UNIT 2: OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH LEADERSHIP & GOVERNMENTPRE CONFEDERATION: CONFLICTSSEVEN YEARS WAR, AMERICAN REVOLUTION, WAR OF 1812
UNIT OVERVIEW Course Questions:
1. What is the most significant factor that influenced the development of Canada throughout the 18th and 19th Centuries: land, politics or people?
2. What does it mean to “be Canadian”?
Unit Questions:
1. Who or what had the most significant impact on the development of Canada as a country?
2. What elements of continuity and change exist in the sources of conflict and agreement in Canadian society?
LAST CLASS’STAKE HOME MESSAGE:
WHO HAD INFLUENCE IN PRE-CONFEDERATION CANADA? TO WHAT DEGREE DOES THAT INFLUNCE PERSIST TODAY?
PRE-CONFEDERATION:
TODAY’S TAKE HOME MESSAGE:
Who were the key leaders of formal conflicts and what leadership characteristics did they rely upon for their success?
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Seven Year’s War Global in Scope Winners and Losers Significance to Canada: Acadian Expulsion, Battle of the Plains of
Abraham, British dominance
American Revolution The intolerable acts Should we (Nova Scotia and Quebec) stay or should we go? Significance to Canada: Loyalist immigration, Last (British) Man Standing
in North America
War of 1812 A satellite war of America vs. Britain 2.0 “Indian” threat Significance to Canada: Only armed conflict between US and Canada,
Chief Tecumseh
How can these formal conflicts serve as study of
LEADERSHIP?
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Seven Year’s War (1756-1763) North America was….
“Just a few acres of snow.”– Voltaire– and yet…
Resource rich
Unchartered territory (literally)
A battle ground French vs. English European vs. Indigenous Canada vs. English Canada vs. USA
Causes of the Ultimate French/British Rivalry:
Resources (especially fur, particularly the Ohio River Valley)
PrideA larger conflict in Europe
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Seven Year’s War (1756-1763) War was global in scope and is referred to by different names in the
various conflict areas (theatres of war) French and Indian War (United States) Seven Years War (Canada) Pomeranian War (Sweden and Prussia) Third Silesian War (Prussia and Austria)
The conflict in North America can be considered a satellite war of the European English/French conflicts.
French Strategy: Full-out victory in Europe
English Strategy: Focused victory in the colonies, especially North America
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTSDeath of General Wolfe 1770 Benjamin West
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Portrait of Major-General James Wolfe (c 1760) Joseph Highmore
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm(c 1700) Sergent-Marceau
Seven Year’s War (1756-1763) Significance: #1 Le Grand Derangement… The Acadian Expulsion
#2 Battle of the Plains of Abraham …The British Dominance in/of Canada
#3 First concerted allegiance of First Nations with the Mohawk, Abenaki, Huron and Onondaga forming the Seven Nations of Canada in support of France/New France against the British.
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
The American Revolution Thirteen Colonies are resentful… rebellious… revolutionaries. Why?
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
The American Revolution Thirteen Colonies are resentful… rebellious… revolutionaries. Why?
Seven Years War was a financial disaster for France and Britain Britain 14 million pounds in debt 300,000 pounds per year to defend BNA (France is gone but Spanish
in Louisiana) Attempts to raise taxes to cover this amount and conflict over how to
administer Quebec leads to unrest in the Thirteen Colonies.
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
The Intolerable ActsNavigation Act • Series of laws from the 1660s controlling trade in the
Empire• Goods must pass on British ships between British colonies• Enforced in the 1770s because of colonists smuggling with
the French during the war • Called for trial by captain of the ship NOT trial by jury of
peers• Significance: economic and political rights disregarded
Stamp Act 1765
• Taxation on documents• Repealed in 1766• Significance: purely revenue-raising
Quartering Act1765
• Required colonists to provide room and board for British soldiers
• Significance: political frustrations
Townshend Act1767
• Taxes on tea, glass, paints imported from Britain• All but tea tax repealed-- Boston Tea Party• After this, Britain introduced new Quartering Act. Why so?• Significance: political frustrations
Quebec Act 1774 • Blocked westward expansion of America into Ohio valley• Protection offered to Roman Catholicism• Failed to provide elected Assembly• Significance: final straw
“No Taxation without representation”
War of 1812 A war between the new United States of America and Britain because of 1)
Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the 2) “Indian Wars” in the western US territories.
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
1) Napoleonic Wars… America traded with both
England and France during the war
England responded by increased harassment and search of American trading ships.
Eventually a stalemate in Europe freed British soldiers who were relocated to North America to put an end to the fight in 1814.
2) “Indian” Wars… Louisiana Purchase encouraged
expansion of West of American Settlers
Ran into resistance from First Nations
Britain allegedly provided assistance to First Nations against the Americans
War Hawks lead the fight to declare war on Britain over this
War of 1812
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
War of 1812
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
War of 1812• Significance:
• Lower Canadians resisted the American “liberators”, unlike their indifference during the American Revolution.
• Showed how difficult and costly it was for Britain to continue to support the Canadian colonies.
• Difference between Upper Canada (fought as British subjects for Britain) and Lower Canada (fought as Canadiens to defend their homes).
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Leadership in War
1. What qualities makes a great leader?
2. If you were to follow someone into battle, what are the three most important qualities from the list above?
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Leadership in War
3. What do you know about Canada and war?
4. Who are some people regarded as Canadian war “heroes”?
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS
Leadership in War
1. Tecumseh- Collect the information sheet and questions on Chief Tecumseh and complete the activities.
2. Laura Secord- Collect the information sheet and questions on Laura Secord and complete the activities.
3. Winner or Loser?- Collect the questions and visit this website http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/atlas/themes.aspx?id=warof1812&sub=warof1812_basics_outcomes&lang=En and complete the activities.
PRE-CONFEDERATION: FORMAL CONFLICTS