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Reasons for Immigration
Why did people immigrate to America?
1. Escape oppressive governments2. New Opportunities
Jobs
3. Religious Freedom4. Adventure
Ellis Island
Located in New York City Home of The Statue of Liberty
The New Colossus – By Emma LazarusNot like the brazen giant of Greek fame,With conquering limbs astride from land to land;Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall standA mighty woman with a torch, whose flameIs the imprisoned lightning, and her nameMother of Exiles. From her beacon-handGlows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes
commandThe air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame."Keep ancient lands, your storied pomp!" cries
sheWith silent lips. "Give me your tired, your poor,Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"
Urbanization
• Why did cities (“urban” areas) grow?
• Migration of African-Americans north• Improved transportation• Railroads are old news – cars?!
• Immigration– LARGE amounts of immigrants coming to the US
• Industrialization– Factories grew
• Rural -> urban migration– People move from farms to cities
Living Conditions
What were living conditions like in urban areas?
OvercrowdedTenements
A building where rooms are rented Apartment?
Ghettos Specific neighborhood where a minority group lives;
usually in poverty
Political Machines
“Greeted” immigrants at Ellis Island
Offered favors Housing Food Jobs
In return, expected political support (and votes) Worked with owners of
factories, contractors, sweat shops
Corrupted the political system
William “Boss” Tweed
Tweed was convicted for stealing an amount estimated by an aldermen's committee in 1877 at between $25 million and $45 million from New York City taxpayers through political corruption, although later estimates ranged as high as $200 million. He died in the Ludlow Street Jail
Treatment of Immigrants
How were immigrants treated when they first came to America?
What was American policy towards immigrants?
Discrimination
While MANY immigrants were discriminated against, Chinese and Irish were particular targets of prejudice
Nativists
What is a “Native”?Who do you think a
NATIVIST is?
Fought to preserve the US for native-born American citizens ONLY Argued that the new
immigrants would not assimilate because of language, religion, and customs
Immigrants took away jobs from Americans.
Immigrants were associated with violence, crime and anarchy
Chinese Exclusion Act
West Coast = strong feelings against Chinese
Drove Chinese from cities, sometimes killing them
US law was passed to exclude Chinese laborers
First law limiting immigration based on race Repealed in 1943
Gentleman’s Agreement with Japan
Japan agreed not to issue passports for Japanese citizens wishing to work in the US
In exchange, the US agreed to accept Japanese immigrants already residing in America.
US would allow wives, children and parents of the immigrants already in U.S.
Reforms
• How did individuals work to change these conditions?
• Jacob Riis:–Exposed poor living conditions in urban areas–Photograph essay How the Other Half Lives
The immigrant family above is pictured with all of the family’s possessions.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
A blind beggar sells cigars on the street, hoping to make enough money to pay for a meal and a bed.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
This photograph shows children moving trash one wheelbarrow at a time – exposing child labor.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
These children are sleeping outdoors – huddled together for warmth.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
Often, children would huddle together near grids on the street hoping to be warmed by the vents.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
From How the Other Half Lives, by Jacob Riis
“Bodies of drowned children turn up in the rivers right along in summer whom no one seems to know anything about. When last spring some workmen, while moving a pile of lumber on a North River pier, found under the last plank the body of a little lad crushed to death, no one had missed a boy, though his parents afterward turned up.”
The poor were frequently found drunk or ill to the point of death on the streets. Freezing to death was entirely possible.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
This man is spreading his sleeping tic on top of two barrels – the basement will very likely flood.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
Frequently, low paid workers would try to save money by sharing a room. Overcrowding bred disease.
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
Riis asked his readers to consider: Does the poor baby in this photograph inherit justice and equality? Or does the United States need to take action to insure that working people can provide for the basic needs of their families?
How the Other Half Lives,
By Jacob Riis
Reforms
• How did individuals work to change these conditions?
• Jane Addams:– Settlement Houses– The Hull House
The HULL-HOUSE was the FIRST . . .
Social Settlement in Chicago
Social Settlement with men and women residents
Public baths in Chicago
Public playground in Chicago
Gymnasium for the public in Chicago
Little theater in the United States
Citizenship preparation classes
Public kitchen in Chicago
College extension courses in Chicago
Group work school
Jane Addams’ funeral at Hull House. The streets are crowded with people who admired her and who were helped by her.