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Unit-41401

AERODROME DATA, PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND

OBSTACLE RESTRICTION

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Syllabus

1. Aerodrome data - Basic terminology – Aerodrome reference code – Aerodrome reference point – Aerodrome elevation – Aerodrome reference temperature

2. Instrument runway, physical Characteristics; length of primary / secondary runway – Width of runways – Minimum distance between parallel runways etc. – obstacles restriction.

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Key Topics

1. Design of an Aerodrome

2. Classification of Aerodromes in India

3. Types of Runway

4. Design of Length of Runway

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O Hare Airport

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Types of Aerodromes in India

• International Aerodrome-13

• Domestic aerodrome-68 domestic terminals

• Military Aerodrome-Pathankot

• Custom Aerodrome-Madurai

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Chennai Aerodrome parameter

• Location Trisoolam;MSL=16m

• Bearing=12*59’N 80*E

• Runway 1. 07/25; 3.658m Asphalt

• Runway 2.12/30; 2.05m Asphalt/Concrete

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Chennai Terminal

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Aerodrome Data

Aerodrome Ref Point, Aerodrome Chart

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Chennai Airport

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Aerodrome Data

1. Contain Aerodrome Chart2. Aerodrome location giving-name, lat and long, airport

elevation physical location, distance & bearings-34 ft AMSL; 12*59’37” N, 01*08’37”E

3. Aerdrome Administration-name, number, fax of the operator -AAI

4. Movement Areas like Runways, Taxiways, Aprons5. Visual Aids-marking and lighting system for

airports,Visual Approach Slope Indicator and Navigational Aids

6. Ground Services like Fuel, communication from Ground to Pilot

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Typical Example

1. Name of Aerodrome-Chennai or Delhi etc & National Airport or International as NAT/INT

2. Runway Number from 01 to 36 & No. of Runways as 1 or 2 and their designation and length as 07/25; 3.658mile

3. Elevation of Runway4. Type of Traffic ( IFR/VFR)5. Location of Wind Sox (illuminated and non

illuminated)6. Location of Aerodrome Ref point, Control

Tower, Terminal Building, Fire Station, Nav.

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AERODROME CHART

1. Layout of runways, taxiways and apron(s);b) type of the runway surfaces;c) designations and length of runways; RWY NR-18;

2286M

d) designations of the taxiwayse) location of illuminated and non- illuminated wind

direction indicators;2. Location of the aerodrome reference point3. Location of terminal buildings4. Location of control tower5. Location of fire station6. Location of navigation aids7. Location of isolation bay8. Location of helipads

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Aerodrome-runway and Taxiaway

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Runway Details

1. Designation: RWY NR-182. Bearing:184*20’ GEO and 184*15’3. Runway Size :2286 x 45 m4. Width :< 30m, usually 45m, based on the wingspace of

aircraft5. Separation between Parallel Runway <1300m6. Slope of Runway < 5%7. Permissible Cross Wind = 20 Knots8. Runway Surface : Loss Free and Friction Free9. Material : Partly Asphalt and partly

concrete

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ARP-Aerodrome Ref Point

• ARP defined as geometrical centre of runway, and height decided by the AAI & Point-ARP-the magnetic variation given to the nearest degree from magnetic north of the runway - Indicated as ARPlat and ARPlong

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Chennai ARP

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ARP-Chennai

• Elevation 34 ft AMSL

• Latitude 125937 N

• Longitude010837E

• Land Area 1400 Acres

Latitude

125937N

Longitude

0801037E

Land

Area

1400

Acres

Elevation

34 ft.

AMSL

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RUNWAY

TORA & TODA,Characterestics, types and secondary runway – Width of runways –

Minimum distance between parallel runways etc. – obstacles restriction

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TORA & TODA

• Take off Run-TORA =Length of runway declared available and distance traversed on ground run of an airplane taking off = 1.15 x Midpoint length of runway)

• Take off Distance-TODA-length of the takeoff run available plus the length of Clear way; TODA=TORA + Clearway or 1.5 Tora

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TAKE OFF DISTANCE-TODA

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TAKE OFF RUN AVAILABLE-TORA

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Runway Length

• Depends on the type of aircraft and speed of landing( Airbus require 3.5Km)

• 1800m for weights< 90,000Kg for smaller aircrafts

• ,2400m For Widebodies aircrafts

• 4000m for International flights

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Runway Visual Range-RVR

• Is an instrumentally derived value that representing the horizontal distance a pilot can see down the runway, determined by visibility sensors

• RVR measured in increments of 100 feet up to 1,000 feet, increments of 200 feet from 1,000 feet to 3,000 feet, and increments of 500 feet above 3,000 feet to 6,000 feet.

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RVR to Pilot

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RVR

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Types

1. Single Runway-Simplest Runway used when winds blow on the Runway and suitable when peak HR traffic is <50 operations; Both ends can be used when the winds are light for landing and departure.

2. Parallel Runway-when winds blow on the runway and peak hr.traffic >50 operations and landing and departure on two runways

3. Intersecting Runway-when wind blow in one direction is > the other, intersecting runway being used.

4. Open V & Closed V runway

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Typical Runways

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Single and Parallel Runways

Single RunwayLayout

Equal Dep & ARR

Parallel Runway

Terminal Building

L/TOL/TO

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Open V Runway & Intersecting Runway

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VFR,IFR Runway( Precision and Non precision)

1. Visual Runway

2. Instrument Runway

a.Precision Runway-marked at edge with white painting-guidance both for vertical and horizontal

b.Non Precision Instrument ( no vertical guidance, only horizontal guidance)

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Instrument Runway

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Instrument runway-Features

1. Marking and lighting systems for runways;

2. b) approach lighting system;

3. c) visual approach slope indicator system;

4. d) aerodrome beacon;

5. e) marking and lighting systems for taxiways; and

6. f) any other marking and lighting systems.

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Parallel Runway-9R-9L

0

90

180

270

N

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Parallel Runway

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Landing

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Parallel Runways

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Components of a Traffic Pattern Single Runway

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Designated positions in Parallel runway

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Designated positions in the runway

• Position 1. Aircraft initiates call to taxi for departing flight. Runway from Apron

• Position 2. Departing aircraft held at position 2. Engine run-up be performed here.

• Position 3. Take-off clearance issued • Position 4. Clearance to land is issued• Position 5. Clearance to taxi to apron • Position 6. Parking information issued

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Actual Traffic Pattern in Parallel Runways

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Parallel Runways <4300’

• Parallel Runways <4300’, Aircraft still required to be 2.5 NM apart on the same localizer,

• but close as 1.5 NM apart diagonally between the localizers

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Parallel Runways <4300’

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Minimum distance between parallel runways

• Safe if the runway spacing is greater than 1270m Unsafe if the spacing is lower than 930 m.

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Parallel Runway Approaches (4)

1. Close Parallel

2. Independent parallel approaches

3. Independent Close Parallel

4. Independent Close Parallel with Cross Wind Close parallel.

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Parallel Runway Approaches (4)

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Width of runways

• Runway Width =45 Meters based on Airworthiness requirements for AB 380

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Typical Runway

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Specification of Taxiway

• Width

• Surface

• Strength

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Information to Pilot for Take off

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Information

• Runway Number

• Wind Direction and Speed

• QNH altimeter setting

• the air temperature for the runway to be used, in the case of turbine-engine aircraft;

• RVR Values of the Runway

• Correct Time

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Information to be provided for the Aircraft when on Approach

• Runway Number

• Surface Wind Direction and Speed

• QNH altimeter setting

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Obstacle Restriction

• Runway designation:APCH-18 & TKOF-36

• Obstacle type Trees and their bearing for different types of trees from 17m to 21 and their coordinates:

• Mobile Tower and their bearing

• Pole and its bearing

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Runway Markings

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Runway Factors

1. Airport elevation above MSL2. Mean maximum temperature3. Wind velocity4. Aircraft operating weights5. Takeoff and landing flap settings6. Effective runway gradient7. Runway surface conditions (dry, wet,

contaminated, etc.)8. Presence of obstructions within the vicinity of

the approach and departure path, and

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Runway Markings

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Instrument Runway markings

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1.Threshold Marking: 30 m x 1.8m white stripes

150m 3. Touch downZone marking

4.LandingAiming Point Marking30 x 4 m W stripe

29L

50-75mX 0.9 m

Figure not to scale

Runway Markings

Centre line Marking

300m

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Runway Markings

1. Threshold: marked by a line of green lights-Four stripes on either side of the centerline at the end of the runway

2. Magnetic Runway Heading-29- number, to the nearest one-tenth of Magnetic North

3. Touch Down Zone Markers:Meant to help define the touchdown zone, they show distance information in 500 foot increments

4. Landing aiming point a visual cue, it is generally 1,000 feet from the threshold

5. Distance to go Markers:number denotes the distance remaining, in thousands of feet.

6. Runway Designator Sign:the departure end of runway 9 is to your left and the departure end of runway 27 is to your right.

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Typical Runway

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Meaning of Signals in the event of Communication Failure

• Flashing Green-Permission to move to Taxi area

• Steady Red-Stop

• Flashing Red-Move off the Landing Area to taxi area

• Flashing White-Vacate manoeuvring area in accordance with local instructions

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Minimum Safe/Sector Altitude-MSA

• MSA published for emergency use on IAP charts. • For conventional navigation systems, the MSA is

normally based on the primary omnidirectional facility• NAVAID used to determine the MSA altitudes.• For RNAV approaches, MSA is based on the runway

waypoint (RWY WP) for straight-in approaches, or the airport waypoint (APT WP) for circling approaches.

• For GPS approaches, the MSA center will be the missed approach waypoint (MAWP).

• MSAsexpressed in feet above mean sea level and normally have a 25 NM radius;

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ORDER OF PRIORITY FORARRIVING AND DEPARTING

AIRCRAFT

• Landing ( Final stage of Approach) has Priority against Take off

• An aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to land have priority over an aircraft intending to depart from the same or an intersecting runway

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Airport Design

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Airport Design Areas

1. Evaluation of landing surface, instrument runway and aids.

2. Runway Safety Area program3. Airport Lighting4. Terminal Facilities5. Beacons6. Papi/Vasi7. Windcone

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Design factors

1. Airport Traffic is a volatile traffic-Assumption2. Airport Master Plan & master plan study for

airport layout, feasibility plan3. Specific Devlopment Plan for immediate Future4. Construction Plan for Runway, Taxiway, Gates

and modification of existing terminal5. Details of the project plan for architectural and

engineering designs6. Assessment of the plan in every phase7. Determining the cost and financial planning

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Factors for Improving an Existing Airport

1. Airport building should have architectural qualitty and Operational Success.2. should have to designed on the bassis of Structural and Passenger

loads/year3. As a Rule of Thumb, Twice the size of a building should be considered

based on annual traffic load including luggage.4. AirpConcept of Passenger Building as a Terminal as passengers use

airports as a transfer hub.5. Connecting the passenger facilities to the Apron and Aircraft either by a

Underground train or Overhead train like in London (Gatwick) or in Atlanta (Heartfield)

6. Renovating the terminal in the shape of X as in Hongkong7. Introducing Gate Arrival Concept for commuter traffic8. Means to minimise luggage transfer and passenger using airport as a

transit9. Minimise the distance to passenger for transit movement10. Multistorey Car Park

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Various Airports in World

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Doha Airport-Architectural design

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Islamabad Airport( Gate concept)

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Passenger Flexibility