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Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s...

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Unit 3 Unit 3 Cultural Cultural Patterns and Patterns and Processes Processes
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Page 1: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Unit 3Unit 3Cultural Cultural

Patterns and Patterns and ProcessesProcesses

Page 2: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Cultural LandscapeCultural Landscape• If you have ever studied the earth’s

surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air, you have observed the cultural landscape – the modification of the natural landscape by human activities.

Page 3: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Midwestern U.S.Midwestern U.S.

Page 4: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Big Cities

Page 5: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Culture – the complex mix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that together form a people’ way of life. – Important terminology follows:

• Non-material CultureNon-material Culture – consists of abstract concepts of values, beliefs and behaviors.

• Values Values – are culturally defined standards that guide the way people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty, and that serve as guidelines for moral living.

Red Sonia – Leslie Red Sonia – Leslie Hovvels of Welsh – Hovvels of Welsh – died because of died because of infection related to infection related to nose piercings.nose piercings.

Page 6: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

• Egyptian body piercings reflected status and love of beauty.

• Romans were practical piercers. Signified Strength and Virility.

• Aztecs, Mayans and some American Indians practiced Tongue Piercing as religious ritual.

• Modern Day – Mostly limited to the ears until recently. Hippies of the 1960’s traveled to India and brought back the concept of nose rings. The concept of body piercing has continued to gain in popularity throughout the 80’s, 90’s and today.

Page 7: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

• BeliefsBeliefs – specific statements that people hold to be true – almost always based on values.

• BehaviorsBehaviors – Actions that people take – generally based on values and beliefs as reflected in norms norms the rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Page 8: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Material Culture –Material Culture – wide range concrete human creations. • Artifacts – reflect the values, beliefs, and behaviors

or a culture. – From an airplane you can readily see material culture as it

relates to the environment. • Roads• Houses• Buildings,• Car• Farm equipment• Airport runways

– Look beyond the objects… Why does a person build a house? Why are the houses arranged in the patterns that you see? What purpose do checkerboards serve, and where do the roads lead? The answers to these questions lie in the values, beliefs, and behaviors (non-material culture) that humans use to guide the creation and maintenance of their artifacts (material culture)

Page 9: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Culture Regions – Traits – and Culture Regions – Traits – and ComplexesComplexes

• Separating culture into non-material and material types helps you begin to study its complexities.

• Culture Region is an area marked by culture that distinguishes it from other regions – non-material culture, such as clothing and building style, reflect the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the people that live in the region.

Page 10: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Culture TraitCulture Trait• A single attribute of a culture is called a

Culture Trait and a culture region consists of countless numbers of traits. – Ex: A trait may be wearing colorful clothing with

the group’s own skillful weave and design. Another culture trait may be the building of roads and bridges across mountain ranges. Yet another trait may be the construction of buildings without mortar and another the terracing of land for crop growth. Put all these and thousands of others – together, and you may study the culture region that survives today around the Andes Mountains in South America.

Page 11: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

• Culture traits are not necessarily confined to a single culture. – For example, people in many cultures use brushes to clean their teeth and to make their hair more attractive, and they usually use different kinds of brushes for the two types of activities. However, the trait combines with others in a distinctive way, so that a culture complex is formed. A culture complex consists of common values, beliefs, behaviors, and artifacts that make a group in an area distinct from others.

Page 12: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

China – Many Culture ComplexesChina – Many Culture Complexes• Modern City of Xian – combines religions and

beliefs, such as Buddhism, Islam and Confucianism in a way that makes it identifiable as a separate culture complex. However, particular traits such as following Confucian principles, are shared by other complexes around them. Any area with strong cultural ties that bind its people together forms a Culture System – a group of interconnected culture complexes.

• On the map, a culture region can represent an entire culture region can represent an entire culture system that intertwines with its locational and environmental circumstances to form a geographic region.

Page 13: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

• Cultural Hearths are the areas where civilizations first began that radiated the ideas, innovations and ideologies that culturally transformed the world.

• Early Cultural Hearths developed in Southwest Asia, North Africa, South Asia, and East Asia in the valleys and basin of great river systems.

• Cultural Hearths developed much later in Central and South America, and their geography shaped cultural development not around river valleys, but around mountain ranges and central highlands.

Page 14: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

• Another Cultural Hearth with its own culture complex developed centuries later in West Africa, very much influenced by earlier hearths along the Nile River in Northeast Africa.

• Another unique cultural hearth developed in the islands of the Aegean Sea, where the inhabitants were jointed by easy water access among islands and mainland.

• From their centers, the hearths grew until they came into contact with one another, although their ability to travel to and contact other cultural hearths was limited by their levels of technology and distance. Cultural hearths have shifted greatly over time. For example, the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th century moved cultural hearths to Europe and North America, with modern shifts in the 21st century continuing to occur.

Page 15: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Cultural HearthsCultural Hearths

Page 16: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Cultural DiffusionCultural Diffusion• The early cultural hearths were centers for

innovation and invention, and their non-material and material culture spread to areas around them through a process called cultural cultural diffusiondiffusion.

• Over time, as cultural hearths have shifted, cultural diffusion has spread culture traits to most parts of the globe.

• This long and complicated spread of culture often makes it difficult to trace the origin, spread, and timing of a particular trait.

Page 17: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

How do I How do I understand understand DiffusionDiffusion??

Page 18: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

AcculturationAcculturation• Acculturation –

when smaller/weaker groups take on traits of the larger/dominant culture. Can be 2-way process – e.g. Aztecs acculturated into Spanish culture, but some Aztec traits remained and became Spanish culture.

Page 19: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

AssimilationAssimilation• Assimilation – the

adoption of cultural elements can be so complete that two cultures become indistinguishable – e.g. – jeans being worn here in the Czech Republic

Page 20: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

BARRIERS TO DIFFUSIONBARRIERS TO DIFFUSION• TIME and DISTANCE DECAY – farther

from the source & the more time it takes, the less likely innovation adopted

• CULTURAL BARRIERS – some practices, ideas, innovations are not acceptable/adoptable in a particular culture – e.g. pork, alcohol, contraceptives…

• PHYSICAL BARRIERS – physical barriers on the surface may prohibit/inhibit adoption

Page 21: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Distance Decay Graph• Learn to think

about distance decay in a “spatial” context

• Think of distance decay in terms of an ‘x’ and ‘y’ axis

Page 22: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,
Page 23: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Two Types of DiffusionTwo Types of Diffusion• Expansion

• Relocation

Page 24: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion

• EXPANSION DIFFUSION–Spread of an innovation/idea

through a population in an area in such a way that the # of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination. (de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-20)

Page 25: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion

• This occurs when an idea or trait spreads from one place to another.

Page 26: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Kinds of Expansion DiffusionKinds of Expansion Diffusion• Hierarchical

Diffusion – spread of an idea through an established structure usually from people or areas of power down to other people or areas

Page 27: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Examples of Hierarchical Diffusion

• AIDS is typically viewed as hierarchical because if its historically distinctive URBAN to URBAN diffusion pattern

• “Blackberries” have diffused hierarchically. Blackberries, though becoming cheaper, are too expensive for most consumers to buy; therefore diffusing hierarchically.

Page 28: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion• Contagious

Diffusion – spread of an idea/trait/concept through a group of people or an area equally without regard to social class, economic position or position of power.

Page 29: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Diagram of Contagious Diffusion

Human Geography, deBlij & Murphy, 7th ed. Page 28

• ‘A’ is a diagram of contagious diffusion. Notice virtually all ‘adopt.’

• ‘B’ is a diagram of hierarchical diffusion. Notice the leapfrogging over some areas.

Page 30: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion• Stimulus Diffusion – the spread of an

underlying principle even though the characteristic itself does not spread.

»OR

• Stimulus Diffusion - involves the transfer of an underlying concept or idea, without the specific accompanying traits due to some cultural or other barrier to the movement of the idea

Page 31: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

An example of Stimulus Diffusion

• McDonald’s spread to India; however, Indian Hindus do not eat beef. Indian McDonald’s serve veggie burgers, which is culturally acceptable. The idea (McDonald’s burgers) was acceptable, but not in its original form – hence stimulus diffusion.

                              

Page 32: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

RELOCATION DIFFUSIONRELOCATION DIFFUSION

Sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate to new ones. The most common form of relocation diffusion involves the spreading of innovations by a migrating population. (de Blij/Murphy – 7th ed., page R-26)

• This occurs when the people migrate and take their cultural attributes with them.

Page 33: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Relocation and Expansion – In Review Human Geography, Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 8th ed. Page 55

• ‘A’ is relocation diffusion as the personperson goes.

• ‘B’ is expansion diffusion as the idea/traitidea/trait moves or transports.

Page 34: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

AIDS and Relocation Diffusion• Some authors suggest AIDS diffuses

through relocation diffusion. This is true by the fact that the diffusers “take” the disease with them. However, AIDS is not contracted by everyone in its path. More importantly, the pattern of AIDS diffusion is more classically hierarchical (and therefore expansion).

Page 35: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Migrant DiffusionMigrant Diffusion (a form of Relocation Diffusion)

• Migrant Diffusion is when an innovation originates and enjoys strong, but brief, adoption there. The innovation may travel long distances (& be thriving), but could be faded out back at the point of origination – e.g. influenza in China will reach the U.S., but the epidemic could be over in China by the time it takes hold in the U.S.

Page 36: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

One more look…Wal-Mart as both contagious and reverse hierarchical diffusion – WHY?

Human Geography, Fellmann, Getis & Getis, 8th Ed. Page 57

Page 37: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

How about another example How about another example of reverse hierarchical of reverse hierarchical

diffusion?diffusion?

Page 38: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

Random Thoughts on DiffusionRandom Thoughts on Diffusion• Expansion Diffusion • Contagious • Does not need have a specific pre-existing structure for

transmission • disease contagion is a prime example • Don’t forget the orange scent spreading around the room• Hierarchical • requires a pre-established structure to channel the flow ie

'chain of command' or network of power• Relocation Diffusion • Movement of people and things • Europeans moved to the Americas and brought their culture

with them

Page 39: Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes Cultural Landscape If you have ever studied the earth’s surface from an airplane thousands of feet in the air,

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