Unit 2 First Impressions 1 Talking points Master of the Universe 1.How is your first impression of people’s characters formed? 2.List any factors which may interfere with a first impression, or make one difficult to get. 3.The following factors can contribute towards a first impression. Assuming that none of them is extreme, select three of the most important and three of the least important to you. Discuss your answers with your partner. what they say their clothes their eyes their hair their face their teeth their accent their posture the context in which you meet their reputation anything else 2 Reading A. Comprehension. Read the article and complete the matching exercise. The words on the left all appear in the passage. Deduce the meanings of any words you do not know from the context. 1.chimera a. a person easily fooled 1
Transcript
Unit 2
First Impressions
1 Talking points
Master of the Universe1. How is your first impression of people’s characters formed?2. List any factors which may interfere with a first impression, or make one difficult to
get. 3. The following factors can contribute towards a first impression. Assuming that none
of them is extreme, select three of the most important and three of the least important to you. Discuss your answers with your partner.
what they say their clothes their eyes their hair their face their teeth their accent their posture the context in which you meet their reputation anything else
2 Reading
A. Comprehension. Read the article and complete the matching exercise. The words on the left all appear in the passage. Deduce the meanings of any words you do not know from the context.
a. a person easily fooledb. no longer existingc. once well developed but now of little used. a non-experte. a high-pitched noisef. an imaginary monsterg. extremely thinh. a device for controlling directioni. an object being hunted
A Brief History of Time
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For 60 years, since Einstein revolutionised our understanding of the cosmos and Planck and Heisenberg undid the certainties of particle physics, scientists have been chasing a chimera – the Great Unified Theory that would describe and relate all the forces of the universe and, in the process, lay bare the secrets of nature. Now a profoundly disabled man has the quarry in sight; and it is no chimera, but a real beast, waiting to tear our philosophies apart.
A dull bumping noise and a mechanical whine from the corridor announce that Professor Stephen Hawking is ready to start his day’s work. A nurse comes into the office, followed by an electric wheelchair with a large metal box on the back and a computer screen attached to the left arm. The seat is covered by a sheepskin mat on which rests what appears to be a bundle of clothes that have, by some extraordinary coincidence, formed themselves roughly into the shape of a man.
So the skeletal hands projecting from the crossed arms of the tweed jacket and the angled alert head that emerges from the check shirt all come as a slight shock. The left hand is controlling the chair with a joystick on the right chair arm, while the right hand clicks away furiously at a computer control pad. Suddenly, a hard, inflectionless voice with a curious Scandinavian American accent issues from the chair. “Hello. How are you?” The voice is emitted from speakers on the metal box. Hawking calls up words on the screen, then sends them to the computer to be spoken. The process is slow – he manages about 10 words a minute – but can be speeded up if you read the words straight off the screen. I look over his shoulder to see what is coming up next.
“I want a dove…” it says. His secretary, Sue Masey, seems baffled. We wait nervously. Suddenly the voice bursts forth again. “I want a dove-grey van.”
He had just wanted to specify the colour of a specially equipped van he is buying with the money he will receive for the Israeli Wolf Prize in Physics. In addition, his secretary reveals, he wants power steering, a stereo cassette and any other gimmicks that might be available. The Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University is a sucker for gadgets.
He is also the man most likely to produce an explanation for the entire history of the universe within the next few years. By his own estimate, there is a fifty-fifty chance the mankind will come up with the answer by the end of the century; and, by everybody else’s estimate, you can substitute the name “Hawking” for “mankind”. If, of course, he lives.
For the terrible fact is that the intellect of one of the two or three greatest physicists of the century is sustained by an almost defunct body. Over the past 25 years motor neurone disease has caused a slow but savage deterioration in his condition. At 21 he was stumbling, by 30 he was in a wheelchair. He has some vestigial movement in his head and hands, and, disconcertingly, an immense, wide toothy grin.
Having dealt with his van problem, Hawking announcers that he will have lunch at his College, Gonville and Caius. He then reverses out of the tiny office to have coffee in the shabby common room with the other members of the department.
Few people there pay any attention to the slumped, fragile figure with its whirring chair and the sudden loud interjections of its electronic voice. The talk is of equations and theories. One neighbour is announcing that Einstein’s relativity was incomprehensible to
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him when explained in the usual layman’s terms of clocks and spaceships, and it was only when he started doing the maths that it all became clear. Hawking has now reversed this process by producing the best-selling book A Brief History of Time, a non-technical guide to his thought, entirely free of mathematics.
Suddenly he announces he must prepare for his lecture and whirrs off.
B. Multiple-choice questions. Choose the best answer. Prove your point of view by the exact lines from the text.
1. The writer suggests that a Great Unified Theory a. is only of interest to scientists.b. is a mirage that will never be reached.c. was formulated by Einstein.d. may force people to re-evaluate their values and beliefs.
2. The writer was shocked because a. he had thought there was no one in the wheelchair.b. the professor’s hands were very thin.c. the professor had a very strange dress sense.d. Hawking was very alert.
3. Hawking wants a van that a. is practical and functional.b. is fast and powerful.c. is full of gadgets.d. has two shades of colour.
4. The writer suggests that a full explanation of the universea. will be produced by scientists other than Hawking.b. is most likely to be found, if at all, by Hawking.c. will almost certainly not be found before the end of the century.d. will be too complex for most people to understand.
5. According to the article, Hawking’s disease a. began as a result of a fall. b. has left him unable to move his head.c. has had a detrimental effect on his capacity to think.d. has affected him physically but not mentally.
6. The people who are discussing equationsa. are arguing about Hawking’s theories.b. work in Hawking’s office.c. work in the same department as Hawking.
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d. ignore Hawking completely.
C. Summary skills. Read the text again and arrange all the information under the following headlines
Steven Hawking – one of the greatest physicists. Steven Hawking – a profoundly disabled man. Gadgets in the life of Steven Hawking.
Discuss with the group which facts should be mentioned under every headline and the most suitable succession of them. Use the worked out plan to retell the article.
D. Vocabulary practice. Translate into Russian paying attention to the meanings of active vocabulary words.
1.The cat chased the mouse but could not catch it.2.I cannot relate those two ideas.3.Men have been trying to lay bare the secrets of the Universe since primitive
times.4.Motherhood is a profound experience.5.He attached a wire to the radio.6.I am very attached to my grandmother.7. It was pure coincidence that she called the school looking for a teaching job
the very day that one of their teachers had announced she was quitting.8.Two antennae projected from the robot's head.9.The thought of visiting a cemetery at night filled her head with vi sions of ghosts
emerging from their graves.10. The baffled child looked everywhere but still could not find the source of the
strange noises.11. Her kitchen is equipped with an egg-slicer, garlic press, corkscrew and dozens
of other labour-saving gadgets.12. Soap powder manufacturers often use gimmicks such as free giveaways to
increase their sales.13. I am sorry, sir, those shoes are not available in your size.14. It is impossible to estimate his abilities yet.15. We substituted red balls for blue to see if the baby would notice.16. After her husband died, she was sustained by the memory of the wonderful
life that they had shared together.17. The doctors are concerned that there has been a noticeable deterioration in the
patient's condition.18. First-year algebra students are taught how to solve simple equations.19. The students found the physicist’s article totally incomprehensible because of
all the technical language the writer used.20. The article on recent developments in nuclear physics was so clearly written
that even a layman could understand it.
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E. Vocabulary practice. Translate into English1. Невзирая на глубокое знание предмета, он совершенно не подходил на должность
заведующего отделом, и поэтому его заменили хорошим организатором.2. Он вызывает слова на дисплее компьютера, а затем они проецируются на экране
для всей аудитории. 3. Лохнесское чудовище изредка появляется из глубин, чтобы ошеломить
редких свидетелей и поддержать веру человека в существование непостижимых тайн природы.
4. Все имеющиеся технические новинки будут продемонстрированы на выставке и их значение и функции будут объяснены публике языком, понятным даже непрофессионалам.
5. Хотя ему часто приходилось замещать учителя он оставался полным профаном в предмете, так как не проявлял интереса к учению и не придавал большого значения своей работе.
6. Когда секрет был обнаружен, все были ошеломлены тем, что ей удавалось скрывать эту страшную тайну даже от самых близких родственников.
7. Охота, преследование добычи всегда были его любимым спортом, так как только в этом он мог проявить мужественность и физическую силу. Он никак не мог понять, что поддерживало ее веру все эти годы.
8. На первый взгляд, происшествие казалось чистой случайностью, но когда он сопоставил все факты, он был ошеломлен, осознав, что против него был организован тщательно подготовленный заговор.
9. По оценке его лечащего врача ухудшение его состояния неизбежно, и через несколько лет он станет инвалидом.
10.Автора книги попросили заменить уравнения и математические формулы объяснениями, понятными широкой публике.
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3 Idiomatic Expressions “TIME”
A. Discuss the meanings of the following idioms connected with time. Decide which idiom could replace the underlined words in each of the sentences below.
now’s a fine timeall in good time(be / come / leave) on timetime and time againa bit pressed for time
at the best of timesto kill timeto buy limejust in the nick of timefor the time being
1. Please don't worry about painting the house - I promise I will do it at some time when it is convenient.
2. We were afraid we might miss our flight, but we got to the airport with only seconds 5
to spare.3. I'm afraid I can’t talk to you at the moment. I'm in a bit of a hurry.4. He’s fairly rude and aggressive in favourable circumstances, but now that he's under
so much stress, he's quite unbearable.5. This is a very inconvenient moment to decide that you don't want to get married –
your husband-to-be is waiting in the church.6. The plane was not due to leave for another six hours, so she decided to pass the time
by wandering around all the duty-free shops.7. I often get to work late because the trains never seem to arrive punctually.8. I doubt very much whether the cheque really is in the post; I should think they're
just trying to delay things.9. Your office won't be ready until next week, so could you use Room 11 as a
temporary measure?10.I really don't know what's the matter with him - I've told him repeatedly not to leave
his car unlocked.
B. Translate into Russian 1. Now's a fine time for the phone to ring, just as I am lying here re laxing in the bath,2. Do not worry about my messy room. I will tidy it up all in good time.3. The lesson will start on time, at 8 p.m. Please be there a few minutes early.4. I have told you time and time again not to put your feet on the couch. When will
you learn?5. Sorry. I cannot talk now. I am a bit pressed for time as I have got a train to catch.6. At the best of times John never had enough money. Now that he has lost his job, who
knows how he is going to manage?7. She had an hour before her next lesson, so she decided to kill time by making a few
phone calls.8. I am not finished with the report yet. To buy time, I will just have to call the office
and tell them I am too sick to go to work today.9. The police pulled up to the house as the burglar was running out- just in the nick of
time!10. The painters are painting your office today, so for the time being you can share
John's office.
C. Translate into English1. Самое время заболеть гриппом! У тебя экзамен на следующейнеделе.2. Ухудшение состояния дорог приводит к тому, что поезданикогда не приходят во время.3. По его оценке человечество найдет ответы наживотрепещущие вопросы в свое время.
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4. По невероятному совпадению мы сталкиваемся с ним снова иснова.5. Печатая свой доклад он неистово стучал по клавишам так каку него было мало времени.6. В лучшие времена Мухаммед Али был боксером номер один вмире, а сейчас он инвалид.7. Он не хотел придерживаться диеты и мне постоянноприходилось напоминать ему о неумолимом ухудшении егоздоровья.8. Я ремонтирую свою машину. На данный момент езжу наотцовском микроавтобусе, оборудованном по последнемуслову техники.9. Если бы в последнюю секунду он не придумал оправдание,
осложнение в его семейных отношениях было бы неизбежно.10.Нашла время разбирать эту груду одежды. Ее и в лучшие времена никто не носил, а
теперь ее и подавно пора выбросить.11.Он был ошеломлен поступившим предложением и старался протянуть время,
обдумывая ответ. 12.Он временно заменяет начальника и, по оценкам его коллег, у него неплохо
получается.
4 Structure The Hawking Story
A. This passage was taken from a newspaper. Read it then decide whether the following statements are true or false. Prove your point of view by the exact lines or words from the text.
1. Hawking’s illness prevented him from working.2. The Hawkings were initially unable to afford full-time professional nursing.3. Jane Hawking gave up working when she had children.4. Jane Hawking is dubious about her husband's work.5. Jane Hawking and her husband share the same fundamental beliefs.6. There are certain beliefs that Hawking does not discuss with his wife.
B. Complete the missing words from the passage. The first letter of each word is given. Jane Hawking met the man who was to become her husband in 1963, shortly before
the beginning of his illness. They marriedtwo years later and, as Hawking got down to work, the diseaseprogressed (1) i… tandem with his fame.
A string of academic positions and awards came his way and (2) s… did an increasing dependence on his wife and those around him. For Mrs. Hawking, (3) h…, life became paradoxically easier.
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An American philanthropic organization provided the (4) f… for 24-hour nursing. For the first time in their marriage, she was no (5) l… wholly (6) r… for keeping him alive, and could devote more time (7) t.. concentrating on her own work and their three children.
Mrs Hawking has a neat, organized air, and a (8) v… that is high-pitched and genteel. (9) N.. of which conceals the fact that she regards the world's belief that her husband is about to come up with an explanation for the universe (10) w… the deepest suspicion. It is ironic that his work threatens to undermine the foundations of her strongly (11) h… religious convictions, which have sustained her throughout the years of caring, and (12) w… which he might not have been able to continue his work.
"There's one aspect of his thought that I (13) f… increasingly upsetting and difficult to live (14) w… “, she explains. "It is the feeling that, because everything is reduced (15) t… a rational, mathematical formula, that must be the truth. He is now postulating a (16) t… in which the universe is like the shape of the earth with no beginning and no end and no need for God at all.
(17) W… I can't understand is whether his theory allows (18) f… other interpretations or not. I can never get an answer and I find it very upsetting." What she does get, when the conversation(19) r… a point beyond which he will not go, is the Hawking grin, which can clearly be infuriating. For Mrs. Hawking, a devout Anglican, it seems like an agnostic slamming a (20) d… in her face.
C. Answer the questions, supporting your point of view by the facts from the text.1. What does this text contribute to the portrait of Mr. Hawking?2. What is your perception of Mrs. Hawking? Describe her personality.3. Do you think the Hawkings are a happy couple?
D. Vocabulary practice. Translate into Russian.1. Steven Spielberg has directed a long string of Academy Award-winning films.2. She gave up her career in order to devote herself to raising her children.3. She could not conceal her delight when her boyfriend finally proposed to her.4. The workers strike had paralyzed the nation and seriously undermined the people's
faith in government.5. He is a man of strong political convictions, so it is useless to argue with him.6. We can reduce his statement to three simple facts.7. Allowing for the train being late, we should be back by 10.30.8. He was born into a family of devout Catholics so nobody was surprised when he
announced that he wanted to become a priest.
E. Vocabulary practice. Translate into English.1. Я полагаю он скрыл этот факт, опасаясь, что его репутация может быть подорвана.2. Он истовый католик и его религиозные убеждения не позволяют ему получить развод.3. Пытаясь избежать неловкости он постарался свести все в шутку.4. Коррупция чиновников подорвала устои общества.
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5. Не пытайтесь свести это происшествие к чистой случайности. 6. Она пыталась скрыть истинную стоимость нитки жемчуга от своего мужа.7. Он и в лучшие времена не имел доступа к этим документам. Каждая попытка
получить информацию заканчивалась тем, что у него перед носом хлопали дверью.
5 Rendering
Retell this text in English making use of the vocabulary of this and the previous unit. Do not translate directly! The underlined words are the ones that can be conveyed by active vocabulary.
Key wordsCarnal sensations, prophesy, to prophesy, virus-mutant, to expand, to contract, womb, chaos and disorder, to win over one’s side
Его голос, лишенный интонаций, звучит в какой-то неземной тональности. Любимый компьютер озвучивает мысли Стивена Хоукинга, которые потрясают человечество. «Уже через 100 лет планета Земля будет не голубой а оранжевой». «Пройдут миллиарды лет, и люди будут рождаться стариками, а умирать младенцами». Эти короткие фразы, произносимые бесцветным голосом синтезатора, для неискушенного слушателя звучат как лепет сумасшедшего. 11о Стивен Хоукинг не полоумный калека, спятивший под грузом тяжелых математических формул. Ему присвоены звания Командора Британской империи, почетного профессора кафедры прикладной математики Кембриджского университета, доктора космологии. Более девяти миллионов людей успели с 1989 года приобрести экземпляр его книги «Краткая история времени», переведенной на 33 языка.
И это при том, что он даже не умеет писать. Ещё в детстве учителя бились над маленьким Стивеном, которому никак не удавалось правильно выводить буквы на бумаге. Он и в лучшие годы не играл со сверстниками в футбол или теннис, не любил велосипедных прогулок. В 20 лет он впервые упал в обморок, затем обмороки повторялись с пугающей периодичностью. В январе 1963 года студент третьего курса Оксфордского университета Стивен Хоукинг познакомился с милой девушкой Джейн Уайлд и впервые влюбился. В тот же день он узнал, что болен невромоторным параличом.
«Эта новость стала для меня "подарком" к 21-летию», — грустно шутит Хоукинг. В течение двух недель доктора пытались поставить диагноз. «Они исследовали каждый кусочек моего тела, — вспоминает профессор. — Наконец меня отпустили домой и сказали, что нужно лечиться ... витаминами». Разумеется, он бросил занятия в университете, мгновенно рассчитав, что едва ли успеет защитить диссертацию.
Его тело умирало медленно. До 1963 года он еще мог самостоятельно есть и укладываться на ночь в постель. Ему исполнилось 33 года, тогда он понял, что руки и ноги, речь и частично слух перестали служить ему.
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Говорят, что именно Джейн спасла его. Разумеется, он сообщил ей о результатах анализов, будучи абсолютно уверен, что больше никогда не увидит эту девушку. Он ошибался: через полгода они были обручены, еще через полгода поженились. «Когда я стал женатым человеком, я вдруг понял, что мне надо искать работу, чтобы прокормить семью», — улыбается Стивен. Поэтому он нашел работу и вновь поступил в университет — на этот раз в Кембридж... И вдруг понял, что его тело перестало исчезать — это случилось в самый последний момент, когда от прежнего Стивена Хоукинга осталась только... улыбка. Он и сегодня умеет улыбаться, как самый обычный человек. Вопреки всем прогнозам и пророчествам Стивен Хоукинг не умер. И наступила пора его собственных пророчеств. Уолт Уолтош, компьютерный гений из Калифорнии, услышав о героической борьбе Хоукинга с параличом, создал специально для него программу искусственной речи под названием «Эквалайзер» — и ровный голос виртуального оракула наконец зазвучал.
Труба апокалиптического «бледного ангела», возвестившая о скором конце света, прозвучала в марте 1998 года в Восточном зале Белого дома. Президент Соединенных Штатов и первая леди Америки пригласили Стивена Хоукинга на околонаучную вечеринку, посвященную прогнозам на грядущее тысячелетие. Хоукинг сидел в своем инвалидном кресле и улыбался, а в зале звучал голос его компьютера. Уже через сто лет внешний вид Земли из космоса изменится, её нельзя уже будет назвать «голубой планетой» — она станет сначала желтой, потом ярко-оранжевой из-за общего атмосферного перегрева и перепроизводства электроэнергии, — вещал компьютер, и Стивен Хоукинг улыбался в своем кресле. — К этому времени род человеческий вновь ощутит себя на грани катастрофы — однако на этот раз ядерное оружие будет ни при чем. Повсеместные эксперименты в области генной инженерии скорее всего приведут к возникновению новых, неизвестных ранее вирусов-мутантов. Поэтому главной задачей гомосапиенс в новом столетии станет ... бегство за пределы Солнечной системы в другие миры. Если человек успеет покинуть Землю до истечения 100 лет, он выживет. Иначе — гибель…»
«В истории развития человека началась новая фаза — период планируемой эволюции, — зазвучал не умолкая "марсианский" голос синтезатора. — Открытия в области генетики уже очень скоро позволят людям " заказывать " для своих детей внешность — фигуру , цвет волос и глаз .. . Неудивительно, что потомки современного человека будут отличаться отменным здоровьем и долголетием — средняя продолжительность жизни начнет постепенно приближаться к возрасту ветхозаветных патриархов, живших до 120 лет. Однако немногие доживут до естественного конца: миллионы людей начнут умирать от вирусов-мутантов. Эти вирусы будут не только биологическими. Ученые изобретут биокомпьютеры, компьютерные вирусы превратятся в самостоятельную форму жизни, созданную человеком.
Главным выводом его учения становится идея о «естественном» конце света — в своих трудах он доказывает , что примерно 12 миллиардов лет назад Вселенная
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была размером с горошину, вроде того самого «семени», о котором говорится в древних мифах. Однако произошел «большой взрыв» — и мироздание «распахнулось», оно и теперь продолжает расширяться. Пройдет еще около 10 миллиардов лет и Вселенная вновь начнет сжиматься, убежден Хоукинг. Вследствие этого и время двинется в обратном направлении . Иными словами, человек будет возрождаться из груды костей, заканчивая жизненный путь в материнской утробе...
Заявления Хоукинга ошеломляют, пугают, держат в напряжении. Все без исключения журналисты задают Хоукингу один и тот же вопрос не «завербован» ли он неким внеземным «высшим разумом», для того чтобы осторожно и медленно, фраза за фразой, передавать человечеству необходимую информацию? Хоукинг никогда не отвечает на этот вопрос шуткой. Никогда не дает определенного ответа. Во время лекции в Белом доме он тоже ответил уклончиво: «Я сказал пока не все».
Александр Краставцев
Vocabulary reminderInflectionless, profoundly disabled (insane) man, time and time again, neurone desease, computer, attached to the arm of the wheelchair, to call up words on the screen, to baffle, wide toothy grin, equations, incomprehensible to layman, a string of academic positions and awards, to come up with the explanation, to undermine, to allow for other interpretations, defunct body, to rise from a pile of bones, to reverse.
6 Listening oneBest sellers
A. Listen to the following extract. A literary critic discusses the success of Hawking’s book, A Brief History of Time. At first listening circle the answer you believe correct then listen again and try to catch the words supporting your choice.
1 According to the critic, the success of the book wasA predictable. В entirely unforeseen. С surprising. D undeserved.
2 The critic suggests that the sum of money Hawking received before writing the book wasA very low. В standard. С slightly above average. D unusually high.
3 According to the critic, most peopleA feel reassured because Hawking seems to have solved some important questions.В want to understand complex mathematical concepts.С are no longer interested in old religious questions.D want to fully understand what Hawking says in his book.
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4 The anecdote about the physicist and the businessman implies that the bookA explains complex concepts clearly.В oversimplifies certain concepts.С is baffling for the average reader.D is of little interest to experts in the field of astronomy.
5 The critic views Hawking's aim in writing the book asA intellectually suspect. В laudable. С indefensible. D misguided.
B. Vocabulary. These words and phrases appeared in the interview. What do they refer to? Try to recall the context they were used in and write the missing word in every line.
1. Would you have anticipated the …….. of the book? 2. It ……………… beyond our wildest dreams.3. All of these books have a long lasting appeal because they are addressing those
nagging ……. about life.4. In his book Hawking is trying to concentrate on the main …. that can be grasped,
without getting bogged down in too much technical ………5. Most people are happy to leave mathematics to …….. and take their word for it.
Guess the meaning of the words in bold; look them up in the dictionary if necessary. Use them talking about the book.
C. Answer the questions1. What were the keys to the success of Hawking’s book?2. Would you like to read “A Brief History of Time” and why?
7 Idiomatic expressions “book”
A. Expressions. Discuss the meaning of the following expressions connected with books. Then use the correct expression to replace the underlined words, making any necessary changes.• to throw the book at someone• to turn over a new leaf• to do something by the book• to be in someone's good books• to speak volumes about someone• to take a leaf out of someone's book
1. If the police catch you driving without a license and with no insurance, they will punish you severely.
2. I think you ought to behave in the same way as her and let a lawyer deal with the 12
problem.3. He decided that it was time to change, and that in future he would try and be much
kinder and more sympathetic to people less fortunate than himself.4. I think the fact that she hasn't had the good grace to apologize is very indicative of
her character.5. Mrs. Lawson is very pleased with me at the moment because I helped her clear the
garden.6. Our accountant is a little slow, but he is absolutely reliable and he follows all the
correct procedures in everything he does.
В. Translate into Russian paying special attention to expressions connected with books1.The first time he was caught shop-lifting the court let him off with a warning. This
time they arc going to throw the book at him.2.After he failed the exam the boy promised his parents he would turnover a new leaf
and really apply himself to his schoolwork.3.Most good cooks do not follow recipes, but until you are experienced it is always
safer to do things by the book.4.That was a beautiful bouquet of roses you bought Mary. You are really in her good
books now.5.The wide-eyed look on the child’s face spoke volumes about how terrified she was.6.John is an excellent student who studies hard. I wish you would take a leaf out of
his book. C. Story-telling. Prepare a short story lasting for about 30 seconds that will use and illustrate one of the idioms above. When you are ready, tell the anecdote to your partner.Or write 6 sentences for translation from Russian into English and offer them to the group, make sure you use the expressions with books and other active vocabulary.
8 Progressive aspectA. The progressive aspect can be used for a number of different reasons. What are the differences in meaning in the following sentences using the simple and progressive forms?
1. The calculations are done on the new university computer. The calculations are being done on the new university computer.
2. My brother is living with my parents. My brother lives with my parents.
3. I've read his book - it's fascinating. I've been reading his book - it's fascinating.
4. He's doing a lot of chat shows on TV.He does a lot of chat shows on TV.
B. Read through the sentences below and indicate where the progressive aspect is being used:a to talk about an action that is, or was, in progress at a particular moment in time.
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b to talk about temporary states.c to talk about uncompleted actions.d to talk about a repeated (but temporary) series of actions.e to emphasize that a repealed action is rather irritating.f to talk about a future arrangement.
C. Which feature is the most prominent? 1. He had to leave because he was seeing Jane at six.2. For 60 years, scientists have been chasing a chimera.3. She's always coming into the lessons ten minutes late.4. This time next week he'll be flying to a conference in Geneva. 5. I've been reading an excellent book on the subject.6. She will be giving lectures all over the States.7. You're always forgetting your keys.8. He told me he'd been trying to get through to you all day.9. I'm having some people to stay this weekend.10.I'm using my father's car until mine is repaired.11.We'll be working here until they've completed the new building12.When I phoned, the Professor was giving a lecture.
D. Avoiding the progressive aspect. Consider these three pairs of sentences. Which sentence in each pair sounds the most natural?
1. a The bridge has been being built for over two years now.b They have been building the bridge for over two years now.
2. a The government's immigration policy had been under review for several months.b The government's immigration policy had been being reviewed for several months.
3. a He has been being treated at the local hospital.b He has been having treatment at the local hospital.
E. Complete the following sentences. Finish each sentence in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before it. The clues help you to avoid the use of the passive in the perfect progressive tenses.1 When they finished the meeting, they had been discussing the matter for hours.When they finished the meeting, the matter had been …CLUE Use the word discussion.2 They've been selling Christmas cards since the beginning of September.Christmas …CLUE Use the phrase on sale.3 She was unaware that the police had been watching her since her arrival.She was unaware that she …
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CLUE Use the word surveillance.4 He was tired when he left as they had been interviewing him all day.He was tired when he left because he …CLUE Use the phrase to have interviews.5 The theory of relativity has been under attack recently by a number of scientists.A number …CLUE Change the sentence from passive to active.6 They have been teasing her at school because of her new glasses.She …CLUE Use the phrase to have a hard time.
F. Stative verbs. Consider the following extracts from the text: • ... she regards the world's belief that ...• There's one aspect of his thought that I find increasingly upsetting • What I can't understand is ...• ... it seems like an agnostic slamming a door in her face The verbs in italics are often referred to as 'stative' verbs. These are either not normally used in the progressive or change their meaning when used in the simple or progressive.Look through the list of common stative verbs below and classify them into the groups suggested.
appear believe belong to containdepend on doubt dislike feel find guess hate have hear imagineinvolve know like love mean mind own prefer realize remember seem smell soundsuppose taste understand want
1 verbs related to the senses …2 verbs related to thinking …3 verbs related to possession …4 verbs related to emotional states …5 verbs related to appearance …6 others …
G. Meaning changes in stative verbs. In the following pairs of sentences, put the verb into the correct tense, and explain the differences in meaning between the simple and progressive forms of the verbs.
1. I'm surprised you aren't enjoying your music classes. I … (think) they would be ideal for you.
2. I … (think) about getting a new car soon, but I’ll have to put it off until next year because I can't afford it.
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3. The concept of infinity … (be) very difficult for most people to grasp.4. I told him he … (be) unnecessarily difficult and that he ought to make a
compromise.5. There was no one downstairs; so she turned off the light again and decided that she
must … (imagine) things.6. You can tell your bank manager about your difficulties, but I … (not / imagine) he
will be all that sympathetic.7. The last time I went to Stratford, Janet Suzman. .… (appear) as Cleopatra.8. They stated in their report that there … (appear) to he a strong link between
hooliganism and social deprivation.9. I'm entirely in favour of the new law. I....… (always / feel) there was something
morally questionable about blood sports.10.If you … (not / feel) very well recently, you ought to go and see the doctor.
9 Summary skills
The theory of Inequality Talking pointsHow far do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Men and women have different kinds of brain, so it follows naturally that men and women have different inherent skills and abilities.What are your own views on the subject?
Summary skillsRead the article and decide which of the four options best sums up the point the writer is making.1 Women's brains work in a different way from men's.2 Women failed to become scientists because of male prejudice.3 Women feel resentful at the way they have been treated by men.4 Men are afraid to accept the limitations of their own intellect.
A Men’s ClubThe view was that the mind was masculine and nature feminine "A witch", wrote
Thomas Vaughan in 1650, "is a rebel in physics, and a rebel is a witch in politics. The one acts against nature, the other against order, the rule of it. For both are in league with the devil."
Modern science was born in the 16th and 17th centuries, and its enemy was witchcraft. Witchcraft was a force of darkness that could not be understood by experiment, theory and observation. Science was a new way of knowing that seemed to be sweeping away such old darknesses. And it was a masculine way of knowing Religious
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terror and male conviction resulted in the death of an estimated three million women in Europe during the 250 years of the systematic persecution of witches.
“The view was that the mind was masculine and nature feminine, says Dr Jan Harding, who works with the Fawcett Society to promote women in science. "It was not thought that women were equipped to do science, but they appeared to have access to some other form of knowledge. So it was thought they must get that knowledge from the devil."
The Royal Society in London was where modern science was institutionalised and codified. Dominated for years by the titanic figure of Isaac Newton, it was the exclusive club in which the scientific dream was first dreamt. And it was utterly, rigorously and unarguably a men's club.
Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, was allowed entry in 1667 to see a demonstration of Boyle's celebrated air pump, but that was about it, and nobody had any doubts that neither she nor any other woman was capable of grasping the arcana of this new and staggeringly effective form of knowledge. It is worth knowing that Newton himself, having changed the universe, is thought to have died celibate.
Science has remained a men's club ever since, even though the fear of witchcraft may appear to have subsided. In the 19th century, Caroline Herschel was almost as great an astronomer as her kinsmen William and John. She discovered a phenomenal eight new comets. The name Herschel is now immortalised in the textbooks, but only as the surname of two men.
By then, however, the reasons for women's inadequacy in science were no longer seen as their associations with the devil. More kindly, yet equally disastrously, they were now believed to be constitutional. Augustus de Morgan wrote to the mother of his gifted pupil, Ada Lovelace. She was proving an alarmingly capable mathematician and de Morgan feared that mathematics demanded a "very great tension of mind" which would be "beyond the strength of a woman's physical power of application". Lovelace went on to work with Charles Babbage on the development of his difference engine, the precursor of the computer.
A. Synonyms. Match them with an equivalent meaning on the right, according to how they are used.
3 titanic figure A tragic personaВ colossal number С gigantic physique D dominating persona
4. grasping the arcanaA touching the levelsB understanding the mysteriesC Holding the secretsD embracing the subjects
5. precursor A forerunnerB InventorC ExampleD embryo
С. Reference devices. What do the underlined words refer to in the passage?1 The one acts against nature, the other against order.2 its enemy was witchcraft.3 And it was a masculine way of knowing.4 they must get that knowledge from the devil.5 remained a men's club ever since.6 By then, however, the reasons for women's inadequacy.7 they were now believed to be constitutional.
D. Match one of the headings to each of the six paragraphs of the article. Exclusion of the “opposite sex”
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Fear of the unknown The “weaker sex” The male/female divide Defining terms of reference A scientific family
E. In support of his argument the writer mentions the following women:Margaret CavendishCaroline Herschel
Ada Lovelace
Which of the above:1. caused her tutor much concern?2. basked only in reflected glory?3. was the first female to gain access to one particular all-male domain?4. seemed unnaturally scientifically minded?5. was a woman of aristocratic birth?6. was a worthy member of a scientifically-minded family?
F. Linking sentences. Look at these two sentences.
1. Mary was never able to achieve the success she craved on account of the fact that she studied so hard.2. Mary was able to achieve the success she craved despite the fact that she studied so hard.
Do they sound logical? If not, how would you change them so that they do?
Now combine the appropriate information to write one sentence about each of the women in the text using the information in E. Change the wording or add details as you think necessary and use either despite the fact that or on account of the fact that in each sentence.
G. Vocabulary practice. Translate into Russian1. During the Salem Witchcraft trials in America in the 1690s, hundreds of
women were put to death for supposedly practicing witchcraft2. Among the first Europeans to settle in North America were people like the
Pilgrims and Quakers who left Europe to escape religious persecution.3. The United Nations was created at the close of World War 2 to promote
understanding among nations.4. Because of recent terrorist activity access to the Embassy is tightly controlled.5. It was an exclusive club, only the most prominent members of the business
community were considered eligible.19
6. The celebrated writer had a long string of best- selling novels to his name.7. He ran up a staggeringly high bill the first month he had a credit card.8. She was a brilliant lawyer, but her inadequacy as a housekeeper was painfully
apparent.9. He was a very feminine voice and curiosity.10. He had a nagging feeling that the boss was about to sack him for losing
the company's most important client.11.Concentrate on learning the words as they are used in the text at this stage; do not
get bogged down in all the derivatives yet.
H. Vocabulary practice. Translate into English1. В науке было несколько действительно одаренных женщин и их имена увековечены
в учебниках.2. Невзирая на убежденность мужчин, что женщины не способны заниматься наукой,
именно женщина была одним из разработчиков прототипа современного компьютера.
3. Восстание закончилось сменой правительства и гонениями бывших членов кабинета.
4. Прославленный ученый сделал ряд ошеломляющих открытий, которые увековечили его имя.
5. Это был шикарный клуб. Только самые преуспевающие бизнесмены имели в него доступ.
6. Несмотря на то, что у него нет необходимого образования он успешно продвигается вверх по служебной лестнице.
7. По оценкам ученых ухудшение состояния окружающей среды приведет к тому, что планета не сможет поддерживать жизнь и все живое вымрет.
8. Излишний макияж на лице девочки подростка может означать ее бунт против взрослых, желание подчеркнуть свою женственность либо просто стремление подражать знаменитостям.
9. В данный момент с ним невозможно связаться, сильное ухудшение здоровья заставило его уйти в отпуск.
10.Новая коллекция этого талантливого модельера удивляет ошеломительным сочетанием женственного и мужественного стилей. Успех коллекции превзошел все ожидания.
10 Listening twoA. Listen to the speech once and sum up the main points of the speaker.
B. Listen again while reading through the outline of the argument, fill in the missing words
The argument: key words1. Supposed to be enlightened …..… : not really so.
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2. Women won ………………. years ago.3. Long struggle: equal educational ……………… as men.4. Proved repeatedly: equal, often …………. to men in every field.5. Battle not over: men carry on ……… war; basically hostile.6. Even in progressive societies: women second-rate …………; different species!7. Light-hearted comments made by men: e.g. women drivers.8. Does not conceal real contempt; but ………… disprove their claims.9. Take driving: women: fewer accidents; ………… drivers, not maniacs.10. Success in any job: politicians, etc. - bear and rear ………… as well.11. Men maintain fiction; women can't do certain jobs.12. E.g. top-level political ……………, banking, no vote in certaincountries.
Why?Familiar arguments: women unreliable, …………., depend on instinct, ………..…..Men refuse to acknowledge proven ability. Clear thinking?Men cling to supremacy: inferiority …………...Shun ……………….; may be beaten.Most important task: world peace.Success if negotiations by women; some things too important to be done by men.
The counter-argument: key words1 Women: militant, shout louder because they have weak case.2 Even now, they still talk like suffragettes.3 It's nonsense to claim that men and women are ………… and have the same abilities.4. Women: different ………….. function; physically weaker; different, not inferior intellectually.5. Impossible to be wives, mothers and successful ……….. women.6. Really are unreliable: employers can't trust them. Not their ………: leave jobs to get married, have children.7. Great deal of truth in light-hearted jokes: e.g. women drivers.Women: less practical, less mechanically-………….8. Most women glad to let men look after important ………...9. They know that bearing and rearing children are more important.10. That's why there are few women in politics, etc. They are not ……………………; they exclude themselves.11.Anyway, we live in woman-…………….. societies: e.g. USA, Western Europe.12. Who is the real boss in the ……………… household? Certainly not father!13. Men are second-class citizens and women should grant them equal status!
C. Pair work. Act out dialogs using the key arguments and your own ideas. Let one of you voice the views of a hostile feminist and the other of a confirmed traditionalist.
11 Discussion21
How did male superstition to women change beginning with the 16 th century up till now? Think through your arguments. Give examples. Use active vocabulary!
12 Reading and speaking
Appearance and Character.
A. Read the text. Make a list of character adjectives and find their Russian equivalents
There are experimental ways of investigating stereotypes. One of the most obvious is to ask a group of people what traits characterize the Germans, the Italians, the Americans and so forth. Results of such studies on the whole agree fairly well with what might have been expected; there is considerable agreement between different people in any nation regarding the most characteristic traits of other nations. There is even agreement between different nations; for instance, the Americans and English agree with respect to other groups, and even, though less markedly, themselves. The German, for instance, are regarded as scientifically minded and industrious by English and Americans, alike; they arc also considered solid, intelligent, mathematical, extremely nationalistic, efficient and musical by the Americans, and arrogant, aggressive and over-nationalistic by the English. Italians are regarded as artistic, impulsive, passionate, quick-tempered, musical, religious, talkative, revengeful, lazy, unreliable and dirty by both. Negroes fare even worse. They are considered to be superstitious, lazy, happy-go-lucky, ignorant, ostentatious, musical, slovenly, unreliable, dirty and religious by both Americans and English.
The Irish do rather better. While they too are religious and happy-go-lucky, they are also supposed to be quick-tempered, winy, industrious, nationalistic, quarrelsome, aggressive and pugnacious. Jews are believed to be shrewd, mercenary, industrious, intelligent, loyal to family, grasping, ambitious, sly and persistent. They are also credited with being very religious. The Chinese, as one would have expected, arc looked upon with more favour by the English, who consider them industrious, courteous, meditative, intelligent and loyal to their families, than by the Americans, who consider them superstitious, sly, conservative, ignorant and deceitful. The Japanese stereotype seems to have altered considerably as a result of the war. Where prewar they were considered intelligent, progressive, industrious, shrewd and meditative, they arc now considered cruel, fanatic, treacherous, though still imitative and industrious. Perhaps a few more years will serve to restore them to their previous status. Turks do rather badly; apparently they are cruel, treacherous, sensual, dirty, deceitful, sly, quarrelsome, revengeful and superstitious. They make up for his by being very religious.
The French, needless to say, are sophisticated, talkative, artistic, passionate and witty, whereas the Russians are industrious, tough, suspicious, brave and progressive. The English consider themselves sportsmanlike, reserved, tradition loving, conventional and intelligent; astonishingly enough, Americans agree, adding however, that the English are
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also sophisticated, courteous, honest, industrious, extremely nationalistic, and, I hardly dare put this thing down, humourless! The Americans consider themselves industrious, intelligent, materialistic, ambitious, progressive, pleasure-loving, alert, efficient, straightforward, practical and sportsmanlike; the English agree that Americans are materialistic and pleasure-loving, but also consider them generous, talkative and, most widely used adjective of all, boastful.
B. Speaking. Answer the questions using the above article and your own experience.1. Define the notion “national stereotype”. How accurate are the stereotypes? Give
examples from your own experience.2. Characterize a typical Russian from the point of view of a Russian person.3. How do foreigners perceive us now? Be argumentative!4. What traits do you share with a typical Russian and what makes you a non-typical
Russian?
13 Vocabulary brush up
Fill the gap with a suitable word1. The disease caused a slow, but serious deterioration... the body.2. He is a highly moral man ... strong convictions.3. When the director emerged ... the meeting he was shaking ... anger.4. He wishes his parents were not so pressed ... time.5. She has devoted most ... her married life ... the welfare ... her family.6. I l ie only means ... access ... the buildings is along a muddy road.7. The Queen's visit has been planned ... coincide ... the school's 200th
anniversary.8. No one is allowed ... the director's office when he is not there.9. The book is written ... non - technical language, making it highly accessible ...
the layman.10. The mind ... one ... the greatest thinkers is imprisoned ... a profoundly disabled
body.11. She was raised ... a devout Catholic family.12. They arrived ... the station just... the nick ... time.13. He has promised to turn ... a new leaf... his life.14. Einstein's theory ... relativity is difficult... most people to grasp.15. I hear John is not ... Mary's good books these days ... account ... all the
traveling he has been doing for his job.16. When he is ... town, they argue ... everything. Frankly, I am worried ... them.17. I got lost so I attached myself... another party ... tourists.18. We tried to find out the Senator's opinion ... the matter, but he was not available
comment.19. The value ... the painting was estimated ... several thousand pounds.20. Those ... slimming diets should substitute saccharin ... the sugar.
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21. A light meal will not sustain us ... the day.22. The house is unsafe since the foundations were undermined ... floods.23. We must start early, to allow ... finding their house.24. The accident resulted ... the death ... two passengers.25. The city's water supply is no longer adequate ... its needs.26. Let s try not to get too bogged these detailed points.27. The young army officer was promoted ... the rank ... captain.28. This document is comprehensible only ... lawyers.29. She was reduced ...begging ... a living.30. The President has emerged ... this incident... his reputation intact.31. Try to project your mind ... the future and imagine what life will be like then.
14 Introduction to Writing a descriptive composition
A. Read passages 1-3. Which one was probably spoken by:a. an interviewer?b. someone talking about an acquaintance’s new boyfriend? c. someone talking about a person they have forgotten?
1. … I didn’t think much of him to be honest. He struck me as being rather shy and reserved, and he looked a bit timid. He’s probably very sensitive and all the rest of it but he gave me the impression of being a bit dull for her.
2. … I must say, I felt he didn’t come across very well; his reasons for wanting to join the firm were very vague, and he certainly didn’t seem very bright. He looked much too casual, and actually he reminded me a bit of my Mr. Jenkins, who lost us a lot of clients because he simply didn’t look like a professional.
3. … I’m not even sure, which one you are talking about… you’re sure I met him, are you? Well, I suppose it just goes to show that he didn’t exactly make a big impression on me.
B. Read these two extracts. Which of them contains the most information and what kind of information is it?Passage A She is 71 years old. She has an oval face, a straight nose, blue eyes and a wrinkled face. She has wavy grey hair which she keeps in a bun.Passage В When she laughs, her sparkling blue eyes flash with youthful delight and shine brightly from behind the mask of her wrinkled face.
C. Practice. Write two similar sentences about someone you know, the first with purely factual information and the second with some indications of the person's character.
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D. Character adjectives. Character adjectives, when used in moderation, can help to bring a description of a person into focus. Work with a partner, using a dictionary if necessary, and match the words on the left with words of similar meaning on the right. Do any of the words describe you?
E. Features. In addition to character adjectives, almost any item or object can be used to help to delineate a character. Look at the following example.
Jacket Hair Voice
One of the students in the class is painfully shy. She always wears an extra-large waxed cotton jacket that envelopes her almost completely, and which comes up to her chin; with a shake of the head, most of the rest of her face can be hidden behind her long black hair. All this, together with a voice that is never raised above a whisper, makes you wonder sometimes whether she is there at all.
F. Practice. Write short sketches of people (real or imaginary) incorporating the following items.
1. bootsa doghands
2. a posturea tone of voicea fire
3. eyesa pencila room
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G. Significance. Think of a friend or member of your family. If you were writing a creative description of them, which of the following items might you find useful?
their hair their facial features their problems things they have done things they like to do things they have said their hands their attitudes and beliefs their relationships their shoes their gestures and reactions their furniture the walls in their room their clothes their skin their possessions their age their habits their hobbies their build their occupation
H. Practice. Read the following extract from a description of an orphan. Indicate which of the items from the list above have been used and compare your answers with a partner.
He was brought to the asylum at the age of three, when the staff at the orphanage could no longer cope with his unruly behaviour, and he has been here for the last eight years. He is surrounded by the despairing cries of the other fifteen or so children who share the room, which is illuminated by a single electric bulb hanging from the ceiling, just out of reach.
There is no warmth surrounding him, so for much of the day he sits on the stone floor in his ragged, threadbare clothes, clasping his knees tightly to his thin body and burying his head; there are moments of fury as well, when he batters his pale, scarred face with his fists or beats his head against one of the walls. At other times he simply sits there, rocking relentlessly backwards and forwards, his wide open, jet-black eyes staring feverishly at the grey concrete walls and at a terrifying, endless future as bleak as despair itself.
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14 Writing
A. Character descriptionsWrite three short character sketches based on the information below. For each one write:
a first paragraph, using the three adjectives given. b second paragraph, including more details about the person using the prompts
given.
EXAMPLE:a. use these adjectives: dull, pedestrian, conventionalb. talk about: the person’s hobbies and interests
a. Mr. Jenkins, my old neighbour, was a very dull person who held only conventional ideas and led an extremely pedestrian life.
b. It came as no great surprise when I discovered that his hobby was memorizing bus timetables; his knowledge of the subject was encyclopaedic. When asked, for example, how to get from one obscure part of the country to another on a wet Wednesday afternoon, he could detail precisely which buses one would have to take, where to change, and how long the journey would last, but he could never conceal the frisson of excitement that overcame him when he had met such a challenge.
1. a. frivolous, gregarious, vivaciousb. their gestures and reactions
2. a. boorish, moody, aggressiveb. their habits
3. a. condescending, arrogant, snobbishb. their attitudes and beliefs
B. Writing a descriptive composition Write a description of the person whom you would most like to see again.
Stage 1 General approach. Take care in the planning stage to pay full attention to the implications of the title and the possible ways of interpreting it.
Stage 2 Brainstorming. Think of the most significant features about the person. Consider whether you will use “character adjectives” or external items to help you.
Stage 3 Organization. Arrange your thoughts into several clearly defined paragraphs. You could begin with some general information about the person, where you met, and explain
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why you have not seen them recently; then you could take one or two paragraphs to describe their personality in some detail and give examples; then you could finish by talking about the likelihood of seeing them again.
Stage 4 Write a composition of about 350 words. Time how long it takes you just to write – do not include the time for planning.
Stage 5 Check you work carefully.
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UNIT 2 VOCABULARY LISTA brief history of timechase (v.)relate (v.)bare (adj.)to lay bare the secrets of nature profound (adj.), profound invalid/knowledge/interest etc. attach (v.)
1. to attach a message to the flowers2. to attach a colour printer to the computer3. to attach importance to smth4. to be attached to smb
coincide (v.), coincidence (n.), by coincidenceproject (v.)
1. to project an image to the screen2. two tusks projected from the upper jaw
emerge (v.)1. rumors began to emerge2. the caterpillar emerged from its cocoon
The Hawking Storyconceal (v.)undermine (v.), to undermine foundation/religions convictions etc./ beliefreduce (v.)to reduce smth to smthto reduce fruit to a pulpto allow for (v.)devout (adj.)
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Best sellers (listening 1)anticipate (v.) successto be beyond wildest dreamsnagging (adj.) questions)to get bogged down in detailsto take smb’s word for something
A men’s clubrebel (v.), rebel (n.), rebellion (n.)witch (n.), witchcraftpersecute (v.), persecution (n.)promote (v.), to promote development and use of public transportaccess (n.), to have/gain access to sthexclusive (adj.)
1. an exclusive club/shop/restaurant2. exclusive rights
Expressions with timenow’s a fine timeall in good time(be / come / leave) on timetime and time againa bit pressed for timeat the best of timesto kill timeto buy limejust in the nick of timefor the time being
Expressions with booksto throw the book at someoneto turn over a new leafto do something by the bookto be in someone's good booksto speak volumes about someoneto take a leaf out of someone's book
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Unit 2 Vocabulary combinatory guide
Chase (n.) - to abandon, to give up the ~; in ~ of.
chase (v.) -to ~ after ( fame); to~ from/ out of (~ the dog out of our yard).
relate(v.) to ~ to (this law does not ~ to your case; how do they ~ to each other)
relation (n.) a ~ between, in ~ to.
related (adj.) I am ~ to him by marriagebare (adj.) The hills were ~ of vegetation, to lay something ~ (to
lay bare the secrets of nature).profound (adj.) profound invalid/knowledge/interest etc.attach (v.) to attach a colour printer to the computer, to attach
importance/significance to smth, to be deeply/ strongly attached to smb,
attachment (n.) To feel/ form an ~, a strong, lasting, sentimental ~.coincide (v.) To ~ with.coincidence (n.) by mere/pure/sere coincidence, a
happy/odd/strange/remarkable ~.project (v.) to ~ an image to the screen, two tusks ~ from the upper
jaw.projection (n.) To make a ~, a computer ~.emerge (v.) rumors began to ~, the caterpillar ~ from its cocoon, he
~ as a leading contender.baffle (n.) To ~ completely, it ~ed me that they rejected our offer.gadget (n.) a small object or device that performs or aids a simple
task, it appears useful but is often unnecessary or superfluousA ~ for (they have ~s for everything), a ~ to clean windows.
gimmick (n.) 1.a piece of trickery or manipulation intended to achieve a result dishonestly2.a piece of concealed information that, if known, would make an offer or opportunity less attractive3.something such as a new technique or device that attracts attention or publicity
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4.an ingenious device, mechanism, or ploy, especially one that works in a concealed wayAn advertising/ promotional ~.
estimate (n.) by early/rough ~.substitute (v.), to ~ a copy for the original, to ~ for an injured playersubstitute (n.) A poor ~ for something.sustain (v.) to ~ life on the planet, hope ~ her.
deteriorate (v.) Leather quickly ~s in a hot, wet climate.deterioration (n.)
equation (n.) To formulate/state an ~, to solve/work an ~, an ~ in one unknown/ in two unknowns.
comprehend (v.)comprehension(n.) To defy/ elude ~, beyond ~.(in)comprehensible (adj.)
~ to smb.
comprehensive (adj.)
comprehensive school / victory / review / layman (n.)
The Hawking Story
conceal (v.) To ~ the fact/ the truth from somebody
undermine (v.) to ~ foundation/religions convictions etc./reduce (v.) To ~ smb. in rank, to ~ smth to smth (to ~ fruit to a
pulp), she was ~ to povertyto allow (v.) he ~ed himself no meat, to ~ for (we ~ed for the
difference in age), to ~ for other interpretations.devout (adj.) A ~old lady, ~ supporter, ~ wishes for your success.
Devote v. To~ oneself completely/ entirely to smt.Devoted (adj.) Blindly/ completely ~ toConviction (n.) A burning/strong/ lifelong ~, to carry ~ (his story
carries~).
A men’s club
rebel (v.) To ~ against tyranny, they ~ at the thought of getting up before dawn.
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rebel (n.) A ~ against smt.rebellion (n.) To stir up a ~, to crush/put down a ~, an open ~
against smt.witch (n.) witchcraft To practice ~.
persecute (v.), To ~ for (they were ~ed for their religious beliefs).persecution (n.) To suffer ~, bloody ~, political/ racial/ religious ~.
promote (v.) to ~ development and use of public transport, she was ~d from captain to major.
access (n.) to have/gain / deny ~ to smt., a direct/ easy/ free/ unlimited/ limited ~ to smt.
exclusive (adj.) an ~ club/shop/restaurant, ~ rights
celebrity (n.), An international/ literary / local / visiting/ Hollywood ~.
celebrated (adj.) ~ as a painter, ~ for scientific research.
staggering (adj.) It was ~ to+inf. (it was ~ to total up the losses).
staggered (adj.) ~ at /by (~ at the news of the eathquake), ~ to +inf, (she was ~ to learn of the fire).
(in)adequacy (n.),(in)adequate (adj.) ~ for/ to ( the supply of waster is ~ for the trip/ to
meet the demand).immortalize (v.) To ~ oneself in smt.
masculinity (n.),masculine (adj.) A ~ style/ woman.
