Unit 30 Agriscience
Domestication of livestock was a turning point for civilization.No longer would they have to wander hunting for food. GrowingTheir own crops and keeping their own animals villages couldBe established. Within these villages job specialization and Education took place.
Today in our area livestock production is big business, Reaching into the millions of dollars in our county alone.
Dairy production
Hippocrates the father of modern medicine first wrote about the valueOf milk as a food in 400 BC.
The First milk cows appeared in North America in 1493 on ColumbusSecond voyage to the new world.
Settlers in Jamestown also brought milk cows with them in 1611.
Economic importance of dairyDairy business is the second most important animal enterprise in theUnited States
Each American consumes 580 pounds of milk and dairy productsEach year.
There are 9.2 million cows in the United States
Calves not kept for diary purposes are sold as veal.
Mature cows and bulls that are no longer profitable are sold asBeef.
Dairies that produce milk for human consumption are Class A dairies.These dairies are very strictly regulated.
Dairies that produce milk for use in cheese, butter, and ice cream, areClass B dairies, and are not as strictly regulated.
Breeds
Holstein – Ninety percent of all milk cows in the UnitedStates are Holsteins.
They have the highest average milk production, in pounds, Of all diary breeds
Breeds
Jersey – Are the smallest of the dairy breeds.They have the highest butterfat contest in their milk of anyBreed. This is important for the makers of butter and ice cream
Breeds
Guernsey – Another breed popular in the United States. It producesMilk with yellowish color so it is sometimes called the “GoldenGuernsey”.
Breeds
Ayrshire Brown Swiss
These two breeds are raised in few number then the breedsmentioned before them.
What do you know about these breeds?
Approved practicesThese are some approved practices mentioned in the book. RememberThat most dairy calves, whether they are kept or not, are raised off the cow.
Make sure all calves get colostrum, the cows first milk.
Feed good milk replacer to all the calves
Start the calves on a grain creep feed within ten days.Breed heifers at 20 to 24 months of age
COWS
Rebreed cows 45 to 60 days after calving
Manage for a 60 day dry period before calving again
Milk on a regular basis, two (2X) or three (3X) a day.
CALVES
Beef production
The first cows that were domesticated were used for meat, milk, as Well as draft, a source of power.
First settlers on the east coast of the content used the animalsTo do plowing and other heavy work that required slow, tough power.
Spanish settlers brought the longhorn a tough animal to provideFood for the many Spanish missions in the new world.
Economic importanceBeef production is the number one red meat industry in the United States.
Each American eats about 96 pounds of beef annuallyThis means the beef industry is a $40 BILLION business annually
These animals harvest grass and turn it into a product we can use
The by product industry from beef is amazing. It is used in anythingFrom jello to cosmetics.
Types of production:
Cow-calf – produce calves for feedlot operators. Sometimes back- grounders will feed calves out.
Feed lot – This is where calves are grown and fattened under controlledConditions. The animals are slaughtered when they are finished.
Purebred – Provide different genetic material for the calf producer.
BreedsEnglish or Standard breeds.
Angus Shorthorn Galloway
Devon Red Poll
What do youKnow aboutThese breeds?
Exotic breedsImported for leaner meat from dual and tri purpose breeds.
Imported after 1973?
CharolaisLimousin
Blond D’ Aquitaine
Maine Anjou Simmental
Have you seen These breeds?What do you knowAbout them?
American BreedsBred for heat and disease tolerance
Many use Brahman and English breeds
Brangus
Beefmaster
Have you seen any of these breeds in ourArea? Can you find out any information On other American breeds?
Practices motioned in the book
Select a proper breed that will do well in your area.
Be able to judge the merits of individuals visually
Base all of your calf weights on 205 days.
Figure one one bull per 25 cows in a range situation
Keep breeding time 30 to 60 days so that calving time is30 to 60 days.
Swine production
The first record of swine domestication was in China in 4900 BC.
All breeds can trace there roots to either the European wild pig (Scrofa)Or the Indian wild pig (Vittalus)
Swine came to the North American continent in 1493. The second Voyage of Columbus. They were used as food on the ship and on The shore.
Economic importance
Second red meat industry in the United States.
The swine industry generates $13 BILLION in annual revenues.
There are 62 million hogs in the U.S.
The U. S. is third in the production of swine. China is first andRussia is second.
Each American annually eats 62 pounds of pork (the meat from swine).
Hogs one of the best feed conversion rates of any farm animal. ItTakes only 3.5 pounds of feed to produce one pound of gain.
Types of swine operations
Feeder pig – Produce hogs for market hog operations. Sows areManaged to have two to two and one half litters per year.
Market hog – Feed out piglets. They usually buy animals 5-8 weeksOf age, 40 pounds, and feed them until they weigh 240-260 pounds.The animals are slaughtered.
Purebred – Supply feeder operations with new and improved geneticMaterial in the form of Bores and gilts.
Swine BreedsU.S. importance
DurocHampshire
Chester White
PolandchinaSpotted PolandchinaOr Spotted hog.
Have you seen any ofThese breeds in ourCounty?
Why aren’t there any hogProducers in our county?
Swine BreedsEuropean
BerkshireYorkshire
Tamworth
Swine breeds others
American Landrace – developed in Denmark
Approved practicesBuy good hogs to start any operation
Watch for disease, it can wipe out a swine operation very quickly
Formulate rations for each stage of development
Breed gilts, young female hogs, at 8 months of age.
Clip teeth, ear notch, castrate, and vaccinate at an early age so you don’t set them back.
Rebred sows at first estrus after farrowing
Wean piglets at 4 to six weeks of age
Sheep production
Sheep have been domesticated for over 20,000 year.
Sheep can be used for meat(mutton), wool, pelts, and milk
Sheep also came to North America in 1493 with Columbus.
Economic importanceAmericans eat 1.7 pounds of lamb annually and use about .8 poundsOf wool. Lamb and Mutton is a very ethnic food.
There are 7.8 million sheep in the United States.
The sheep industry creates $70 million dollars in revenue every year
Types of operations
Farm flocks – Usually considered less than 150 head. Mostly purebredAnd account for one third of the sheep in the U.S.
Range – eleven million sheep are raised in open range conditions, thisAccounts for two thirds of all the sheep in the U.S.
Sheep breeds fine wool
Delaine merino, American merinoAll decedents of the Spanish merino
Debouillet
Rambouillet
What does FINE woolMean?
Sheep breeds medium wool
Suffolk Shropshire Dorset
HampshireSouthdown
What do you knowAbout sheep withBlack fibers in theirWool?
Sheep breeds Long wool
Leichester Lincoln Romney
Cotswold
Why would anyProducer wantTo have a sheepWith LONGWool origins?
Approved PracticesBe able to select superior livestock
Vaccinate for diseases and parasites in your area
Breed ewe lambs to lamb the first time at 2 years of age
Try to sear before lambing
Dock and castrate early
Goat Production
Goats have been domesticated since 7,000 to 3,000 BC. They mayHave been domesticated about the same time as sheep.
Early colonists in North America imported goats from Switzerland.
Goats can be used for meat (chevon), milk, dairy, and mohair (hair)production
Economic importance
Goat production is low in economic importance as most flocksAre small privately owned non-commercial.
Sixty percent of the mohair production in the world comes fromThe United States, most of that is produced in Texas.
Breeds of goats hair producing
Angora
What else are angora used for locally?
Milking Breeds of goats
Nubian Alpine Saanen
Toggenburg
Do you know of any infants that mayHave had to drink goats milk, why?
Does goats milk have more or lessCream than cows milk?
These goats produce 3-4 quarts of milkPer day.
Approved Practices
Select the breed of goat for the use and the area
Feed milking goats grain because of production
Figure one buck for 20 to 50 does depending onThe pasture size and age.
