Unit 2 Lesson 4: Performing Simple Calculations in Caregiving

Unit 2 Lesson 4: Performing Simple Calculations in Caregiving

Table of Contents

Introduction 2

Essential Questions 2

Reach our Goals! 3

Springboard 3

Learn about It! 5 Determining Proportions 6 Computing Dosages 18

Check Up 29

Skill Enhancer 32

Did You Know? 33

Introspect: Self-Evaluation 35

Bibliography 36

Glossary 36

1 Copyright © 2018 Quipper Limited

GRADE 7/8

Performing Simple Calculations in Caregiving Introduction

Figure 1. Determining proportions and dosages of drugs

Caregiving is a vocation and a profession that encompasses different kinds of skills that are necessary to maintain the health and state of your client. Besides, interacting with various people of different needs and ages, you are also responsible in making sure that they follow the instructions given by their attending physician. As someone’s caregiver, it is part of your job to determine if your client is taking the accurate medications at the right dosages. In this lesson, you will learn how to perform simple calculations where you can apply in determining dosages of different medications needed for your client’s recovery.


Essential Questions

Reach our Goals! In this lesson, you should be able to:

● perform computations including proportions, ratios, fractions, and conversion of units;

● demonstrate proper conversion of measurements; ● interpret information indicated on oral and rectal drug

labels; ● execute accurate calculations of drug dosages; and ● determine the safe administration of pediatric oral drugs.


Springboard Save the Patient

Be the best caregiver you can be! Below is a picture of Ms. Ana. She is a retiree who needs to take several medications. Listed are essential information needed in calculating for her medication intake. As a class, help her determine how much and how little of each drug prescribed to her she should take to feel better. Answer the questions below on the spaces provided.

Figure 2. Ms. Ana, the 70- year old retiree

1. What is the first thing you should do as her caregiver before giving her medications?

_______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Based on Ms. Ana’s age, is it okay for her to take syrup-based drugs as part of her medication? Explain your answer briefly._______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________


3. What types of medicine, based on how they are administered, should she take?

_______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why is it important to determine the age and body weight of the patient?

_______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the possible effects if Ms. Ana does not take in the prescribed dosage of her

medications? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________


Learn about It!

It is essential as a caregiver to be able to perform simple calculations to accurately determine and administer the medications of your patients based on their personal information and prescription received from their attending physician. In this lesson, be ready to take on proportions using ratios and fractions and differentiate oral and rectal drugs and determine their correct dosages. Determining Proportions Not only used in food preparation, proportions are also important when it comes to one’s medications. It involves measurements.

● Ratios What is a ratio? A ratio is a numerical method used to compare numerical values and units of measurement. It is used to represent the relationship of values with similar units of measure. Values in ratios are usually separated by a colon. A double colon, which signifies equality between two ratios, is used to represent the proportion. Example:

One bottle contains 60 tablets

Figure 3. How to write ratios


If one bottle contains 60 tablets, then 2 bottles have 120 tablets

Figure 4. How to write proportions using ratios

● Fractions

Similar to ratios, fractions can also be used to represent the relationship of similar values. A fraction can be considered as a representation of division which is illustrated by one number (numerator) placed on top of another number (denominator). The numerator stands for the whole while the denominator stands for the number of parts the whole is equally divided into. The numbers are separated using a bar. Example: One bottle contains 60 tablets

Figure 5. How to write fractions


When writing proportions using fractions, the equal sign is used to illustrate equality between the two fractions. Example: If one bottle contains 60 tablets, then 2 bottles have 120 tablets

Figure 6. How to write proportions using fractions

● Finding the value of X There are instances that not all values are provided to you as basis for finding out the correct dosage of your patient. That is when you need to look for the value of “X.” X is used to represent an unknown value or amount in an equation. Computing for the value of X for ratios and fractions to complete the proportion differs in the steps to be followed.

Finding the value of X using ratios in proportions In finding the value of X with ratios, you can use the Ratio-Proportion Method.

1. Place the ratio provided on one side of the equation and place the ratio with the unknown value on the other side of the equation. The values in the middle of the proportion are what you call the means. The values at the external part of the proportion are the extremes.


Figure 7. Parts of a proportion

2. Multiply the values of the means to the right side of the equation. At the left side

of the equation, do the same with the extremes. The product of the means must be equal to the product of the extremes.

3. Solve for the X. 4. Complete the equation/proportion to double check your work.

For example: If a patient needs 5 ml of cough syrup every two (2) hours, how many does he/she need in 48 hours? Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:


OR

Step 4:

Finding the value of X using fractions in proportions 1. Place the fraction provided on one side of the equation and place the fraction with the

unknown value on the other side of the equation. 2. Execute cross multiplication. 3. Solve for the X. 4. Complete the equation/proportion to double check your work.

For example: Let us use the same examples as before. If a patient needs 5 ml of cough syrup every two (2) hours, how many does he/she need in 48 hours?

Step 1:

Step 2:

Step 3:


OR

Step 4:

Measurements and Conversions Computing for the dosage often involves measurements and conversions of the different components of drugs and medications. To ensure that you will be able to accurately determine the correct dosage of your patient’s medication, you must learn how to compute the different measurements and conversions needed. There are a lot of commonly used measurements and conversions used in caregiving. Below are some examples:

Dosage Calculation Conversions

1 liter (L) 1000 milliliters (ml)

1 ounce (oz) 30 milliliters (ml)

1 ounce (oz) 2 tablespoons (tbsp)

1 milliliter (ml) 1 cubic centimeter (cc)

1 gram (g) 1000 milligrams (mg)

1 pint 500 milligrams (mg)

1 milligram (mg) 1000 grams (g)

1 kilogram (kg) 1000 micrograms (mcg)

1 kilogram (kg) 2.2 pounds (lb)


1 inch (in) (“) 2.5 centimeters (cm)

8 ounces (oz) 1 cup (c)

8 ounces (oz) 240 milliliters (ml)

grains (gr) 650 milligrams (mg)

240 milliliters (ml) 1 cup (c)

1 coffee cup 6 ounces (oz)

1 cup 8 ounces (oz)

1 quart 1 liter (L)

1 quart 2 pints

1 centimeter 10 millimeters (mm)

1 glass 12 ounces (oz)

Celsius to Fahrenheit (℃ x 1.8) + 32 = ℉

Fahrenheit to Celsius ( ℉ - 32) / 1.8 = ℃

Metric Conversions Due to the number of different units of measure used in calculating for dosage, there will be instances wherein you will be dealing with converting a unit of measurement to another.

There are several systems used in measurement. The most commonly used is the metric system.


Quantity Unit Symbol

length meter m

volume liter l

mass gram g

time second s

These basic units are used as the based in measuring varied amounts. Depending on the amount to be measures, a prefix is added to the unit of measure to represent the amount being measured. These prefixes are also equivalent to multiplication factors.

Prefix Unit Multiplication Factor

mega m 1,000,000

kilo k 1,000

hector h 100

deka da 10

unit g, m, l, s 1

deci d 0.1

centi c 0.01

milli m 0.001

micro mcg or µ 0.000001

You can determine the number of decimal places of the measurement on the metric unit used.


You can follow these steps to determine the number of decimal places you need to move to convert a value under the metric system:

● Familiarize yourself with the metric scale. ● Determine the units involved in the problem. ● Count how many units are there from the units provided to the unit you need to

convert into. These will be the number of places you will be moving the decimal place to.

For example: Convert 0.01 micrograms to decigrams Step 1:

mg - kg - hg - dag - g - dg - cg - mg - mcg

Step 2: micrograms to decigrams

Step 3: 0.01 mcg = 0. 00001 dg

Computing for the Dosage Using Measurements and Conversions Once you have familiarized yourself with the different units of measurement and the proper conversions for each of them. You are now ready to compute to determine the proper drug dosage using measurements and conversions. In computing for the drug dosage that involves different measurements and conversions, you need to follow this formula:


Desired Dosage : Amount of medication prescribed by the attending physician Volume on Hand : Amount of medication present Concentration : Amount of drug in a specified volume

For example: A patient is ordered to receive 15 mg of hydromorphone through an IV. There is an available 3 ml vial containing 20 mg of hydromorphone (20 mg/3 ml). How many milliliters does the patient need to receive? Step 1: Determine what is given. Desired Dosage : 15 mg Volume on Hand : 3 ml Concentration : 20 mg Step 2: Determine what is asked in the problem. Number of milliliters of hydromorphone to be administered to the patient

Step 3: Solve using the formula.


Try It! Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on the space provided.

1. Identify the uses of the following symbols used in writing proportions.

Symbol Function

slash

colon

horizontal bar

2. Write the following statement as a ratio and a fraction:

A patient is given paracetamol every four (4) hours Ratio Fraction


3. Write the statement into a proportion: If one pack contains 8 capsules, 2 packs contain 16 capsules

4. What are the steps in solving for X in a proportion? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Convert the following units of measure ● 1 tablespoon = ______________ ounce ● 3 pints = ______________ milligrams ● 0.5 kilogram = ______________ pounds ● 3 inches = ______________ centimeters ● 10 ℃ = ______________ ℉


Computing Dosages As we serve different types of clients, we need to learn and understand the their needs when it comes to administering medications. Proper intake of the patient’s medications will help them in their recovery. For us to learn how to compute for the accurate dosages of medication, we first need to identify the different types of drugs that can be administered.

Types of Drugs ● Oral Drugs

Oral drugs are the type of drugs that are administered orally or through the mouth. They are available in different types and forms. They can be in tablet, capsule, or liquid form. Like with other drugs, they are accessible in regulated variations of strength and concentrations.

Figure 8. Oral Drugs

● Rectal Drugs

Rectal drugs are types of drugs that are exclusively prepared to be administered through the rectum. They also come in creams, ointments, and lotions. Rectal drugs are a great alternative for patients who are unable to intake oral drugs.

Figure 9. Rectal Drugs


There are 2 types of rectal drugs: Enema- it is a method of administering rectal drugs by injecting a liquid into the

rectum and through the anus. This is done for cleansing, regulating bowel movement, and for diagnosing the current state of the patient.

Figure 10. Enema

Suppository- it is a small substance wrapped with medication which is administered through the body, via the rectum or vagina, wherein it can be melted with body heat. It comes in cylindrical, ovoid, and conical forms.

Figure 11. Suppository


Understanding Drug Labels As a caregiver, it is vital that you are skillful in examining drugs before administering it

to your patients. Not only does it make you competent as a caregiver, but it is essential to ensure the safety of your patients.

● Determine the name of the drug

Always differentiate the brand name from the generic named drugs. The generic names are the ingredients that are active in the medication. Always verify first the name of the drug to avoid any errors.

Figure 12. Brand and Generic Name

● Inspect the strength of the dosage Together with the brand and generic name of the drug, you must also inspect the dosage strength. It will help you to calculate the amount of dosage you need to administer to a patient. There are instances that the packaging of drugs are similar except the dosage strength. Always inspect the packaging of the drug to avoid errors in your dosage calculation.


Figure 13. Dosage Strength

● Always examine the expiration date

Though at most times it is overlooked, checking the expiry date of the drug is very important. Error in administering expired drugs may result to unfortunate effects.

Figure 14. Expiration Date

http://www.rx-press.com/archive.aspx?aID=920

Computing the Dosages of Oral and Rectal Drugs ● Precautions in Computing Dosages

Follow these tips to ensure accurate computation of dosage: 1. Always check if you are using the correct units of measure. 2. Be precise when it comes to decimal places and zero. 3. Double check answers that you are unsure of.


http://www.rx-press.com/archive.aspx?aID=920

● In calculation for dosages, you may use the Ratio-Proportion method.

1. Place the ratio provided on one side of the equation and place the ratio with the unknown value on the other side of the equation.

2. The values in the middle of the proportion are what you call the means. The values at the external part of the proportion are the extremes. Multiply the values of the means to the right side of the equation. At the left side of the equation, do the same with the extremes. The product of the means must be equal to the product of the extremes.

3. Solve for the X. 4. Complete the equation/proportion to double check your work.

For example: How many mg of medicine are in 4 bottles if there 40 mg in 1 bottle?

Step 1. 1 bottle : 40 mg :: 4 bottles : X Step 2. 40 mg x 4 bottles = 1 bottle x X Step 3. 40 mg x 4 bottles = 1 bottle x X

160 ml = 1X

X = 160 ml

Step 4. 1 bottle : 40 mg :: 4 bottles : 160 mg. 40 mg x 4 bottles = 160 mg x 1 bottle

160 = 160


Pediatric Oral Drugs ● Devices used in Administering Pediatric Oral Drugs

1. dropper It is used to administer medication in syrup form to infants.

2. syringe It is used to administer medication in syrup form to infants.

3. cup It can be used for giving medicine to older and bigger children.

4. hollow-handle spoon It is a device used to administer medicine to toddlers.

● Tips in Administering Pediatric Oral Drugs 1. Always check the child’s mouth to ensure that the medication has been

consumed. 2. Do not forget to mix drugs that are in suspension form to ensure all

compounds are thoroughly incorporated. ● Methods in Computing for Pediatric Oral Dosages

1. Body Surface Area (BSA) Method It is also known the dosage-per-kilogram-of-body-weight method which is thought of to be the most accurate among all methods used in calculating for pediatric dosage. A nomogram is used to determine the patient’s weight which is essential to prepare the equation. It is determined that the average BSA for adults is 1.73 m2.


Figure 17. BSA Nomogram

https://www.manuelsweb.com/ped_dose_nomo.htm It follows the formula: Average Adult Dose (Child’s BSA in m2 / Average Adult BSA) = Child’s Dose in mg

For example: What is the child’s dose if he/she is 50 lbs and 40” tall and the the drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg.

Step 1: Prepare the formula


https://www.manuelsweb.com/ped_dose_nomo.htm

Average Adult Dose (Child’s BSA in m2 / Average Adult BSA) = Child’s Dose in mg Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given

500 mg (0.89 m2 / 1.73 m2) = Child’s Dose in mg

Step 3: Compute for the dosage using the formula

500 mg (0.51 m2) = Child’s Dose in mg 255 mg = Child’s Dose in mg

2. Clark’s Rule

It is a method wherein the weight of the child is used to compute the estimated dosage. Pounds (lb) is always used as the unit of measure in this method and not kilograms.

Adult dose (child’s weight/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose For example: What is the child’s dose if he/she is 50 lbs and the the drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg.

Step 1:. Prepare the formula

Adult dose (child’s weight/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose

Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given 500 mg (50/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose


500 mg (50/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose 500 mg (0.33) = Estimated Child’s Dose


166 mg = Estimated Child’s Dose

3. Young’s Rule It is a method that is commonly used for children who are aged two years and above. The unit of measure used for the age of the child is in years. Formula: Adult dose [child’s age in year/(child’s age in year+12)] = Estimated Child’s Dose For example: What is the child’s dose if he/she is 2 years old with a weight of 50 lbs and the the drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg.


Adult dose [child’s age in year/(child’s age in year+12)] = Estimated Child’s Dose

Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given

500 mg [2 years /(2 years +12)] = Estimated Child’s Dose


500 mg [2 years /(2 years +12)] = Estimated Child’s Dose 500 [2 /14] = Estimated Child’s Dose 500 [0.14] = Estimated Child’s Dose

71.43 mg = Estimated Child’s Dose 4. Fried’s Rule

It is a method that is commonly used for children who are aged two years and below. The unit of measure used for the age of the child is in months. Formula:

Adult dose (child’s age in months/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose

For example:


What is the child’s dose if he/she is 2 years old with a weight of 50 lbs and the the drug dose safe for adults is 500 mg.


Adult dose (child’s age in months/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose

Step 2: Fill up the equation using the information given

500 mg (24 months/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose


500 mg (24 months/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose 500 (24/ 150) = Estimated Child’s Dose 500 (0.16) = Estimated Child’s Dose

80 mg = Estimated Child’s Dose


Try It! Determine whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE. Draw a 😊 if the statement is

true and a 😞 if it is false. Draw your answers on the space provided.

Figure 15 . Happy or Sad

___________________ 1. Oral drugs are administered through the rectum. ___________________ 2. The BSA Method is also called the dosage-per-kilogram-of-body

weight method. ___________________ 3. Medicines with the same brand have the same strength in

dosage. ___________________ 4. Clark’s Rule is a method that uses the unit of measure kilograms

in measuring weight. ___________________ 5. A syringe is a device that can be used to administer medicine to

infants.


Check Up

Analyze the following questions and write your answers on the blanks provided.

A. Identification. Write the word/term being defined by the statement.

_____________________1. It is a type of drug that is administered through

the rectum. _____________________2. It is a method used to calculate pediatric doses

that uses the child’s weight to compute for the dosage.

_____________________3. It is the unknown value in an equation

_____________________4. It is the process of transforming a value that uses a unit of measure into a different unit of measure.

_____________________5. It is an equation that involves ratios and fractions and represents equality of numerical values.

B. Sequencing. Arrange the steps in solving for the X in a proportion.

_________ 1. Place the means on one side of the extremes on the opposite side.

_________ 2. Prepare the equation _________ 3. Multiply the means and the extremes. _________ 4. Divide the product of values without X with the number of X. _________ 5. Complete the equation to double check.


C. Computation. Answer the following questions. Show your solutions on the space

provided.

1. The physician ordered 7 mg of liquid drug to be administered to a patient through an IV. If a 2 ml vial contains 2 mg / ml of the drug. how many milliliters do you need?

2. If one room is shared by 3 patients, how many rooms are needed if there are 75 patients?

3. 30 ounces of medicine is needed to prepared by the caregiver. However he/she only has a tablespoon to use for measuring. How many tablespoons of medicine will he/she need to prepare?


4. Solve for the X :

5. A child who weighs 30 lbs is in need of medicine. If the adult dose is at 500 mg, determine the accurate dosage using Clark’s rule.


Skill Enhancer The Rounds

GOAL Administer the correct dosage for each patient using all four methods in computing pediatric oral drugs. ROLE Suppose that you are a caregiver who will compute the proper dosage of medicine. AUDIENCE A 2- year old child who needs to take medicines for her cough. SITUATION It is time for the patient’s medications. You need to compute for the proper dosage to be administered. PRODUCT The doctor prescribed the patient, weighs 48 lbs and 30” in height, liquid medication for her cough. What is the child’s dosage if the safe average adult dosage is 500 mg. STANDARDS and CRITERIA [INDICATORS] All solutions are well presented and has followed the formula indicated for each method.


RUBRICS

1 3 5

Identification of information given in

the problem

Two or more information were

neglected when the problem was read.

The information gathered from the problem is partially

complete

All information given are gathered and

properly used in the computation

Proper computation of dosage using

different methods

Unable to follow the steps used for computation

Computation was partially executed using formula with

minor errors

Computation was properly and fully

executed

Execution of Formula Formula was not properly executed

Formula was properly executed but attained one

error

Formula was properly executed

with no errors

Did You Know?

Caregiver robots have slowly been developed and build up as additional options in offering care and companionship to patients, specifically to the elderly.

Figure 16. Caregiver Robot from Japan

https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/02/24/a-caregiver-robot-with-a-gentle-touch/


https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2015/02/24/a-caregiver-robot-with-a-gentle-touch/

Wrap Up

Figure 17. Summary


Introspect: Self-Evaluation

Draw a 😃 on the space provided that corresponds to your skills based on you self-evaluation.

Skills

I still need to practice with

maximum supervision

I can do some of the tasks but with

minimum supervision

I can independently

perform the tasks properly

I can write ratios, fractions and proportions.

I can calculate for the value of X by following the

steps using ratios and fractions in proportions.

I can identify different units of measure and

perform conversions in calculating the dosage.

I can classify oral, rectal, and pediatric oral drugs.

I can perform calculations to determine the proper dosage for oral, rectal,

and pediatric oral drugs.


Bibliography

Dosage Calcula. “Review of Dosage Calculation Methods.” Accessed November 22, 2018. http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/1145/1173501/dosagecalculations.pdf.

Meriam-Webster. “Definition of equation.” Accessed November 23, 2018

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pediatric DepEd K-12 Information and Communication Technology Learner's Material. Department of

Education, 2018, https://www.slideshare.net/danielmanaog14/k12-module-in-tle-ict-grade-10-all-gradings

Glossary

administer - dispense or apply

conversion - transforming something into another

drug - it is a substance that has an effect when ingested

equation - a statement of mathematical expressions

generic - does not have a brand name

ratio - representation of the relationships of numerical values

pediatric - related to the branch of medicine specializing in children

proportion - representation of equality between equations using ratios and fractions


Date post:	04-Apr-2022
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	15 times
Download:	0 times

Unit 2 Lesson 4: Performing Simple Calculations in Caregiving

Documents