽谤被看作是可听到的口头从历史上看，口头诽谤被看作是可听到的口头的诽谤，而文字诽谤是可看到的或是书面的诽谤。的诽谤，而文字诽谤是可看到的或是书面的诽谤。因此，文字诽谤是诽谤最明显的例子，但侵权也因此，文字诽谤是诽谤最明显的例子，但侵权也包括了其他视觉形式的诽谤。包括了其他视觉形式的诽谤。

TranslationTranslation

• 44 ．． In some lawsuits, the problems still exist that In some lawsuits, the problems still exist that concern who should be the plaintiff, who should be concern who should be the plaintiff, who should be the defendant, and how the court should deal with the defendant, and how the court should deal with the decision of the government when there is a the decision of the government when there is a conflict between the investigation result of the court conflict between the investigation result of the court and the decision of the government.and the decision of the government.

• 55 ．． (Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China) (Patent Law of the People’s Republic of China) Article 1 This law is formulated in order to protect Article 1 This law is formulated in order to protect patent rights of invention-creations, encourage patent rights of invention-creations, encourage invention-creations and facilitate their invention-creations and facilitate their popularization and application, promote the popularization and application, promote the development of science and technology and meet development of science and technology and meet the needs of the socialist modernization.the needs of the socialist modernization.

Text Ⅱ Intellectual Property: the NatureText Ⅱ Intellectual Property: the Nature

words: assign, mortgage, license, anomaly, aggrieved, convwords: assign, mortgage, license, anomaly, aggrieved, conversely, instructive, correlative (n.), proviso, curtail, dictate,ersely, instructive, correlative (n.), proviso, curtail, dictate, vehement, proprietor, confidential vehement, proprietor, confidential

phrases: give rise to (prep.), classification scheme, enforce a phrases: give rise to (prep.), classification scheme, enforce a right, as regards, express notice, an exception right, as regards, express notice, an exception toto, without , without purpose or consequence, in relation to, sheet music, makpurpose or consequence, in relation to, sheet music, make copies of, pertain to, spring to life, come into existence, e copies of, pertain to, spring to life, come into existence, establish a goodwill, be concerned with, in terms of, owe establish a goodwill, be concerned with, in terms of, owe a duty, infringe a right, know of cf. know, exploit a work, ta duty, infringe a right, know of cf. know, exploit a work, to the effect that…, reach a balance between, by way of, po the effect that…, reach a balance between, by way of, provide for cf. provide, fall outside / within, be opposed to rovide for cf. provide, fall outside / within, be opposed to (prep.), a rule of thumb, be limited to, of… (adj.) duration(prep.), a rule of thumb, be limited to, of… (adj.) duration

terms: intellectual property rights (IPRs): copyright, patent aterms: intellectual property rights (IPRs): copyright, patent and trademark right, real cf. personal property, tangible cf. nd trademark right, real cf. personal property, tangible cf. intangible property, easement, profit a prendre (French), intangible property, easement, profit a prendre (French), chose in possession cf. chose in action, consideration, suchose in possession cf. chose in action, consideration, subject matter, negative right, passing off, fair dealing, combject matter, negative right, passing off, fair dealing, compulsory license, monopoly right, breach of confidencepulsory license, monopoly right, breach of confidence

proper names: Law of Property Act 1925, Patents Act 1977proper names: Law of Property Act 1925, Patents Act 1977

Outline of Text IIOutline of Text II

ⅠⅠ. (para. 1-4) Nature of intellectual property: inta. (para. 1-4) Nature of intellectual property: intangible personal property ngible personal property

ⅡⅡ. (para. 5-9). (para. 5-9) jurisprudential character of intelle jurisprudential character of intellectual propertyctual property

intellectual property rights intellectual property rights （（ IIPRsPRs ）的分类）的分类

• 基本分为基本分为 copyright, patent and trademark rigcopyright, patent and trademark rightht

• 另分为：另分为：（（ 11 ）） artistic property: artistic, literary and musiartistic property: artistic, literary and musi

cal work protected by copyrights and neighbcal work protected by copyrights and neighboring rightsoring rights

（（ 22 ）） industrial property:industrial property:-inventions: patents, petty patents, inventor-inventions: patents, petty patents, inventors’ certificates’ certificate-trademarks: true trademarks, trade names, s-trademarks: true trademarks, trade names, service marks, collective marks, and certificatiervice marks, collective marks, and certification markson marks

Questions based on Part IQuestions based on Part I

1.1. What are the similarities between intellectual What are the similarities between intellectual property and other forms of property?property and other forms of property?

2.2. According to the classification scheme on P31According to the classification scheme on P315, what is the nature of intellectual property? 5, what is the nature of intellectual property?

3.3. How do you understand “chose in action” aHow do you understand “chose in action” as opposed to “chose in possession”?s opposed to “chose in possession”?

4.4. How does the text describe the assignment of How does the text describe the assignment of intellectual property? intellectual property?

5.5. What does the exception in the middle part of What does the exception in the middle part of para. 4 refer to? para. 4 refer to?

6.6. Try to figure out what is meant by easement aTry to figure out what is meant by easement and profit a prendre based on the notes. nd profit a prendre based on the notes.

Questions based on Part IIQuestions based on Part II

1.1. What are the rights of the copyright owner? What are the rights of the copyright owner? 2.2. When does copyright come into being? And whWhen does copyright come into being? And wh

at about patent and trade mark right? at about patent and trade mark right? 3.3. How does the tort of passing off relate to intellHow does the tort of passing off relate to intell

ectual property right?ectual property right?4.4. Para. 6 and 7 discuss figure 14.1. Try to explain Para. 6 and 7 discuss figure 14.1. Try to explain

the relationship between the rights and duties ithe relationship between the rights and duties in intellectual property in your own words.n intellectual property in your own words.

5.5. Why are there some provisos on IPRs? Why are there some provisos on IPRs? 6.6. How many examples are given as regards proviHow many examples are given as regards provi

sos on IPRs? What are they?sos on IPRs? What are they?7.7. What does the rule of thumb refer to in para. 9? What does the rule of thumb refer to in para. 9?

Terms Terms intellectual property rights (IPRs) intellectual property rights (IPRs) 知识产权知识产权copyright copyright 版权、著作权版权、著作权patent and trademark right patent and trademark right 专利和商标权专利和商标权real cf. personal propertyreal cf. personal property 不动产不动产 // 动产动产tangible cf. intangible propertytangible cf. intangible property有形财产有形财产 // 无形财无形财

产产easement easement 地役权地役权profit a prendre (French) profit a prendre (French) 取利权取利权 chose in possession chose in possession 实际占有动产实际占有动产chose in action chose in action 权利动产权利动产consideration consideration 约因、对价约因、对价subject matter subject matter 标的物标的物negative right negative right 消极权利 消极权利

TermsTerms

passing off passing off 冒充、假冒 冒充、假冒 fair dealing fair dealing 合理使用（原则 ）合理使用（原则 ）compulsory licensecompulsory license （专利）强制许可证 （专利）强制许可证 monopoly right monopoly right 垄断权、专利权、专用权 垄断权、专利权、专用权 breach of confidence breach of confidence 背信、破坏信用；泄密 背信、破坏信用；泄密

Proper namesProper names

Law of Property Act 1925 Law of Property Act 1925 19251925 年财产法年财产法

Patents Act 1977Patents Act 197719771977 年专利法年专利法

Text III Case ReadingText III Case Reading

• words: interlocutor, repel, remit, lodge, unoppwords: interlocutor, repel, remit, lodge, unopposed, paramount, anomalous, material (adj.), osed, paramount, anomalous, material (adj.), minute, contradictor, supraminute, contradictor, supra

• phrases: in respect of, phrases: in respect of, onon…occasion, grant lea…occasion, grant leave to, be in a position to do sth., be open to (prve to, be in a position to do sth., be open to (prep.), in principle, give effect to, to that endep.), in principle, give effect to, to that end

• legal and semi-legal terms: plea-in-law, residelegal and semi-legal terms: plea-in-law, residence order, motion, submissionnce order, motion, submission

• proper names: QC, Sheriff Principal, the Childrproper names: QC, Sheriff Principal, the Children (Scotland) Act 1995, the Ordinary Cause Rulen (Scotland) Act 1995, the Ordinary Cause Ruleses

TermsTerms plea-in-law plea-in-law 法律提述（指原告据此作为提起诉讼之法律提述（指原告据此作为提起诉讼之依据）；法律上的抗辩依据）；法律上的抗辩

residence order residence order 居住命令居住命令-A Residence Order states where and with who-A Residence Order states where and with whom a child should live. It also gives the named pem a child should live. It also gives the named person/people parental responsibility for the child.rson/people parental responsibility for the child.

A Residence Order may be granted to more tha A Residence Order may be granted to more than one person and may specify the period the chin one person and may specify the period the child is to spend in each of the households. ld is to spend in each of the households.

motion motion 动议动议submission submission 向法官或陪审团提出的意见；辩护词向法官或陪审团提出的意见；辩护词 *submission to arbitration *submission to arbitration 提交仲裁提交仲裁

proper namesproper names

QC (Queen’s Counsel) QC (Queen’s Counsel) 皇室顾问皇室顾问Sheriff Principal Sheriff Principal 州長官州長官 , , 郡保安官郡保安官 , , 保安官 保安官 the Children (Scotland) Act 1995the Children (Scotland) Act 1995 《 《 1995 1995 年蘇格蘭兒童法令》 年蘇格蘭兒童法令》 the Ordinary Cause Rulesthe Ordinary Cause Rules

-the First Schedule to the Sheriff Courts (S-the First Schedule to the Sheriff Courts (Scotland) Act 1907cotland) Act 1907