Unit 2 - ReconstructionUnit 2 - Reconstruction

Vocabulary WordsVocabulary WordsFreedmen –

• Emancipated slaves after the Civil War

Amnesty –

• Official pardon (forgiveness) for crimes committed against the government.

Reconstruction -

• Rebuilding of the former Confederate states to reunite the nation.

Pocket Veto -

• An indirect veto of a bill by failing to sign and return the bill before Congress adjourns.

Black Codes

• Laws adapted by former Confederate states to limit the freedom of former slaves.

Impeach

• To charge a public official with misconduct in office.

Suffrage -

• The right to vote.

Disenfranchisement -

• To deprive of the right to vote.

Review of MaterialReview of MaterialIdentify the Vocab. Word…

- The right to vote

- To charge a public official with misconduct in office

- Official pardon for crimes committed against the government.

- Laws adopted by former Confederate status to limit the freedom of former slaves.

Consequences of the Consequences of the Civil WarCivil War

• Human Costs – 360,000 Union soldiers and 258,000 Confederate soldiers died during the struggle.

• Southern Economy – In shambles… Two ideas – South is physically destroyed and the impact of emancipation.

• The North – Economic boom and expansion.• Slavery – 13th Amendment ended slavery in

the United States.• Republican Party – Becomes a dominant force

in American politics.

Lincoln’s ProgramLincoln’s Program- Reconstruction: -

To construct or rebuild. Lincoln called for a Proclamation of Amnesty

and Reconstruction.

- Believed the South never left the Union.

- Pardon southerners if they take an oath of allegiance to the Union – Slavery!

- Exceptions…

a. High ranking Confederate Officials

b. Confederate Military Leaders

A state would be readmitted to the Union…

a. Write a new state Constitution – The election of new government officials.

b. At least 10% of the 1860 voters take the oath of allegiance to the United

States.

- This plan was known as the 10% Plan.

Political PartiesPolitical PartiesRepublican – Usually Northern – Was in

favor of a quick unification with the South.

Democrat – Mostly Southern – Still held States should choose whether slavery is

right or wrong.

Radical Republicanism – Northern – Wanted to make the South suffer… Not allow them to get easy access to the Union. Equal rights for Blacks.

Review of Material Review of Material • What is reconstruction?

• What political party thought that the states should still choose whether they would

be slave states or free states?

• What party wanted the South to suffer?

• What party was in favor of the 10% plan and amnesty?

• What is the 10% Plan? Who’s plan?

• Under this plan, what two groups could not join the Union?

Radical RepublicansRadical RepublicansRadical? - Extremist: (use of opinions and

actions) far beyond the norm… Hated the idea of pardoning the

Confederates. They should have to pay for what they did.

Party led by Mass. Senator Charles Sumner and Pennsylvania Rep. Thaddeus Stevens.

Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans• Believed in the power of Congress. They felt

that Congress should be in control of American policies, especially for

restoring the Union.

• Republicans established a plan to prevent the Democrats from gaining state and national positions by:

1. Giving former slaves voting rights

2. Ban former Confederate leaders from holding office.

Wade-Davis BillWade-Davis Bill• Republicans in Congress declared that they

had the power to set reconstruction policy, not the President.

- Their plan called for a much harsher policy that would make it more difficult for the South to re-enter the Union. Two Things…

1. At least 50% of the 1860 voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

2. New southern state constitutions recognized the freedom of all blacks.

• Lincoln uses a “Pocket Veto” in order to stop the bill.- Pocket Veto – 10 days to sign… If Congress is in session, Bill becomes a law even if the President doesn’t sign…

If the Congress is not in session and the President doesn’t sign than it becomes

a pocket veto.• Lincoln feels that only a constitutional

amendment could abolish slaves not Congress. Who has the Power???

Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson• Background: He was a Southern Democrat who

was a self-made man.

- He was made Lincoln’s running mate because of his Union sympathies.

• From May, 1865 to December, 1865 – Johnson institutes reconstruction policies without Congressional approval under the 10% plan.

- States would also have to abolish their decree of secession and ratify the 13th Amendment. What about Confederate leaders?

• By December of 1868 all of the seceded states except Texas had complied with the Presidential requirements for

return to the Union.

Review of MaterialReview of Material• Radical Republicans believed the power of

reconstruction should be in the hands of...?• Name one way that Republicans prevented

Democrats from gaining offices.• Republican plan that called for 50% of the voters to

take a loyalty oath for the Union. • What did Lincoln use to crush the Wade-Davis

Bill?• In terms of the power to make policy for

Reconstruction - What do the Presidents believe? What does Congress believe?

• What is Johnson missing in his plan compared to Lincoln’s?

1313thth Amendment Amendment• Officially abolished and continues to prohibit

slavery.

- Prior to its ratification, slavery remained legal only in Delaware and Kentucky; everywhere else in the USA slaves had been freed by state action and the federal government's Emancipation Proclamation.

1414thth Amendments AmendmentsThe amendment was designed to grant

citizenship to and protect the civil liberties of recently freed slaves.

It requires the states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions.

• Stated that NO citizen could lose his right to life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

• Equal protection under the laws.• Prevented Confederate officials from holding office.

1515thth Amendments Amendments• Explains that governments in the United

States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color,

or previous condition of servitude.

• Women won’t gain the vote till 1920

Radical Opposition to JohnsonRadical Opposition to JohnsonBlack Codes – laws passed on the state and

local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.

- They were used manly to control the labor, movements, and activities of African Americans.

December 1865, Radical Republicans in Congress refuse to admit the newly elected senators and representatives from the South.

- Reasons for Rejection…a. It did not punish the Confederates

enough!b. New state constitutions did not

give blacks the right to vote.c. Feared they might lose control of

Congress to Southern Democrats.

The Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s BureauThe Freedmen’s Bureau was setup through a

federal agency in order to aid distressed refugees of the Civil War.

The Bureau helped the Freedmen by:- Giving food to those in need- Providing clothing, medical supplies,

and places to live.- Finding individuals jobs and setting up

schools.

Review of MaterialReview of Material• What Amendment gave blacks the right to vote?

• What laws restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans?

• Name the Amendment that abolishes slavery.

• Who did the Radical Republicans reject in Congress?

• What Amendment gave free slaves citizenship?

• Why did the Radical Republicans reject the Southern representatives?

The “Forty Acres and a Mule” turned out to be only a rumor… Never happened.

In 1866, President Johnson vetoed a law to increase the power of the Freedmen’s Bureau and a Civil Rights Bill to give blacks citizenship. (Before Amendment)

Radical ReconstructionRadical ReconstructionIn the 1866 Midterm elections – The Radical

Republicans gained 2/3 majority in both Houses of Congress.

How they did it?

A – Johnson’s unsuccessful “Swing around the Circle”: Speeches that bashed Republicans, pro-war democrats, and blacks. *Didn’t work

B – Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans

C – “Waving the Bloody Shirt”: practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to inspire support. (Lincoln)

Reconstruction Acts – Divided the South into five military districts. Union army troops were stationed in each district to enforce order.

- In order to be reinstated to the Union, Southern States needed to ratify the 14th Amendment and establish a new constitution.

Congress again states that Confederate leaders could not vote or hold office.

Freed Slaves (Freedmen), however, could vote and hold office.

Remember: In order to be readmitted to the Union, states needed to hold newstate conventions and they needed to ratify the 14th Amendment.

By June, 1868 – All but three southern states had been returned to the Union under the radical policy. 1870 – Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia are readmitted.

Political CartoonsPolitical CartoonsAnalysis…

1. Describe the scene of your groups political cartoon. Really analyze the people and the detail of the work.

GIVE ME DETAIL

2.What is the political message within the cartoon itself? Remember these cartoons are drawn for a

reason.

3. Can you describe the general feelings of the American population at this time?

4. Your Impression!

The Impeachment of President The Impeachment of President Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson

Radicals had gained a 2/3 majority but wanted to remove Johnson from office.

a. The personal hatred between the Radicals in Congress and President Johnson.

b. Radicals knew that their plan would have to be enforced by the president… Johnson wouldn’t do it.

c. Johnson reduced the power of the military in the South.

Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act over Johnson’s veto in 1867.

- The act stated that the president could not dismiss government officials without

the Senate’s consent.

- This act reduces the power of the president

February, 1868 – Johnson makes Secretary of War Stanton resign.

- Congress is outraged by this move and turn to impeachment.

The House draws up the Articles of Impeachment

- “High Crimes and Misdemeanors” – Johnson violated the Tenure of Office

Act

- Guilty of inflammatory remarks and disgrace to Congress.

Set up… Courtroom

- The House will prosecute.

- The Senate will be the Jury – 2/3 to convict

- Chief Justice Chase as the Judge

- The trail lasted form March to May 1868 The Senate was one vote away from

impeachment when it went to Republican Edmund Ross.

- A “Profile of Courage,” he votes Not Guilty, which acquits President Johnson by ONE vote – 35 to 19.

Review of MaterialReview of Material• What party wins the 1866 midterm elections?

• Why is this significant?

• What was happening in Memphis and New Orleans?

• What does it mean to “Wave the Bloody Shirt”?

• How many military districts were setup in the South?

• Why were they setup?

• One reason why the Radicals wanted to remove Johnson.

• Was Johnson impeached?

Reconstruction of the SouthReconstruction of the South• Carpetbaggers

- Northerners (usually republicans) who came South during Reconstruction. They usually formed an alliance with freedmen and scalawags in order to control the South.

- Some northerners came to help the blacks or run for office, but others came only to make money.

- They were Hated by white Southerners - Carpetbag Government –

- Established a Republican state office, which they got into primarily by the black vote. Most of the government became extremely corrupt.

- Carpetbaggers began to be seen as “outsiders messing around in Southern affairs.”

• Scalawags- Native born Southerners who were loyal

to the Carpetbag governments. They used the black vote and new northerners to take control of their local governments.

- Some were loyal to the Union, but most were selfish and wanted to gain power in the South.

- They were hated in the South as the Copperheads were hated in the North.

Main results of Reconstruction Main results of Reconstruction GovernmentGovernment

A. Northerners held most of the important political offices.

B. Blacks in Congress – 22 served in Congress during the reconstruction period.- Hiram Revels – First African American to

serve in the United States Senate.- Blanche Bruce – First African American to

serve a FULL term in the U.S. Senate.- Black congressmen were described as “earnest,

ambitious men, whose public conduct would be honorable to any race.”

Reconstruction Legislature Improvements:a. Free public education – including Black

children.b. Tax Laws – Spreading the burden more

evenly.c. Abolished imprisonment debt. No longer

put in prison if you didn’t pay debts. d. Protection against illegal foreclosures.

Carpetbag state governments built up huge debts by overspending and corruption.

Review of MaterialReview of Material• What did the Tenure of Office Act state?• How did Johnson violate this law?• Does Johnson get Impeached?• How many more votes did Congress need to

remove the president?• What is the name given to Northerners who

came down to the South in order to run for office and make money?

• Who are Scalawags?• Could African Americans serve in Congress?

Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan• The start…

- Many former Confederates were banned from voting and holding office. Some whites boycotted politics and hated

the Republican governments.

- Secret Societies started to form and develop a certain sense on how to

win back the South.

- Opposition through violence and intimidation.

• Creation of the KKK

- Created by ex-Confederate soldiers who were against republican governments and African American rights.

- Used Violence – They would send warnings by burning crosses and by mere intimidating.

- Set homes and churches on fire.

- Beat, lynched, and murdered.

- Well organized, structured, & influential.

- Extremely raciest against blacks.

• The Klan targeted blacks, white sympathizers, Freedmen’s Bureau, and school teachers.

- Klan killed 150 African Americans in one Florida county.

“One of these teachers (Miss Allen of Illinois), whose school was at Cotton Gin Port in Monroe County, was visited ... between one and two o'clock in the

morning on March, 1871, by about fifty men mounted and disguised. Each man wore a long white robe and his face was covered by a loose mask with scarlet stripes. She was ordered to get up and dress which she did at once and then admitted to her room the captain and lieutenant who in addition to the usual

disguise had long horns on their heads and a sort of device in front. The lieutenant had a pistol in his hand and he and the captain sat down while eight

or ten men stood inside the door and the porch was full. They treated her "gentlemanly and quietly" but complained of the heavy school-tax, said she

must stop teaching and go away and warned her that they never gave a second notice. She heeded the warning and left the county.”

• The Klan had 550,000 men nationwide and could gather a force of more than 40,000 within five days.

• Klan started to become less popular – Instead of it being political, people were using it as an excuse for violence.

*Force Acts (1870-71) President had power to use Federal troops to control secret societies.

*Amnesty Acts (1872) Restored political rights to 160,000 former Confederates.

Review of MaterialReview of Material• Who was Hiram Revels?

• What type of improvements did the Reconstruction Government make? – Schools, Tax, Debt, Foreclosures

• Who were the first individuals to start the KKK?

• Two main targets…

• Used violence and ___________________.

• What was the Amnesty Act?

• What were the Force Acts?

Return to Southern Home RuleReturn to Southern Home RulePower of the Klan decreasesWhites began voting and holding offices in the

South.Northerners grew tired of and lost interest in

the problems of southern reconstruction.White supremacy returns to the South. Blacks

are intimidated to vote or hold offices. By 1876, only Florida, South Carolina, and

Louisiana still have Federal troops.

What to Study!!!!!!!What to Study!!!!!!!• All Three Reconstruction Plans…• The Amendments• The conflict between Congress and the Presidency. • Vocabulary Terms• Laws and Acts• People• Chronological Section• Majority of Short Answers come from the “New

South” Packet• Analysis of a Political Cartoon• Civil War Battles

Presidency of GrantPresidency of Grant

Vs.

Presidency of Rutherford Presidency of Rutherford HayesHayes

1. The removal of all Federal troops from the former Confederate States. (Troops only remained in Louisiana, South Carolina, and Florida, but the

Compromise finalized the process.) 2. The appointment of at least one Southern Democrat to Hayes' cabinet. (David M. Key of Tennessee was Postmaster General). Hayes had already

promised this; 3. The construction of another transcontinental railroad using the Texas and

Pacific in the South (this had been part of the "Scott Plan", which initiated the process that led to the final compromise);

4. Legislation to help industrialize the South.

Vs..

Solid South and New SouthSolid South and New South• Solid South – South Rejected Radical

Reconstruction. - Began a stretch for several

decades where the South only voted Democrat.

- REPLACED black Congressmen

• New South – The South after the Civil War – Replaced its dependence on a single-crop economy (cotton) and began to focus more on industry

Tenant Farmers vs. SharecroppersTenant Farmers vs. Sharecroppers

Tenant Farmers – Farmers who rented PART of a plantation… Provided their own seed and supplies… **** OWNEND CROP

but not the land. Sharecropper – Farmers provided labor in

exchange for a portion of the Harvested Crop usually 1/3 – Dead end job.

18. Harmed some groups and Harmed some groups and benefit othersbenefit others

• Harmed – It deprived Blacks… Pro-Northerners and Carpetbaggers no longer held Power.

• Benefited – Former Confederates – back in control… Gave power to White Democrats, and Factory owners/investors.

Segregation and “Jim Crow Laws”Segregation and “Jim Crow Laws”

• Segregation - separation of different races in daily life when both are doing equal tasks.

• Jim Crow Laws – Laws that were adapted in the South in order to enforce segregation.

- Separate but equal.

***Required that public schools, public places and public transportation have separate buildings, toilets, and restaurants for whites and blacks.

Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson

• Supreme Court ruling that upheld the segregation rule of “Separate but equal.” It did not violate the 14th Amendment. (1896)

Taking away Voting RightsTaking away Voting RightsLiteracy Tests – Tests limit the vote to only

literate individuals, aka blacks. Even literate blacks would find themselves failing the test – administered by whites.

Poll Taxes – Fixed taxes imposed on every voter – Many couldn’t afford it or the money was not excepted.

Grandfather Clause – Added onto state constitutions… If your grandfather did not vote prior to Jan. 1867 (15th Amendment), then you are ineligible to vote.

Important Black LeadersImportant Black Leaders• Ida Wells-Barnett – Black Journalist who spoke out against

lynching and segregation. Also, was a big part of the Women’s Suffrage movement. Published first statistical study on lynching.

- Wells refused to give up her seat, 40 years before Rosa Parks

• W.E.B. Du Bois – Educated at Harvard…The first African American to obtain a Ph.D from Harvard. - He advised blacks to demand for equal justice through protests. He founded the “National Association for the Advancement of

Colored People.” - NAACP

• Booker Washington – Former Slave – He founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.

- Wanted African Americans to learn a trade in order to better themselves.

- Fought for Political and Social Equality.

DifferencesDifferences• Washington – Segregation – Would benefit

black southerners

• Du Bois – Hated Segregation – Believed it is separating the races. We will never be able to live together…