Unit #3 Chapters 9, 10, 11

Unit #3Chapters 9, 10, 11

The Confederation and the Constitution

National National GovtGovt..

State GovernmentState Government

Local GovernmentLocal Government

Powers of government are

divided between a National, state and local governments.

Powers of government are

shared by all levels.

Some delegates feared the central government would be too powerful.

A federal govt. was created to allow states

and local govts to handle their own

affairs.

FederalFederal

=United States

Constitution

•Supreme law of the land….•US Constitution is over all

levels of government.National Government is over

the States.

Art. 5, 6, 7

FederalistsA strong national govt over the states was

needed to protect “life, liberty, property life, liberty, property and the pursuit of happinessand the pursuit of happiness”

Constitution was a “sound” document which “limited” the power of the national

govt.

Gave it power to settle problems within the country.

Representative democracyRepresentative democracy is what the constitution was built on and stated in the

Preamble, We the PeopleWe the People.

Appealed to more the wealthy, business owners and educated.

•George Washington

• Ben Franklin,

•John Adams,

•James Madison

•Alexander Hamilton

TheFederalist

Papers

•The Federalist PapersThe Federalist Papers were a series of 85 essays written were a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay

which supported the Constitution and convinced which supported the Constitution and convinced Americans that a stronger national government was Americans that a stronger national government was

needed.needed.

•Supported the Constitution and a strong central Supported the Constitution and a strong central governmentgovernment

fedpap

Art. 5, 6, 7

Anti-Federalists

The national govt was too powerful and it would take away your right to “life, “life,

liberty, property and the pursuit of liberty, property and the pursuit of happinesshappiness”

The constitutionconstitution was a threat to the “rights” we fought for in the Revolution

States” should have more authority than the national govt.

Feared representative democracyrepresentative democracy was threatened because our rights were not

protected.

Appealed to the common man, farmers and less educated

•Patrick Henry Patrick Henry

•ThomasThomasJefferson Jefferson

•Sam AdamsSam Adams

1. Delaware 30 – 02. Pennsylvania 46 – 233. New Jersey 38 – 04. Georgia 26 – 05. Connecticut 128 – 406. Massachusetts 187–1687. Maryland 63 – 118. South Carolina 149 – 739. New Hampshire 57 – 4710. Virginia89 – 7911. New York 30 – 2712. North Carolina 194 – 7713. Rhode Island 34 - 22

Ratify

struggle

In order for the new Constitution to

become the “law of the land”, 9 of 13

states had to ratify the Constitution.

In order for the new Constitution to

become the “law of the land”, 9 of 13

states had to ratify the Constitution.

City 1790 1800 1810

Boston 18,038 24,937 33,250New York 33,131 60,489 96,373Philadelphia 45,529 69,403 91,874Baltimore 13,503 26,114 35,583Charleston 16,359 20,473 24,711

1. What is a Census check, why was it needed and when does it occur?

2. What does it mean when it states 3/5’s of all other persons?

3. Which city grew the most during the 20 years shown?

4. Which city grew the least during the 20 years shown?

Warm Up

5. What is the only branch of gov’t elected directly by the people?6. What was the biggest complaint about the Constitution from

those who opposed it?7. What percent of the American population was rural in 1789?8. The Bill of Rights was intended to protect _______ against the

potential tyranny of __________.

Precedents are models, Precedents are models, examples or influences other examples or influences other

Presidents would followPresidents would follow

What to call the President? Mr. President

President sets their own personal style

Cabinet appointed by President and advises him

precedents

VP has no official duties

President acts independent from Congress

Congress relies on the advice of the President

Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State

cabinet

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government

Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

Department of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of War

Attorney General----------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice

Postmaster General-------------------Postal system•Samuel Osgood

John Jay first Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court

•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South

•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.

•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. valuable role in the beginning of our nation.

•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. country would go economically, politically and socially. •President Washington was stuck in the middle of these President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our countrytwo men as they argued over our country’’s beginnings.s beginnings.

Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)

Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans

Leader

Appealed to

Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams

Thomas JeffersonJames Madison

Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities

Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West

Ideas of Government

Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution

•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king

State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution

•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersCommon man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better

DomesticPolicy

Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high

Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low

ForeignPolicy

Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British

Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French

political

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000Federal Domestic

Debt

$42,414,000State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTaxon

Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt

problems:problems:

•Pay off $80 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of

Washington, D.C.debt

HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and

transfer money

•Provide loans to government and state banks

•A national currency---$$$$$

•An investment by people to buy stock into US bank

•Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose

construction of Constitution

•National debt good for country

JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution

•State banks would collapse

•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government

•Hurt the common man

•Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national

bank.

•Against a national debt

BUS

whiskeymap

Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed

this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……

•FarmerFarmer’’s revolt in s revolt in western western

Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.

•Refused to pay Refused to pay HamiltonHamilton’’ s excise s excise

tax tax

•Believed it was an Believed it was an unfair tax.unfair tax.

•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of testing the power of the new Constitutionthe new Constitution

Outcome:Outcome:

•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic

rebellions, rebellions, ““mobocracymobocracy””

•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,

Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

Whiskey

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete

•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours

French Rev

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

•France goes to war against European kings

•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British

•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war

French Rev

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie

Antoniette in 1793.

•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French

Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.

farewell

Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of state of warwar exists between Austria, exists between Austria,

Prussia, Sardinia, Prussia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United Netherlands, of and the United Netherlands, of the one part and the one part and FranceFrance on the on the

other; and the duty and other; and the duty and

interest of the U.S. require, that they should interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a pursue a conduct friendly and impartial conduct friendly and impartial

toward the belligerent powers.toward the belligerent powers.

farewell

neutrality

•President WashingtonPresident Washington’’s response to the French was to s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and

remain remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid.

•Why?Why?

I have therefore thought fit by these I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the presents to declare the disposition of the

U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and towards those Powers respectfully; and

to exhort and to exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and

proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in , which may in any manner tend to contravene such any manner tend to contravene such

disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793

•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washingtonwere upset with Washington’’s Neutrality. s Neutrality.

•WashingtonWashington’’s s NeutralityNeutrality decision was decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.based on the long term U.S. self interest.

•Preserve and protect the infant nationPreserve and protect the infant nation

Thomas Paine On Thomas Paine On WashingtonWashington’’s Neutralitys Neutrality

““And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of

danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an

importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.or whether you ever had any.””

Response to frenchrev

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

•President Washington faced several

Indian problems.

•British were British were supplying the supplying the

tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition

to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.

•Washington sent General

“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat

the Indian tribes.

precedents

War in the Old Northwest Territory


Several tribes, led by Little Turtle of the Miamis, scored

early victories (1790–91)

The Miamis were defeated at Fallen Timbers by

General Mad Anthony Wayne (1794)



Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle most

of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian

sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty

Map 13 of 45

British forts on U.S. soil. Still

haven’t removed

troops and supplying

Indians with weapons

Disputed land claims with

Spain..Cut off Mississippi

River

Jays

Jay’s Treaty with EnglandJay’s Treaty with England….. British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to Indians.•Collaborated with Indians to check US expansion to frontier.

• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).

• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.

• Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.

JayJay’’s Treatys TreatyJayJay’’s Treatys Treaty

Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain

• British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300– Impressed and imprisoned American

sailors.

• Jeffersonians called for war• Federalists resisted (financial system).


• British remove forts from US soil

• British agreed but required US to pay old

debts on pre-Revolution accounts.

• Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with

Indian tribes

• Opened westward expansion for US

settlers.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.

ImpressmentImpressment:: an act of kidnapping a an act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing them ship, its contents, men and forcing them into your navy----the British and French into your navy----the British and French

were doing this to us.were doing this to us.

impressment


• British agree to pay some damages, but

required US to pay old debts on pre-

Revolution accounts.

• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to

Britain, betrayal of South (who had debts).

• Did not stop impressment.

John Jay is burnt in effigy because

Americans believed he sold out to the British.


• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.

• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.

Picnkneys

Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between

Spanish Florida and US……

Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in

New Orleans.

•Washington warned of the Washington warned of the dangers of dangers of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent alliancespermanent alliances with other with other

nations. nations.

•WashingtonWashington’’s warning against s warning against ““entangling alliancesentangling alliances”” became a became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.principle of U.S. foreign policy.

““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant

situation invites and enables us to pursue a different situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent steer clear of permanent

alliances with any portion of the foreign worldalliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to

temporary alliances for extraordinary temporary alliances for extraordinary emergenciesemergencies””…..1796…..1796

farewell

Farewell Address: 1. European Affairs, 2. permanent alliances, 3. political parties, 4.

sectionalismWashington displayed this in 1793 by the Proclamation of NeutralityProclamation of Neutrality and his Farewell Farewell

AddressAddress in 1796.

No entangling alliancesNo entangling alliances…….…….US should avoid military alliances with Europe…….continue

to trade with Europe

Neutrality = Isolation

Adams Becomes President

•Alexander Hamilton was the most famous Federalist but the controversy of the National Bank cost him the Presidency•John Adams elected in his place•Tension between Federalists and Democratic Republicans was at an all time high

•The French hated John Jay’s treaty•Adams sends future Chief Justice John Marshall to France•Three French diplomats approached Marshall and demanded a bribe•Later becomes known as the X,Y, Z affair

Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State

• I. Intro and Ch. 10 Themes– Never destined to be great; experiment

• II. Demographics of America– 90% rural; 5% lived west of Appalachians

• III. President Washington– Unanimous/cabinet/3 departments

• IV. Bill of Rights/Judiciary Act/SC

Launching the New Ship of State

• V. Alexander Hamilton– Background/desire to improve credit of USA

and ‘fund’ the national debt at ‘par.’• Assumption of states debts-why?

– Did all states want debts assumed?

– Horse trading went down

• Favored the wealthy and believed in ‘trickle down’

• Saw the national debt as a national blessing– How can a debt be an asset?

Foreign Debt

$11,710,000Federal Domestic

Debt

$42,414,000State Debt

$21,500,000

CustomDuties

(Tariffs)

ExciseTaxon

Whiskey

Misc.Revenue

Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt

problems:problems:

•Pay off $80 million debt

•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products

•Tariff: a tax on imports

•Establish good credit with foreign nations

•Create a national bank with a national currency

•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver

Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of

Washington, D.C.debt

HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and

transfer money

•Provide loans to government and state banks

•A national currency---$$$$$

•An investment by people to buy stock into US bank

•Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose

construction of Constitution

•National debt good for country

JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution

•State banks would collapse

•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government

•Hurt the common man

•Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national

bank.

•Against a national debt

BUS

•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of testing the power of the new Constitutionthe new Constitution

Outcome:Outcome:

•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new

constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic

rebellions, rebellions, ““mobocracymobocracy””

•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment

President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,

Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.

Whiskey


• VI. Importance of political parties


• VII. French Revolution will involve US– Fears in America– Treaty of 1778 to protect W. Indies– Who supported it and who opposed it in

America

• VIII. Washington declares neutrality– France never called on us to abide by the treaty– Self interest is the cement of alliances


• IX. Twisting of the lion’s tail– British forts– Arming of the Miami’s

• Gen. Mad Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle at Fallen Timbers-extension of the peace pipe

– Treaty of Greenville 1795

– British impressment of American sailors


• X. Jay’s Treaty– Forts, $ for seizures, Indians, future

impressments, debts on pre-rev. accounts to British merchants

– Very unpopular in America, especially among Jeffersonians and southerners

– Washington even suffered– Unintended consequence

• Pinckney’s Treaty with Spanish in 1795


• XI. Washington’s Farewell address– “No Third Term Tradition”– ‘entangling alliances’– Other precedents set?

• XII. Adams as President– France’s reaction to Jay’s Treaty

• Impressment

– XYZ affair and unofficial fighting– Convention of 1800 (Hamilton/importance)


• Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)– Alien Acts

• 514 yrs for citizenship• Deportations

– Sedition Act• Amendment #1

– VA and KY resolutions• Compact theory (later used by)• States vs. people


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Unit #3 Chapters 9, 10, 11

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