Unit 2: Ecosystems & Unit 2: Ecosystems & BiospheresBiospheres

Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Energy & Matter, Biogeochemical Cycles, Human ImpactCycles, Human Impact

Organisms to BiosphereOrganisms to Biosphere Organism: one individual life formOrganism: one individual life form Population: group of the same speciesPopulation: group of the same species Community: collection of populationsCommunity: collection of populations Ecosystem: community and the Ecosystem: community and the

environmentenvironment Biosphere: global ecosystem (Earth)Biosphere: global ecosystem (Earth)

Ecology

Study of living things, their Study of living things, their relationship with each other relationship with each other and their relationship with and their relationship with

the environmentthe environment

Energy abbreviated EAbility to do work

1st law of thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Energy changes form (it is transformed)

Energy transformations are inefficient

Energy is constantly lost- mainly as heat!

EnergyEnergy Energy is found in food, this type of Energy is found in food, this type of

energy is known as energy is known as Chemical EnergyChemical Energy

ChemicalEnergy inSugar bonds!

EnergyEnergy Chemical Energy is converted by the Chemical Energy is converted by the

body intobody into Free Energy Free Energy

ChemicalEnergy inSugar

Free Energy touse

EnergyEnergy

Free Energy in the body is known as Free Energy in the body is known as

ATPATP!!

E

2nd law of thermodynamics: matter tends towards disorder and must have an energy input to maintain order

Energy

It takes energy to maintain order and decrease disorder!

EcosystemEcosystem Biotic FactorsBiotic Factors

Anything living or comes from a living thingAnything living or comes from a living thing Abiotic FactorsAbiotic Factors

Anything nonlivingAnything nonliving

Different organisms in an Different organisms in an ecosystem get energy in different ecosystem get energy in different ways: ways:

known as known as Trophic LevelsTrophic Levels (troph means “to feed”)(troph means “to feed”)

AUTOTROPHAUTOTROPH

Auto-Auto- self

Troph- feed

Self feeders

1. Producers1. Producers

Plants are called Plants are called producersproducers, because , because they can “produce” their own food they can “produce” their own food using energy from sun light.using energy from sun light.

Photosynthesisconverts solar energy to chemical energy

CO2 + H20 C6H12O6 + O2

sun

Energy enters the Energy enters the ecosystem as sunlightecosystem as sunlight

Only 1-2% of the light energy is Only 1-2% of the light energy is captured and turned into chemical captured and turned into chemical energy by plants energy by plants (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)(PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

98-99% rest is reflected, or just 98-99% rest is reflected, or just warms up the tree as it is absorbedwarms up the tree as it is absorbed

Very inefficientVery inefficient

HeterotrophsIncludes:Primary Consumers, Secondary Consumers, Tertiary Consumers, Quartenary Consumers andDecomposers

Must obtain energy from outside sources

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NcJ_63z-mAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5YCNBKg98I&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20 + ATP

ProducersProducers

Determine the size of the Determine the size of the communitycommunity

More producers = more consumersMore producers = more consumers The most mass in an ecosystemThe most mass in an ecosystem The most energy in an ecosystem The most energy in an ecosystem

Biomass: total amount of organic matterin an area. Usually measured as a weight

Usually shown as a biomass pyramid

Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level and

therefore potential food available

Vegetation

Deer

wolves

Biomass

Food ChainsFood Chains

A food chain shows energy passed A food chain shows energy passed from one organism to another in an from one organism to another in an

ecosystem.ecosystem.

What does the arrow show?

Trophic InteractionsFood chains

Eagle

Wolf Robin

Deer Caterpillar

Grass Leaves

Name the trophic levels

Trophic InteractionsFood chains show the recycling of matter

Eagle

Wolf Robin

Deer Caterpillar

Grass Decomposers Leaves

Food WebsFood Webs

Animals may eat more than one Animals may eat more than one thing, so they belong to more than thing, so they belong to more than one food chain.one food chain.

Food chains are connected together Food chains are connected together to form to form food websfood webs..

Food WebsFood Webs

More than one organism is at each trophic More than one organism is at each trophic level. Name them.level. Name them.

owl fox

rabbits

grass

mice

berriesseeds

Energy

Only about 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level

Eagle

Robin

Caterpillar

Leaves

.1%

1%

100%

10%

• an organism on one trophic level needs to eat 10x more than an organism one trophic level below

Energy Pyramid:

Shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level

Food chains recycle matter

Wolf

Deer

Grass Decomposers

Example: Carbon

Matter is Conserved within the system

Energy flows throughNot recycled, but transformed

Wolf

Deer

Grass Decomposers

= loss: heator kinetic

Energy is Conserved within the system