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Unit 2 Ecology - the study of interactionsamong living and non-living parts of the earth
Chapter 4 The Organization of Life
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What kind of interactions take place
within an environment?
All parts are connected
Changes to the environment effect the
organisms living within it
Changes in populations of organisms effects the
environment (wolves, coyote, deer, plants)
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What is an ecosystem?
All of the organisms
living in an area together
with their physical
environment Ecosystems do not have
clear boundaries but are
connected with each other
Migration of life from one
to the next
Erosion of soil from one to
the next
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What are the components of an
ecosystem?
Essential basic componentsenergy,
minerals, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and life
Biotic factorsanything living or once living
(animals, insects, vegetation)
Abiotic factorsnon-living (soil, water, rocks,
air)
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What are the levels of organization
within an ecosystem? From smallest to largest
Organismindividual living thing
Populationall members of a
species living in the same place atthe same time
Communitya group of variousspecies that live in the same place
and interact with each other (madeof only biotic components)
Habitatthe place an organism lives
Ecosystem
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Describe the process of evolution
within an ecosystem.
Evolutionchange over time in the geneticcharacteristics of a population
Natural selectionCharles Darwinsurvival and reproduction of organisms with
particular traits Survival of the fittest, individuals with genetic
traits that make them more likely to survive andreproduce
See Table 1 pg 104 Adaptationsinherited trait that increases an
individuals chance of survival and reproducing
Coevolution2 species evolving in response tolong term interactions
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Evolution and
Artificial Selectionselectivebreeding of organisms by humansfor specific characteristics
Wolves to dogs Veggies, crops, plants
Resistanceability of organism totolerate a particular chemical
designed to kill it Caused by humans
Antibiotics and bacteria, pesticides
and insects
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Ch 4 Vocab Assignment
Define:
Ecosystem natural selection
Species evolution
Community adaptation
Artificial selection
Explain an ecosystem using 5 of the wordsabove:
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Warm-up
When we try to pick out anything by itself,we find it hitched to everything else in the
universe. John Muirfounder of the SierraClub, naturalist, writer
Explain what John Muir might have meant
with this statement.
To what extent are humans hitched to
everything else.
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The Diversity of Living Things 6 different kingdoms
Based on the way they get their food and the type ofcells
How are you classified scientifically?
KingdomAnimalia, PhylumChordata, ClassMammalia, OrderPrimates, FamilyHominidae, Genushomo, Specieshomo sapiens
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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria 2 similar kingdoms
Microscopic, single-celled
Reproduce by cell splitting in half
No nuclei
Eubacteria: Aka = bacteria Archaebacteriaextreme
environments like hot springs
Environmental roles: break downremains and wastes of organisms,recycle nutrients through the earthsystem, help with digesting food
Plasmodium that
Causes malaria.
E. Coli in
the intes-
tines to help
with digestion
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Fungi mushrooms
Cells have nucelus and cellwall
Absorbs food from decayingorganisms in soil
Environmental role: natures
decomposers of dead things,used in cooking, can causedisease
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Protists
Diverse group of one-celled organisms ie.Amoeba, diatoms, kelp, algae
Environmental role: algae, plant like protists thatmakes it own foodprovides the bases of mostaquatic food chains
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Plants
Multi-celled with cell walls Produce on food using sunlight
Uses root system to gather minerals andnutrients from the ground
Uses leaves to capture energy from the sun Vascular tissue gives the plant support and
structure
Types
Lower plantsmosses and ferns, damp places Gymnospermsevergreen trees with needlelike leaves and seeds inside cones
Angiospermflowering plants that produceseeds in a fruit
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Animals Comsumerscannot make their own food
Cells without cell walls, soft bodies Mobile
Types Invertebratesno backbone
Vertebratesbackbone
