Unit 3 Chapter 9: Launching a New Republic 1789 - 1800

This presentation follows materials presented in Unit 3 of the McDougal Littell textbook: Creating America

I. Washington’s Presidency

A. Washington Takes Office1. Inaugurated in NYC in

17892. Received ALL electoral

votes with John Adams as his vice-president

3. Precedents set by Washingtona. What to call the Presidentb. Presidential Cabinet (not in

Cons.)c. Number of terms servedd. Neutrality: don’t align to any

country

a. Advisors to the President, chosen by the Pres. & approved by the senate

b. 1st Cabineti. Department of State: Thomas

Jefferson• In charge of relations w/ other

countries

ii. Depart. Of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton• In charge of gov’t/country’s

economy

4. President’s Cabinet

b. 1st Cabinet (cont.)iii.Department of War:

Henry Knox• In charge of Army and

Navy

iv. Attorney General: Edmund Randolf• Government’s top lawyer

4. President’s Cabinet

a. Plantation owner from Virginia

b. Supported AGRICULTURE & States’ Rights

c. Grew up wealthy and trusted the PEOPLE

5. Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State

B. Hamilton Goes to Work1. Alexander Hamilton

a. Grew up POOR in the Caribbean & did not trust ordinary people with the gov’t.

b. He started working @ age 12 and by 14, he was running the business

i. His boss sent him to College @ Columbia University in NYC

c. Served as Washington’s Personal Aide during the Revolution

d. Supported BUSINESS & a STRONG FEDERAL GOV’T.

B. Hamilton Goes to Work

2. Hamilton’s Debt Problema. Federal Gov’t and individual states

still owed $52 millioni. To France, Spain, the Netherlands, and

to private citizens

b. Hamilton’s 3-Step PLANi. Pay off all state war debtsii. Raise gov’t revenue (income)iii.Create a National Bank

c. Debt: (Step 1)i. Hamilton wanted to combine state &

nat’l debt• Nat’l gov’t would pay both

ii. Southern states already paid their debt and did not like it

d. Debt Compromisei. Jefferson would convince Southern

states to support debt plan IF…• Hamilton moved the nation’s capital to the

South• Washington, D.C.: land b/t Virginia and

Maryland

2. Hamilton’s Debt Problem

3. Raise Gov’t Revenue (Step 2)a. Tariff: tax on imported goodsb. Protective Tariffs:

i. Protects American businessesii. Charges taxes on imported goods to

make $ on themiii.Encouraged citizens to buy American

goods

c. North liked it b/c they are businessd. South didn’t like it b/c they rely on

trade

a. Place to keep all gov’t money

b. Would make $ from loansc. Would issue currency

(paper $)

4. Creating the National bank (Step 3)

a. Strict Constructioni. Can only do what the Constitution saysii. James Madison & Thomas Jefferson

b. Loose Constructioni. Constitution can be interpretedii. Rights can be “read into” the

Constitutioniii.ELASTIC Clause: (A1, S8) granted

Congress to pass laws necessary & proper for carrying out the Enumerated (Federal) powers

iv. Alexander Hamilton

5. Interpreting the Constitution

II. Challenges to the New Government

A. 1st Challenge: Native Americans

1. It appeared that Britain (still in NW Territory) & Spain were encouraging Indians to attack American settlers

2. Washington sent troops twice but were beaten so…a. He sent “Mad Anthony” Wayne

to handle the situationb. Wayne defeated the Indians @

the Battle of Fallen Timbers & the Indians were forced to move further west

1. Western farmers started making whiskey b/c their grain was going bad by the time they made it to market

2. Hamilton decided to tax whiskey to make $$$

3. Whiskey farmers rebelled & G.W. sent troops to prove the Nat'l Gov’t had powera. Rebels fled

B. 2nd Challenge: Whiskey Rebellion

1. 1789, French revolted against King Louis XVI

2. Americans supported the Revolution until it got bloody

3. Britain and France were @ war again

4. Hamilton did not want to offend Britain b/c of trade

C. 3rd Challenge: French Revolution

5. Jefferson wanted to help France b/c they helped us during our Revolution

6. Washington decided to remain NEUTRAL but it backfired…

C. 3rd Challenge: French Revolution

1. Jay’s Treaty (1794) – peace treaty w/ Britaina. Northwest Territory, Indian

attacks, and to stop attacking trading ships

2. Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) – peace treaty w/ Spaina. Trade on the Mississippi

River & New Orleans and the border of Florida

D. 4th Challenge: National Security

III.The Federalists in Charge

A. Washington’s Farewell Address

1. George Washington chose to only serve 2 terms – time for a change after 8 years

2. Farewell Address (Speech/Advise)a. Avoid political parties (they

only divide the country)b. Avoid alliances with foreign

countries as they will only drag you into war

B. Birth of Political Parties1. Purpose: to promote

ideas, influence Gov’t, and to back candidates for office

2. Established (WHY?):a. Disagreements over power

of the Federal Governmentb. Disagreements over foreign

policy

C. John Adams’ Presidency1. Adams – 2nd President, Thomas

Jefferson – Vice President2. Two Major Controversies during

presidencya. XYZ Affair

i. France was taking American trade ships, so Adams sent 3 representatives to France

ii. After weeks, they were still ignored until 3 French agents (X, Y, & Z) showed up asking for – $10 million loan $250,000 bribe to the Minister

iii. Congress cancelled treaties w/ France & called for any French ships to be seized

b. Alien and Sedition Actsi. Series of laws targeting

immigrants and Democratic-Republicans who criticized Adams

Gave the President the power to arrest disloyal immigrants

Outlawed Sedition: can’t say or write anything bad about the Government

C. John Adams’ Presidency (cont.)

b. Alien and Sedition Acts (cont.)ii. Jefferson & Madison wanted

states’ rights & nullification (where a state could “nullify” a federal law in the state)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolution

iii.In 1800, Democratic-Republicans won majority & repealed the Acts

C. John Adams’ Presidency (cont.)

Newspaper Writer, William Duane-

Accused of Sedition

3. Peace with Francea. Agreement of 1800 =

PEACEb. Cost Adams the election of

1800, but he fully supported his decision

C. John Adams’ Presidency (cont.)