UNIT 2UNIT 2

NATURAL NATURAL RESOURCESRESOURCES

Structure of Natural Resources and it’s Structure of Natural Resources and it’s UsefulnessUsefulness

Natural Resources

Biotic(Plant & Animal Species)

Ecosystem

Abiotic(Air, Water,

Minerals etc.)

History of Our Global Environment and History of Our Global Environment and Changes in Land and Resource UseChanges in Land and Resource Use

Natural Ecological Changes

Event Time Line

Birth of Earth 4600 m.y. ago      

Earliest Cells 3600 m.y. ago

First Algae 1200 m.y. agoExplosion of Algae & Marine forms 560 m.y. ago

First Fish 488 m.y. ago

Reptiles & Conifers 359 m.y. ago

Mamals & Dinosaurs 251 m.y. ago

Whales & Horses 55.8 m.y. ago

Grasses 33.9 m.y. ago

Forests 23 m.y. ago

Glaciers 1.8 m.y. ago

Humans (Hunters) 11,500 years ago

Agriculture 8000 years ago

Clearing of Forests and Harnessing Water by constructing irrigation structures- Desert Formation, Change in Eco system in mild forms, Unequal resource distribution

Industrial Revolution-I

240 years ago

Deforestation, Over Use of Natural Resources, High levels of pollution, Wide spread damage to ecosystem, Acceleration of inequality in resource usage.

Industrial Revolution-II

120 years ago

All the consequences of IR-I reaching dangerous proportions. Beginning of Environmental consciousness & spread of Environmental movements and people’s rights movements

Development

MaterialResource

Financial Resource

Artificial (Man Made)

Natural

Why to bother about natural resources?

Natural Resource to Artificial Material Resources & Financial resource is One Way Traffic !! 

Is that a Big Problem ??

Natural Resources and Associated ProblemsNatural Resources and Associated Problems

Unequal Consumption Unequal Consumption

A major part of natural resources consumed in the A major part of natural resources consumed in the ‘developed’ world.‘developed’ world.

The ‘developing nations’ also over use many The ‘developing nations’ also over use many resources because of their greater human resources because of their greater human population.population.

However, the consumption of resources per capita However, the consumption of resources per capita (per individual) of the developed countries is up to (per individual) of the developed countries is up to 50 times greater than in most developing countries.50 times greater than in most developing countries.

Advanced countries produce over 75% of global Advanced countries produce over 75% of global industrial waste and greenhouse gases.industrial waste and greenhouse gases.

Energy from fossil fuels consumed in relatively much Energy from fossil fuels consumed in relatively much greater quantities in developed countries. greater quantities in developed countries.

Their per capita consumption of food too is much Their per capita consumption of food too is much greater as well as their waste The USA for example with greater as well as their waste The USA for example with just 4% of the world’s population consumes about 25% just 4% of the world’s population consumes about 25%

of the world’s resourcesof the world’s resources. . Producing animal food for human consumption requires Producing animal food for human consumption requires

more land than growing crops. Thus countries that are more land than growing crops. Thus countries that are highly dependent on non-vegetarian diets need much highly dependent on non-vegetarian diets need much larger areas for pastureland than those where the larger areas for pastureland than those where the people are mainly vegetarian.people are mainly vegetarian.

The Need for Sustainable Lifestyles The Need for Sustainable Lifestyles

The quality of human life and the quality of ecosystems on earth The quality of human life and the quality of ecosystems on earth are indicators of the sustainable use of resources. are indicators of the sustainable use of resources.

There are clear indicators of sustainable lifestyles in human life.There are clear indicators of sustainable lifestyles in human life.• • Increased longevityIncreased longevity• • An increase in knowledgeAn increase in knowledge• • An enhancement of income.An enhancement of income.These three together are known as the ‘These three together are known as the ‘human development human development index’index’. .

The quality of the ecosystems have indicators that are more The quality of the ecosystems have indicators that are more difficult to assess.difficult to assess.• • A stabilized population.A stabilized population.• • The long term conservation of biodiversity.The long term conservation of biodiversity.• • The careful long-term use of natural resources.The careful long-term use of natural resources.• • The prevention of degradation and pollution of the environment.The prevention of degradation and pollution of the environment.

Earth’s Resources and theirEarth’s Resources and theirImportanceImportance

AtmosphereAtmosphere HydrosphereHydrosphere LithosphereLithosphere BiosphereBiosphere

AtmosphereAtmosphere Provides oxygen for life on earth.Provides oxygen for life on earth.

Troposhere Troposhere is a natural thermostat. Balances the temperature to a is a natural thermostat. Balances the temperature to a level which is conducive for survival of life on earth.level which is conducive for survival of life on earth.• Troposphere is lower portion of atmosphere, extending upto about 8 Troposphere is lower portion of atmosphere, extending upto about 8

km at poles and 16 km at the equator.km at poles and 16 km at the equator.

• It is about 3/4It is about 3/4thth of atmospheric mass and is abode of clouds, storms of atmospheric mass and is abode of clouds, storms and convective motion.and convective motion.

• Troposhere is a natural thermostat. Troposhere is a natural thermostat.

• This layer is of greatest in pollution control since this is the layer in This layer is of greatest in pollution control since this is the layer in which most living things exists.which most living things exists.

• One of the most recent changes in troposphere knows the One of the most recent changes in troposphere knows the phenomenon of acid rains.phenomenon of acid rains.

StratosphereStratosphere It is 50 km in thickness, It is 50 km in thickness, has ozone layer which is has ozone layer which is protective shield against ultraviolet rays and Sulphate layer which is protective shield against ultraviolet rays and Sulphate layer which is responsible for formation of rain.responsible for formation of rain. and contains a large number of and contains a large number of Sulphates which are important formation of rains.Sulphates which are important formation of rains.

HydrosphereHydrosphere The hydrosphere consists of oceans, seas, rivers, glaciers, The hydrosphere consists of oceans, seas, rivers, glaciers,

lakes, reservoirs, etc.,lakes, reservoirs, etc., Provides fresh water for life sustenance and agriculture.Provides fresh water for life sustenance and agriculture. Hydrosphere covers 3/4Hydrosphere covers 3/4thth of the earth’s surface. Major part of is of the earth’s surface. Major part of is

marine ecosystem as ocean and only small part is fresh water.marine ecosystem as ocean and only small part is fresh water.

LithosphereLithosphere Lithosphere is the top crust of the earth on which the Lithosphere is the top crust of the earth on which the

continents and ocean basins rest.continents and ocean basins rest. The lithosphere is the soil mantle in which biological activities The lithosphere is the soil mantle in which biological activities

takes place.takes place. The lithosphere plays an important role as it not only produces The lithosphere plays an important role as it not only produces

food for human beings and animals, but also the food for human beings and animals, but also the decomposition of organic waste is carried out by host of decomposition of organic waste is carried out by host of microorganisms in soil.microorganisms in soil.

Soil ecology provides fertile soil for agricultureSoil ecology provides fertile soil for agriculture Storehouse of Minerals, Fossil fuels.Storehouse of Minerals, Fossil fuels.

BiosphereBiosphere

Provides Food for all Biotic interdependent Provides Food for all Biotic interdependent species.species.

Source of energy.Source of energy.

Source for Variety of bio-products useful for Source for Variety of bio-products useful for human life like Medicinal plants and Organisms.human life like Medicinal plants and Organisms.

Very important for maintaining balance of Very important for maintaining balance of Ecosystem.Ecosystem.

Natural Cycles Between the SphereNatural Cycles Between the Sphere

All four spheres are closely inter-linked All four spheres are closely inter-linked systems and are dependent on the systems and are dependent on the integrity of each other integrity of each other

BIOGEOCHEMICAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLESCYCLES

Biogeochemical cycles include oxygen, Biogeochemical cycles include oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles.carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles.

ResourcesResources

It means a source of supply/support It means a source of supply/support i.e, i.e, generally held in reserve natural generally held in reserve natural means, an ecosystem not influenced means, an ecosystem not influenced by man by man

It means that reserve stock of supply It means that reserve stock of supply which living things can take from which living things can take from nature for sustainance of life.nature for sustainance of life.

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

The natural reserve stock/ supply The natural reserve stock/ supply which man utilizes for sustainance which man utilizes for sustainance and welfare.and welfare.

Natural resources are of two typesNatural resources are of two types

a) Renewablea) Renewable

b) Non-renewableb) Non-renewable

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

Definition: variety of goods and services Definition: variety of goods and services provided by nature which are necessary for our provided by nature which are necessary for our day-to-day livesday-to-day lives

Plants, animals and microbes (living or biotic part)Plants, animals and microbes (living or biotic part)

Air, water, soil, minerals, climate and solar energy (non-living Air, water, soil, minerals, climate and solar energy (non-living or abiotic part)or abiotic part)

DEFINITIONDEFINITION Natural Resource ( NR) is defined as a form of Natural Resource ( NR) is defined as a form of

energy and/or matter which is essential for the energy and/or matter which is essential for the functioning of organisms, population and functioning of organisms, population and ecosystem.ecosystem.

NR is essential for the fulfillment ofNR is essential for the fulfillment of• physiological, physiological, • social, social, • economical and economical and • cultural cultural

needs at the individual and community levelsneeds at the individual and community levels..

Renewable and Non-Renewable Renewable and Non-Renewable ResourcesResources

Renewable resourcesRenewable resources

Natural resources which can be used but can be Natural resources which can be used but can be regenerated by natural processes, provided if regenerated by natural processes, provided if there is no intervention in natural regeneration there is no intervention in natural regeneration cycle.cycle.

Example: Water, WooExample: Water, Woodd

Non Renewable ResourcesNon Renewable Resources

Those which will be exhausted in the future if we Those which will be exhausted in the future if we continue to extract these without a thought for continue to extract these without a thought for subsequent generations.subsequent generations.

Example: Minerals, Fossil fuelsExample: Minerals, Fossil fuels..

From anjaneyuluFrom anjaneyulu

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION

What Will Be Discussed In This Unit? Types of Resources

Forest Resource Water Resource Land Resource Mineral Resource   Food Resource Energy Resource

Forest Resources derived from latin word ‘foris’

A forest can be defined as a biotic community predominant of trees, shrubs or any other woody vegetation usually in a closed canopy.

Necessity of the resource in maintaining ecological balance/sustained development

Functions of the resource Degradation of the resource Conservation of the resource

Govt rolePeople’s participation

DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS BY REGION

RegionRegion Forest area Forest area (1000 ha)(1000 ha)

% of % of global global forest forest areaarea

AfricaAfrica 635412635412 16.116.1

AsiaAsia 571577571577 14.514.5

EuropeEurope 10013941001394 25.325.3

North & Central North & Central AmericaAmerica

705849705849 17.917.9

OceaniaOceania 206254206254 5.25.2

South AmericaSouth America 831540831540 21.021.0

TOTALTOTAL 39520253952025 100100

WORLD FOREST MAPWORLD FOREST MAP

India’s Forest Cover : 6,76,000 India’s Forest Cover : 6,76,000 sq.km. sq.km.

(20.55% of geographic area)(20.55% of geographic area) Dense Forests : 4,17,000 sq.km. Dense Forests : 4,17,000 sq.km.

Open Forests : 2,59,000 sq.km. Open Forests : 2,59,000 sq.km.

Mangroves ; 4,490 sq.km.Mangroves ; 4,490 sq.km.

Madhya Pradesh- 77,265 sq.km. (11.5%) Madhya Pradesh- 77,265 sq.km. (11.5%)

Arunachal Pradesh – 68,045 sq.km. (10%)Arunachal Pradesh – 68,045 sq.km. (10%)

Chattisgarh – 56,448 sq.km. (8.4%)Chattisgarh – 56,448 sq.km. (8.4%)

FOREST MAP OF INDIAFOREST MAP OF INDIA

FOREST MAP OF FOREST MAP OF KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

Million hectaresMillion hectares %%

Geographical Geographical areaarea

328.8328.8

ForestForest 74.774.7 22.722.7

As per national As per national forest policy of forest policy of 1998, the 1998, the ecological ecological balancebalance

33.333.3

Ministry of Ministry of AgricultureAgriculture

64 with 37.8 64 with 37.8 under dense under dense forestforest

1919

NRSANRSA 1212

The annual The annual productivity of productivity of Indian forestIndian forest

Very low – 0.5 Very low – 0.5 mm33/ha/ha

The annual The annual productivity-productivity-worldworld

2 m2 m33/ha/ha

Per capita forest Per capita forest area in Indiaarea in India

0.11 ha0.11 ha

Per capita forest Per capita forest area in worldarea in world

1.60 ha1.60 ha

TYPE OF FORESTSTYPE OF FORESTS

Are determined by temperature Are determined by temperature &rainfall.&rainfall. Tropical forestsTropical forests Temperate forestsTemperate forests Savanna grasslandSavanna grassland Coniferous forestsConiferous forests Tundra forestsTundra forests

Distribution of Indian Forests by Distribution of Indian Forests by TypeType

TypePercenta

ge(%)

Location

Tropical moist deciduous 37

Andamans, U.P., Madhya Pradesh, Gujarath, Maharastra, Karnataka,

KeralaTropical dry deciduous 28

North strip of Himalayas, South strip of Kanyakumari

Tropical dry evergreen 8

Western ghats, Andamans, Assam

Subtropical pine7

Himalayas

Others20

 

WHY ARE THEY WHY ARE THEY IMPORTANT?IMPORTANT?

Play a very crucial role in every nation’s Play a very crucial role in every nation’s economical, social and cultural economical, social and cultural activities .activities .

Many river systems originate in forests Many river systems originate in forests and anchor rich biodiversity.and anchor rich biodiversity.

Forests provide timber and many non-Forests provide timber and many non-timber products to the local timber products to the local communities and national economy.communities and national economy.

In India more than In India more than 2,00,000 villages2,00,000 villages are are located in the fringe of forests.located in the fringe of forests.

More than More than 20 crore people20 crore people (including 7 (including 7 crore tribals) depend on forests for their crore tribals) depend on forests for their livelihood.livelihood.

About About 3 crore3 crore people are directly involved people are directly involved in gathering & trading non-timber forest in gathering & trading non-timber forest products like fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves, products like fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves, honey, lac, gum etc. honey, lac, gum etc.

Any impact on forest vegetation & Any impact on forest vegetation & biodiversity will have adverse implications biodiversity will have adverse implications for livelihood of forest-dependent for livelihood of forest-dependent communities. communities.

FORESTS ARE WORLD’S TREASURE FORESTS ARE WORLD’S TREASURE OF BIO-DIVERSITYOF BIO-DIVERSITY

Forest FunctionsForest Functions

I. I. Protective And Ameliorative Protective And Ameliorative FunctionsFunctions..

II. II. Productive FunctionsProductive Functions

III.III. Recreational And Educational Recreational And Educational FunctionsFunctions

IVIV. . Development FunctionsDevelopment Functions

I. Protective and ameliorative I. Protective and ameliorative functions.functions.

Water shed protectionWater shed protection Reducing the rate of surface run-off of waterReducing the rate of surface run-off of water Preventing flash floods and soil erosionPreventing flash floods and soil erosion Producing prolonged gradual run-off and thus Producing prolonged gradual run-off and thus

safeguarding against drought.safeguarding against drought. Erosion controlErosion control Holding soil (by preventing rain from from directly Holding soil (by preventing rain from from directly

washing soil away)washing soil away) Land bankLand bank Maintaining soil nutrients and structure.Maintaining soil nutrients and structure. Atmospheric regulationAtmospheric regulation Absorption of solar heat during evapotranspirationAbsorption of solar heat during evapotranspiration Maintaining carbon dioxide levels for plant growthMaintaining carbon dioxide levels for plant growth Maintaining the local climatic conditionsMaintaining the local climatic conditions

II. Productive FunctionsII. Productive Functions Local useLocal use – Consumption of forest produce by local – Consumption of forest produce by local

people who collect it for subsistencepeople who collect it for subsistence FoodFood Fodder for cattleFodder for cattle Fuel wood and charcoal for cooking and heatingFuel wood and charcoal for cooking and heating Poles for building homes in rural and wilderness Poles for building homes in rural and wilderness

areasareas Timber for house hold articles and constructionTimber for house hold articles and construction Fiber for weaving baskets, ropes, nets, strings, Fiber for weaving baskets, ropes, nets, strings, etc.,etc., Sericulture for silkSericulture for silk Apiculture for rearing bees for honey (bees as Apiculture for rearing bees for honey (bees as

pollinators)pollinators) Medicinal plants for traditional medicines, Medicinal plants for traditional medicines,

investigating them as potential source for new investigating them as potential source for new modern drugs modern drugs

Market useMarket use Most of the products used for Most of the products used for

consumptive purposes and good consumptive purposes and good source of income for supporting their source of income for supporting their livelihoodlivelihood

Minor forest products (NTFPs): Fuel Minor forest products (NTFPs): Fuel wood, fruits, gum, fiber, wood, fruits, gum, fiber, etc etc are are source of income for forest dwellerssource of income for forest dwellers

Timber extraction for construction, Timber extraction for construction, industrial uses, paper pulp industrial uses, paper pulp etcetc

III.III. Recreational And Recreational And

Educational FunctionsEducational Functions

IV. Development FunctionsIV. Development Functions Employment functionsEmployment functions RevenueRevenue

Ecological significance of Ecological significance of forestsforests

Balances COBalances CO22 and O and O22 levels in atmosphere. levels in atmosphere. Regulates earth temp and hydrological cycleRegulates earth temp and hydrological cycle encourage seepage and reduces runoff encourage seepage and reduces runoff

losses, prevents droughtlosses, prevents drought Reduces soil erosion (roots binding), Reduces soil erosion (roots binding),

prevents siltation and landslides thereby prevents siltation and landslides thereby floodsfloods

Litter helps maintaining soil fertilityLitter helps maintaining soil fertility Safe habitat for birds, wild animals and Safe habitat for birds, wild animals and

organisms against wind, solar radiation and organisms against wind, solar radiation and rainrain

Deforestation Deforestation British timesBritish times early period following independence -early period following independence -

CAUSES OF DEFORESTATIONCAUSES OF DEFORESTATION Broadly –agric, logging, cash crop Broadly –agric, logging, cash crop

economy, mining and damseconomy, mining and dams Increase in populationIncrease in population Urbanization & industrializationUrbanization & industrialization Mineral explorationMineral exploration Construction of dam reservoirsConstruction of dam reservoirs Infrastructure developmentInfrastructure development Over grazing & Forest firesOver grazing & Forest fires Human encroachment & exploitationHuman encroachment & exploitation Pollution-acid rainPollution-acid rain

HUMAN ACTIVITIES & FORESTS…HUMAN ACTIVITIES & FORESTS… Clearing and burning of forests for Clearing and burning of forests for

agriculture, cattle raring & timber agriculture, cattle raring & timber extraction extraction loss of biodiversity, loss of biodiversity, extinction of species and soil erosion extinction of species and soil erosion loss of vital top soil and disturbance of loss of vital top soil and disturbance of carbon cycle leading to global warming.carbon cycle leading to global warming.

Clearing, cutting & conversion of forest Clearing, cutting & conversion of forest land in hilly region for agriculture and land in hilly region for agriculture and plantations and housing plantations and housing landslides, floods and silting of rivers.landslides, floods and silting of rivers.

INDUSTRILISATIONINDUSTRILISATION

How much wood goes in to making paper? How much wood goes in to making paper?

Paper industry – world’s fastest growing consumer of Paper industry – world’s fastest growing consumer of wood.wood.

World wide – 40% and expected to reach 60% by 2050World wide – 40% and expected to reach 60% by 2050

US – 30% worlds paper use – consuming a billion trees US – 30% worlds paper use – consuming a billion trees a year – releasing 100 million tons of toxins every year.a year – releasing 100 million tons of toxins every year.

India – 600 paper mills – 8.5 million capacity –39% India – 600 paper mills – 8.5 million capacity –39% wood and bamboo, 31% agricultural residue, 30% wood and bamboo, 31% agricultural residue, 30% waste paper.waste paper.

URBANISATIONURBANISATION

DAMS/RESERVOIRSDAMS/RESERVOIRS

CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATIONCONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION

o FOODFOODo ECOLOGICAL BALANCEECOLOGICAL BALANCEo INCREASING COINCREASING CO22

o Soil erosionSoil erosion

o Destruction of resourcesDestruction of resources

o Heavy siltation of damsHeavy siltation of dams

o Changes in the microclimateChanges in the microclimate

o Loss of biodiversityLoss of biodiversity

o Destruction of scenic beautyDestruction of scenic beauty

o Environmental pollutionEnvironmental pollution

Management of forest Management of forest resourceresource

Def:Def: proper management and proper management and utilization of forest land, forest flora utilization of forest land, forest flora and fauna by adopting scientific, and fauna by adopting scientific, technical and economic principles of technical and economic principles of forestry.forestry.

Aim: to maintain sustainable supply Aim: to maintain sustainable supply of goods and services to people and of goods and services to people and industry and to check the forests industry and to check the forests from degradation.from degradation.

ConservationConservation conservation derived from two Latin conservation derived from two Latin

words,words,- - concon – together – together- - servare servare – to keep or guard measures– to keep or guard measuresi.e.i.e. an act of preservation or to keep an act of preservation or to keep together .together .

CONCEPTS IN CONSERVATIONCONCEPTS IN CONSERVATION

Restraining cutting trees and submerging the forestsRestraining cutting trees and submerging the forests ReforestationReforestation Control forest diseases and forest fireControl forest diseases and forest fire Recycling forest productsRecycling forest products Replacing forest productsReplacing forest products

Conservation of Forest ResourcesConservation of Forest Resources

Wild life (protection) Act – 1972 – Wild life (protection) Act – 1972 – towards conserving biodiversity.towards conserving biodiversity.

Forest Conservation Act – 1980 – Forest Conservation Act – 1980 – avoids diversionavoids diversion

National Forest Policy –National Forest Policy – Conservation and protection Conservation and protection

forestryforestry Production and commercial Production and commercial

forestry:forestry: • Social forestry - Farm forestry, public Social forestry - Farm forestry, public

woodlots, community woodlotswoodlots, community woodlots• Agro forestryAgro forestry

Benefits of social forestryBenefits of social forestry Ensures supply of basic needs of Ensures supply of basic needs of

community by supply of timber, fodder community by supply of timber, fodder and fueland fuel

Provides employment opportunitiesProvides employment opportunities Popularises economic tree farming along Popularises economic tree farming along

with crop farmingwith crop farming Protects agril. Crops against strong windsProtects agril. Crops against strong winds Checks soil erosion, conserves soil and Checks soil erosion, conserves soil and

water to maintain ecological balancewater to maintain ecological balance Checks migration of rural people.Checks migration of rural people. Maintains delicate balance between man, Maintains delicate balance between man,

mature and natural resources.mature and natural resources.

Joint Forest Management Joint Forest Management (JFM)(JFM)

The need to include local communities in Forest The need to include local communities in Forest Management has become a growing concern.Management has become a growing concern.

Local people will only support greening an area Local people will only support greening an area if they can see some economic benefit from if they can see some economic benefit from conservation. conservation.

An informal arrangement between local An informal arrangement between local communities and the Forest Department began communities and the Forest Department began in 1972, in Midnapore District of West Bengal. in 1972, in Midnapore District of West Bengal.

JFM has now evolved into a formal agreement JFM has now evolved into a formal agreement which identifies and respects the local which identifies and respects the local community’s rights and benefits that they need community’s rights and benefits that they need from forest resources.from forest resources.

The States have tried a variety of approaches The States have tried a variety of approaches to JFMto JFM

The share for village forest committees ranges The share for village forest committees ranges

from 25 per cent in Kerala to 100 per cent in from 25 per cent in Kerala to 100 per cent in Andhra Pradesh, 50 per cent in Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, 50 per cent in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tripura. In many Maharashtra, Orissa and Tripura. In many States 25 per cent of the revenue is used for States 25 per cent of the revenue is used for village development. village development.

In many States non-timber forest products In many States non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are available for people free of cost. (NTFPs) are available for people free of cost.

Some States have stopped grazing completely; Some States have stopped grazing completely; some have rotational grazing schemes which some have rotational grazing schemes which have helped in forest regeneration.have helped in forest regeneration.

AGROFORESTRY: refers to sustainable land use system that combines food crops (annuals) with trees (perennials) on the same unit of land.

Benefits:

Improves the economic returns from per unit land per unit time.

Improves the ecological and specific on-site benefits

Enhances the living standards of rural people.

PEOPLE’S MOVEMENTSPEOPLE’S MOVEMENTS

Chipko movement -Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chipko movement -Sunderlal Bahuguna, 19701970

Appiko – U. Kannada in W.Ghats Appiko – U. Kannada in W.Ghats

Panchamari hills in M.P., Queen of Panchamari hills in M.P., Queen of Satpura Satpura

Monoculture of pinus and eucalyptus in Monoculture of pinus and eucalyptus in NE HimalayasNE Himalayas

Narmada Bachao Andolan – Baba AmteNarmada Bachao Andolan – Baba Amte

Chipko movementChipko movement

Documentary on forestsDocumentary on forests