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Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

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Higher Human Biology. Unit 23: The Continuation of Life. Chapter 23: Removal of Materials from the Blood. Learning Intentions. Success Criteria. To understand how the liver, lungs and kidneys are involved in the removal of materials from the blood. Describe the role of the liver in: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Unit 23: The Continuation of Life Chapter 23: Removal of Materials from the Blood. 12/06/22 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood 1 Higher Human Biology
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Page 1: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Chapter 23:

Removal of Materials from the Blood.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

1

Higher Human Biology

Page 2: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch22 The delivery of nutrients to cells

2

Learning Intentions

To understand how the liver, lungs and

kidneys are involved in the removal of

materials from the blood.

Success Criteria1. Describe the role of the liver

in:I. Conservation of useful

substancesII. Detoxification of toxic

materialsIII. Removal of bilirubinIV. Production of urea

Page 3: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Removal of materials from the body

The circulatory system is vital for the removal of materials from the body. The main organs that help remove unwanted materials are:

The lungs The liver

19/04/23 3Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

The kidney

Page 4: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Concentration of CO2 in blood plasma > Concentration CO2 in air

1. The Lungs. The LungsCarbon Dioxide is a waste product of respirationCO2 is transported to the lungs, via the blood plasma,

to be removed from the body in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO-3).

As blood flows through the pulmonary system these bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions (H+) to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). An enzyme then breaks the carbonic acid down into water and CO2:

• So CO2 diffuses out of the blood into the lungs down a concentration gradient. Breathing, which exhales air rich in CO2, maintains this gradient.

19/04/23 4Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Diffusion in the alveoli

19/04/23 5Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Excretion of carbon dioxideExcretion = the elimination of waste products of metabolism

e.g. • Removal of CO2 (waste product of respiration) at the lungs.• Release of bile pigment in bile.

19/04/23 6Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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2. Role of LiverThe liver removes materials from the blood by: • Conservation of useful substances.

– e.g. glucose, plasma proteins• Detoxification of toxic materials which are potentially toxic.• Removal of bilirubin and its excretion as bile.• Production of urea.

19/04/23 7Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

Liver maintains a stable internal environment, and provides cells

with optimum conditions

Page 8: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Liver: Conservation of useful substances

Glucose Level regulated

• excess stored as glycogen which can be converted to glucose as

needed.

3 types of Plasma proteinsMaintains a stable

pool • some undergo

deamination in the liver

• meanwhile new molecules are synthesised

Components of blood plasma Regulated

• Stable internal environment maintained

• living cells have optimum conditions for growth & development

19/04/23 8Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

Page 9: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Detoxification of toxic materials

• Certain substances which gain access to or are produced by the body as a result of metabolic reactions are potentially toxuc.

• They would do the body harm if left unaltered.

• These substances are detoxified by liver cells.

19/04/23 9Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Detoxification occurs in one of 4 ways

• Substances are detoxified by liver cells in one of 4 ways…..A. Chemical Alteration

B. Chemical Breakdown

C. Chemical attachment (conjugation).

D. Uptake by macrophages

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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A. Chemical alteration

• Biologically active molecules (e.g. Drugs) are rendered inactive by being chemically altered in the liver.

• The products are then excreted in bile or released into the bloodstream and removed by the kidneys.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Hydrogen peroxide, a highly toxic by-product of metabolism is broken down by the enzyme catalase into harmless substances.

Liver cells are rich in catalase.

B. Chemical breakdown

2H2O2 O22H2O+catalase

TOXIC Harmless

19/04/23 12Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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• Alcohol (ethanol) gets converted in the liver, by a series of enzyme –controlled steps to acetyl CoA, which acts as a respiratory substrate for aerobic respiration.

• Too much alcohol damages cells. Regular consumption of alcohol to excess can cause permanent liver damage leading to a fatal liver condition called cirrhosis.

B. Chemical breakdown

19/04/23 13Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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C. Chemical attachement

• Some unwanted substances (e.g. Certain types of food preservative) become attached to liver cells to the amino acid glycerine.

• This acts as a molecular label which is recognised as waste by the kidneys and excreted.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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D. Uptake by macrophages

• Foreign particles are removed by macrophages (phagocytic cells) which line the liver’s blood vessels.

• If for example an animal is injected intravenously with a suspension of carbon particles, samples of liver obtained only minutes later show numerous carbon-laden macrophage cells.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Toxic substances, that have either been eaten or produced in metabolic reactions, must be destroyed to prevent them harming the body. Liver cells detoxify such substances.

Detoxification by liver cells

Liver: Detoxification of Materials: SUMMARY

Chemical breakdown

(see next page)

Products excreted in bile or released into blood and removed

by kidneys

Chemical alteration Biologically active

molecules altered in the liver.

Chemical attachment (conjugation)

Unwanted substance become attached by liver cells to the

amino acid glycine.

This acts as a chemical label which is recognised as a waste by the kidneys

and excreted

Uptake by macrophagesMacrophages line the liver’s blood vessels

removing foreign

particles

16

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19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch22 The delivery of nutrients to cells

17

Learning Intentions

To understand how the liver, lungs and kidneys are involved in the removal of materials from the blood.

Success Criteria1. 3. Describe the role of the

liver in:I. Conservation of useful

substancesII. Detoxification of toxic

materialsIII. Removal of bilirubinIV. Production of urea

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3. Removal of bilirubinWhen red blood cells reach

the end of their 120 day life span, they are destroyed by macrophage cells in the liver, bone marrow and spleen,

Haemoglobin is broken down by theses cells into a yellow pigment called bilirubin. Biliruben is releases into the blood giving blood plasma its yellowish colour. 19/04/23

18Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of

Materials from Blood

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Excretion of bilirubin

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

19

Bilirubin molecules, removed from the blood plasma by the liver, are added to bile with the aid of enzymes and become bile pigment (Conjugated bilirubin). This has no useful role in digestion so is released in bile.

In the gut, bilirubin is converted by bacteria to the brown pigment that gives faeces its brown colour.

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Bilirubin accumulates in the bloodstream when:

4. Jaundice

• Liver cells can’t absorb bilirubin (due to illness e.g. hepatitis).

• The bile duct becomes blocked preventing the release of bile to small intestine.

• Red blood cell destruction is excessively high.

19/04/23 20Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Jaundice is caused by excessively high concentrations of bilirubin.

4. Jaundice4. Jaundice

Baby’s can be screened for Bilirubin using a light meter that is placed on the baby’s head.

19/04/23 21

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19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch22 The delivery of nutrients to cells

22

Learning Intentions

To understand how the liver, lungs and kidneys are involved in the removal of materials from the blood.

Success Criteria

2. Determining the quantity of urea in urine samples

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Production of Urea: Deamination

• Unlike carbohydrate and lipid, protein is not stored in the body. Excess amino acids are absorbed from the gut then undergo deamination in liver cells.

• De-amination needs oxygen• It produces an organic acid• It produces ammonia which

goes to the ornithine cycle.

19/04/23 23Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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During this process, the amino acid is broken down to form ammonia and an organic acid.

5. Production of urea

Breakdown of amino acids

Organic acid(Kreb cycle

intermediate or pyruvic acid)

Ammonia

Used for energy

release in respiation

+ CO2

Very toxic

+ H2OUrea

Less toxic

Passes into blood and leaves the liver by the hepatic vein. It is

removed from the blood at the kidneys.

19/04/23 24Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Fate of deaminated amino acids

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

25

• Depending on which amino acid has been deaminated the organic acid may be pyruvic acid or one of Krebs Cycle intermediates.

• It can then enter the respiratory pathway or be used for energy release.

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Ornithine cycle

• Since ammonia is formed during deamination of an amino acid is highly toxic, it is immediately passed to the ornithine cycle.

• This cycle is controlled by enzymes in the liver cells.

• Here Ornithine is constantly regenerated.

• During this cycle , ammonia reacts with carbon dioxide to form less toxic urea and water.

19/04/23 26Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Urea production

• During the conversion of ammonia into urea, two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide combine to form one molecule of urea and one of water. Assisting this process there is a cyclical conversion of ornithine into citrulline, arginine, and then back to ornithine again.

19/04/23 27Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Where does the urea go?

• Urea is then passed into the bloodstream and then leaves the liver by the hepatic vein.

• It is removed from blood by the kidneys.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Determining the quantity of urea in Determining the quantity of urea in ‘urine’ samples‘urine’ samples

The combination of urea with water is catalysed by the enzyme urease:

+H2OUreaurease

ammonium carbonate(an alkali)

The quantity of urea in the original solution is directly related to the quantity of alkali produced. This can be determined by the volume of acid needed to neutralise the alkali.

Methyl orange, an indicator, is used to show the change from alkali (orange) to acid (red).

19/04/23 29Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Using urea solutions of known concentration a calibration graph can be drawn.

Using solutions of known concentration to plot a calibration graph

• Four solutions of know urea concentration are made up.• Following enzyme activity at 37oC, each solution is titrated

against hydrochloric acid.• The volume of hydrochloric acid needed to neutralise the

alkali in each solution is indicated by methyl orange changing colour.

• This is repeated for each conc many times and results are pooled and averaged.

• The results are then plotted to make a calibration graph.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Urea Concentration Calibration Curve

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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The following experiment is carried out on a sample of urine (urea concentration unknown) and compared to the calibration curve.

50 cm3 urea solution (urea +

water)

+ 2 crushed urease tablets

In water bath at 37oCfor 90 mins

Flasks shaken at

15min intervals

After 90 mins,

20 drops of methyl

orange added + 0.1M HCl

until indictor turns red

to increase surface area

to aid mixing of enzyme & substrate

Many repeats done to increase reliability of results.

Optimum temperature for enzyme activity

19/04/23 32Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

Using a calibration graph to calculate the urea content of unknown samples

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Task: Torrance-TYK pg178 Qu 1-3

19/04/23 33Mrs Smith Ch20: Transport Mechanisms - The Cardiac Cycle

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19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch22 The delivery of nutrients to cells

34

Learning Intentions

To understand how the liver, lungs and kidneys are involved in the removal of materials from the blood.

Success Criteria4. Label a diagram of a

kidney nephron

5. Explain the mechanism of kidney function to includeI. Ultrafiltration

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6. Structure of the Kidney

19/04/23 35Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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6.The Kidneys: Structure

Each kidney has about a million tiny filtering units called nephrons.

19/04/23 36

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Each nephron is composed of several part

The capillaries in the glomerulus are narrower than the capillary that supplied it with blood. What effect will this have on the blood pressure in the glomerulus?

Bowman's capsule

glomerulus

blood capillaries

collecting duct

nephron

37

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Nephrons• Each nephron is composed of several parts.• A glomerulus is enclosed in a cup-shaped Bowman’s

capsule which leads into a long kidney tubule surrounded by a dense network of blood capillaries.

• Two regions of the tubule possess several twists and turns and are therefore described as convoluted. The proximal convoluted tubule is the twisted region at the greater distance from the Bowman’s capsule.

• The long, U-shaped stretch of tubule between the convoluted regions is called the loop of Henle.

• Each kidney tubule leads to a communal collecting duct.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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The Kidney NephronThe Kidney NephronKnot of tiny blood

vessels

Loop of Henle

Bowman’s capsule

The blood enters the nephron via the renal artery and leaves via the renal vein. At the glomerulus the blood is filtered and the filtrate gathers in the bowman’s capsule. The filtrate then passes along the tubule to the communal collecting duct.

Has many twists &

turns

19/04/23 39

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The Kidneys: Function: Production of Urine

• The kidneys remove waste material from the blood and excrete them in urine.

• The production of urine involves the – ultrafiltration of blood

– reabsorption of useful materials from the filtrate.

• Since urine contains urea, a nitrogenous waste, the kidneys are described as organs of nitrogenous excretion.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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• Ultrafiltration happens at the Bowman’s capsule.

• Blood containing waste products enters the kidney by the renal artery which divides into about a million branches each supplying a glomerulus.

• Each glomerulus consists of a coiled knot of blood capillaries. This arrangement enables a large surface area of blood vessel to be in contact with the inner lining of the Bowman’s capsule.

• It is at this interface ultrafiltration takes place

7. Ultrafiltration

19/04/23 41Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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19/04/23 42Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Ultrafiltration- Basement membrane filter.

The layer of cells which makes up the capillary wall of a glomerulus differs from a normal capillary because.....

•It has pores which are large enough to let ALL the substances within plasma pass through.

•The porous layer is attached to a highly permeable thin layer of non-living material called the basement membrane.•The basement membrane has no pores but acts as a filter that...

– Allows small molecules such as glucose, water, salts & urea to pass through.

– Prevents large molecules of plasma protein from leaving the blood stream.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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glucose

ions

urea

water

protein

Protein molecules pass through the fenestrated endothelial layer of the

capillaries, but are prevented from passing

into the cavity of Bowman’s capsule by the basement

membrane

19/04/23 44Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Blood Pressure

• Plasma proteins which remain in the blood plasma tend to draw water back from the filtrate in the capsule by osmosis.

• In addition filtrate already present in the capsule tends to resist the delivery of further filtrate into the capsule.

• Successful ultrafiltration of blood depends on the blood in the glomeruli being at high enough pressure to overcome both of these factors and force filtrate out of the plasma.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Did you know? An adult has ~ 4.5 l of blood,

but the kidneys filter ~ 1500 l of blood/day!

Ultrafiltration and Blood PressureUltrafiltration and Blood Pressure..• High blood pressure in the glomerulus is needed

to force the filtrate out of the blood plasma. This is maintained because:– The blood vessels leading to the glomerulus come

from the renal artery, which is a branch from the aorta so carries blood at high pressure

– The blood vessels entering the glomerulus are wider than the blood vessels leaving it, causing a bottle-neck and the blood to be squeezed

19/04/23 46Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Ultrafiltration – Rate of production of filtrate and urine.

• A human adult contains about 4.5 litres of blood.• During its continuous circulation round the body,

blood repeatedly enters the kidneys and undergoes filtration.

• Each day a human adult’s kidneys filter a total volume of around 1500 litres of blood and produce about 180 litres of glomerular filtrate.

• However the production of urine is only about 1-2 litres.

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch22 The delivery of nutrients to cells

48

Learning Intentions

To understand how the liver, lungs and kidneys are involved in the removal of materials from the blood.

Success Criteria5. Explain the mechanism

of kidney function to include

II. Re-absorption

Page 49: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

8. ReabsorptionAbout 180 l of glomerular filtrate is produced every day but only 1-2 l of urine is produced, because ~ 99% of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream.

Reabsorption occurs at various points along the tubule that come into contact with the blood capillaries.

Apart from the plasma proteins and water, the chemicals in blood plasma and glomerular filtrate are very similar.

19/04/23 49Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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A. Reabsorption of Salts: Reabsorption of Salts: Proximal convoluted tubule

Glucose & amino acids absorbed by epithelial cells lining the tubule.

90% Sodium ions (Na+) from glomerular filtrate actively pumped across epithelial cells, as they are combined with Chloride (Cl-) ions in the form of salt, they to pass into the blood

19/04/23 50

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Facilitateddiffusion

Activetransport

Diffusion

Sodium ions in thelumen of

the proximalconvoluted tubule

19/04/23 51Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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A. Reabsorption of Water: Reabsorption of Water: Proximal convoluted tubuleProximal convoluted tubule

Water The active transport of glucose, sodium ions (and other solutes such as amino acids) into the blood stream reduces the blood plasma's concentration relative to that of the glomerular filtrate.

Water therefore passes into blood by osmosis.

This movement of water is a form of passive transport and does not require energy. About 85% of water is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule. 19/04/23 52

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The transport of glucose, amino acids and ions into the epithelial cells creates a gradient of water

potential across the lining of the tubule; water is therefore withdrawn from the tubule by osmosis,

such that approximately 85%of the filtered fluid is reabsorbed back into the blood

19/04/23 53Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Epithelial cells are structurally suited to their function:

Image source: people.eku.edu

Many mitochondria to provide energy for active transport (of glucose)

Many microvilli for large surface area

Reabsorption of Glucose : Reabsorption of Glucose : Proximal convoluted tubuleProximal convoluted tubule

19/04/23 54

Carrier molecules carry glucose across cell membranes

Page 55: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

lumen

epithelialcells

microvilli

intercellular

spaces

manymitochondri

a

interstitial fluid

19/04/23 55Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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DiabetesDiabetesUntreated sufferers of diabetes mellitus have so much glucose in their blood plasma that some of the glucose in the glomerular filtrate is not reabsorbed by the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. This is excreted in urine.

19/04/23 56Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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B. Reabsorption: Loop of HenleB. Reabsorption: Loop of Henle• Each U-shaped loop of Henle lies in

the medulla• Consists of a descending limb and

an ascending limb• At the descending limb

– Water is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by Osmosis

– Salts are not reabsorbed here

• At the ascending limb– water is not reabsorbed as the thick

wall of the tubule is impermeable to water

– Salts are pumped out of the filtrate into the tissue fluid

57

This creates a low water concentration by high solute concentration

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C. Reabsorption: Distal convoluted tubuleC. Reabsorption: Distal convoluted tubule

Sodium chloride (salt) is reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule by being actively pumped into the bloodstream, but in smaller quantities.

Water also passes from the distal convoluted tubule into the bloodstream

19/04/23 58Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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D. Reabsorption: Collecting DuctD. Reabsorption: Collecting DuctBecause the medullary tissue fluid has a low water concentration (due to the action at the ascending limb of the loop of Henle) the kidney tissues can reabsorb lots of water by osmosis from the collecting ducts. The volume of water needed to return the bloods water concentration to normal is reabsorbed from the filtrate. The rest is passed out in the urine. 19/04/23 59

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ADH Present - Collecting Duct is permeable to water and a small

volume of urine is produced

No ADH Present - Collecting Duct is NOT permeable to water and

large volume of urine is produced

D. Reabsorption from Collecting Duct D. Reabsorption from Collecting Duct is controlled by the hormone ADHis controlled by the hormone ADH

Image source: www.uic.edu

19/04/2360Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of

Materials from Blood

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Reabsorption – Summary• Proximal convoluted tubule

– Glucose Active Transport

– Salt (Sodium+Chloride ions) Active Transport– Water Osmosis

• Descending Loop of Henle– Water Osmosis

• Ascending Loop of Henle – Salts (Sodium+Chloride ions) Active Transport

• Distal Convoluted Tubule– Salts (Sodium+Chloride ions) Active Transport– Water Osmosis19/04/23 61

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19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch22 The delivery of nutrients to cells

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Learning Intentions

To understand how the liver, lungs and kidneys are involved in the removal of materials from the blood.

Success Criteria6. Analyse data on

glomerular filtrate, tubule fluid and urine composition and rates of production

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Water content of blood normal

High volume of water passes into blood

Low volume of water passes into blood

High volume of water reabsorbed by kidney

Low volume of water reabsorbed by kidney

Water content of blood too low

Water content of blood too high

Salt eaten or much sweating

Too much water drunk

Role of Role of ADHADH

Small volume of concentrated urine passed to the bladder

High volume of dilute urine passed to the bladder

Brain releases much ADH

Brain releases little ADH

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ADH and OsmoregulationADH and Osmoregulation

The volume of water reabsorbed varies greatly. This is regulated by the concentration of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) present in the bloodstream.

ADH increases the

permeability to water of the

distal convoluted tubules & collecting

ducts.

Image source: www.bbc.co.uk

Regulation of Blood Water Concentration19/04/23 64Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of

Materials from Blood

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• When the water concentration of the blood is high, very little ADH is released into the blood stream from the pituitary gland.

• The distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts remain practically impermeable to water and almost none is reabsorbed from these regions of tubule.

• A large volume of dilute urine is therefore. produced

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

65

ADH and OsmoregulationADH and OsmoregulationHigh Water ConcentrationHigh Water Concentration

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• When the water concentration of the blood is low, the situation is reversed and a small volume of concentrated urine is produced.

• This mechanism allows the kidneys to plat an osmoregulatory role in the maintenance of the body’s internal steady state. (more in chapter 24)

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

66

ADH and OsmoregulationADH and OsmoregulationLow Water ConcentrationLow Water Concentration

Page 67: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Task: Torrance-TYK pg183 Qu 1-3

19/04/23 67Mrs Smith Ch20: Transport Mechanisms - The Cardiac Cycle

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Task: Torrance AYK pg184/185 Qu’s 1-6

19/04/23 68Mrs Smith Ch19 The need for transport

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Essay Questions:SQA 2005

2005

Describe the function of the liver under the following headingsi.Production of urea. (2)

ii.Metabolism of carbohydrates. (5)

iii.Breakdown of red blood cells.(3)

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch19 The need for transport

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Guide to ‘H’ Grade EssaysEssay 35 pg83

Discuss the role of the liver under the following headingsi.Metabolism of protein.(5)

ii.Detoxification. (5)

iii.Conservation of useful substances (5)

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch19 The need for transport

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Guide to ‘H’ Grade EssaysEssay 35 pg83

Give an account of the role of the kidneys with reference to the following:i.Ultrafiltration. (8)

ii.Reabsorption. (7)

19/04/23 Mrs Smith Ch19 The need for transport

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TASK: Match the correct word with its meaning on each page!

Page 73: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Word MeaningKidney

Renal artery

Renal vein

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

ADH

Hormone

Pituitary gland

Carries unpurified blood to the kidney

Carries purified blood away from the kidney

Chemical messengerCarries urine from the kidney to the

bladderGland that releases ADHStores urineCarries urine out of bodyOrgan that filters the bloodHormone that regulates water

balance

19/04/23 73Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood

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Word Meaning

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

Blood capillaries

Nephron

Loop of Henle

Network of very thin blood vessels

U-shaped kidney tubule that reabsorbs water into the bloodstream

Tiny knot of blood capillaries in the Bowman’s capsule where filtration of the blood occurs

Cup-shaped structure that collects glomerular filtrate from the blood

Tiny filtering unit in the kidney19/04/23 74Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of

Materials from Blood

Page 75: Unit 23: The Continuation of Life

Word Meaning

Collecting duct

Dialysis

Glomerular filtrate

Urine

Urea

Waste liquid excreted by the body

Tube that carries urine away from several kidney tubules

Nitrogen containing waste product made in the liver from surplus amino acids

Fluid produced from filtration of the blood in a glomerulus

Artificial filtration of blood through a selectively permeable membrane to remove waste products19/04/23 75Mrs Smith Ch23 The Removal of Materials from Blood


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