AERODROME AERODROME

IN INDIA THERE ARE 30 MAJOR IN INDIA THERE ARE 30 MAJOR AIRPORTS AND THERE ARE 193 AIR AIRPORTS AND THERE ARE 193 AIR

CONSTRUCTIONS.CONSTRUCTIONS. TAMIL NADU 12 ANDRA PRADESH 16 KARNATAKA 16 KERALA 5 ORISSA 5 PUDUCHERRY 1 UTTAR PRADESH 11

CHENNAI—INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ARAKKONAM—NAVAL AIR BASE CHENNAI—AVADI AIR FORCE BASE CHENNAI—AIR FORCE STATION COIMBATORE—AIRPORT SULUR—AIR FORCE BASE MADURAI—AIRPORT SALEM—AIRPORT THANJAVAUR—AIR FORCE BASE TIRUCHIRAPALI—AIRPORT THOOTHUKUDI—AIRPORT VELLORE—AIRPORT

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• Aerodrome data • Basic terminology • Aerodrome reference code • Aerodrome reference point • Aerodrome elevation • Aerodrome reference temperature

‘‘WHICH CAME FIRST?’WHICH CAME FIRST?’• chicken or an egg? Not that notorious

question its aerodrome or aircraft?• Obviously aircraft came first • The aviator first constructed an aeroplane,

and then began to search for a suitable ‘airfield’, where he can test it.

• The aerodrome parameters had to be selected on the basis of performance and geometrical characteristics of the aircraft.

• The first aeroplanes were light, with a tail wheel, and the engine power was usually low.

• A mowed meadow with good water drainage was sufficient as an aerodrome for those aeroplanes.

• the surrounding airspace to be free of obstacles over a relatively wide area.

• The main change in the airfield’s physical characteristics was the runway length.

• The multiengine aircraft required the length to increase to approximately 1 000 m.

• Jet aircraft required further extension of the runway, together with increases in its width and upgrading its strength.

• The increasing number of aircraft, and the training of the military pilots required more support facilities at airfields, such as hangars, workshops and barracks.

• According to Boeing, air traffic will double by 2020 and new runways will be needed at 60 of the world’s largest airports by 2025.

• Boeing predicts that the world aircraft fleet will double by 2025 and estimates a need for approximately 27 200 new commercial airplanes

ICAO REGULATIONICAO REGULATION• Safety is the overriding requirement in aviation.

Standardisation is one of the means to achieve it.• In the case of airports, it is standardisation of

facilities, ground equipment and procedures.• AWOP All Weather Operations Panel–issues of

operations under restricted meteorological conditions

• VAP Visual Aids Panel–visual aids of airports• OCP Obstacle Clearance Panel

Cont…• ARCP Aerodrome Reference Code Panel–method

for interrelating specifications of airports• HOP Helicopter Operations Panel–operation of

helicopters.• ICAO languages (English, French, Spanish or

Russian)• STANDARDS contain specifications for some

physical characteristics, configuration, materials, performance, personnel or procedures.

• Annex 14, include guidelines for aerodrome design, construction, planning and operations.

MANUALSMANUALSAerodrome Design Manual • Part 1 - Runways• Part 2 - Taxiways, Aprons and Holding Bays• Part 3 - Pavements• Part 4 - Visual Aids• Part 5 - Electrical Systems Airport Planning Manual • Part 1 - Master Planning• Part 2 - Land Use and Environmental Control• Part 3 - Guidelines for Consultant/Construction

Services

Airport Services Manual • Part 1 - Rescue and Fire Fighting• Part 2 - Pavement Surface Conditions• Part 3 - Bird Control and Reduction• Part 4 - Fog Dispersal • Part 5 - Removal of Disabled Aircraft• Part 6 - Control of Obstacles• Part 7 - Airport Emergency Planning• Part 8 - Airport Operational Services• Part 9 - Airport Maintenance Practices

AERODROME DATAAERODROME DATA• Aerodrome design• Aerodrome administration• Aerodrome location• Movement area• Lighting systems• Navigation aids• Rescue and fire-fighting services• Ground services• Special procedures

WIND ROSEWIND ROSE• A wind rose graphically depicts wind velocities,

directions, and their probability of occurrence in a format resembling a compass

AERODROME REFERENCE CODE

Aerodrome Reference Point• An aerodrome reference point shall be established for an

aerodrome.

• The aerodrome reference point shall be located near the initial or planned geometric centre of the aerodrome and shall normally remain where first established.

• The position of the aerodrome reference point shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in degrees, minutes and seconds.

Example

Al Najaf Al-Ashraf International Airport

Aerodrome Reference Point coordinates

N 31º59.4’, E 044 º 24.2’

Aerodrome elevation • The aerodrome elevation and geoid undulation at the aerodrome

elevation position shall be measured to the accuracy of one-half metre or foot and reported to the aeronautical information services authority.

• For an aerodrome used by international civil aviation for non-precision approaches, the elevation and geoid undulation of each threshold, the elevation of the runway end and any significant high and low intermediate points along the runway shall be measured to the accuracy of one-half metre or foot and reported to the aeronautical information services authority.

• For precision approach runway, the elevation and geoid undulation of the threshold, the elevation of the runway end and the highest elevation of the touchdown zone shall be measured to the accuracy of one-quarter metre or foot and reported to the aeronautical information services authority.

Example

Al Najaf Al-Ashraf International Airport

Elevation

32.9 M (108 ft)

Aerodrome reference temperature

• An aerodrome reference temperature shall be determined for an aerodrome in degrees Celsius.

• The aerodrome reference temperature shall be the monthly mean of the daily maximum temperatures for the hottest month of the year (the hottest month being that which has the highest monthly mean temperature). This temperature shall be averaged over a period of years.

Example

Al Najaf Al-Ashraf International Airport

Reference Temperature

43.8 ºC

Aerodrome dimensions and related information

• The following data shall be measured or described, as appropriate, for each facility provided on an aerodrome:

– runway C true bearing to one-hundredth of a degree,– strip runway end safety area stopway,– taxiway C designation, width, surface type;– apron C surface type, aircraft stands;– the boundaries of the air traffic control service;– clearway C length to the nearest metre or foot, ground profile;– visual aids for approach procedures,– location and radio frequency of any VOR aerodrome check-point;– location and designation of standard taxi-routes;– distances to the nearest metre or foot of localizer and glide path

elements comprising an instrument landing system (ILS)

Aerodrome dimensions and related information (Cont)

• The geographical coordinates of each threshold shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in degrees, minutes, seconds and hundredths of seconds.

• The geographical coordinates of appropriate taxiway centre line points shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in degrees, minutes, seconds and hundredths of seconds.

• The geographical coordinates of each aircraft stand shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in degrees, minutes, seconds and hundredths of seconds.

Aerodrome dimensions and related information (Cont)

• The geographical coordinates of significant obstacles in the approach and take-off areas, in the circling area and in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall be measured and reported to the aeronautical information services authority in degrees, minutes, seconds and tenths of seconds.

• The bearing strength of a pavement intended for aircraft of ramp mass greater than 5 700 kg shall be made available using the aircraft classification number C pavement classification number (ACN-PCN) method by reporting all of the following information:– the pavement classification number (PCN);– pavement type for ACN-PCN determination;– subgrade strength category;– maximum allowable tire pressure category or maximum allowable tire

pressure value; and– evaluation method.

Aerodrome dimensions and related information (Cont)

• Pre-flight altimeter check location• Declared distances

– take-off run available;– take-off distance available;– accelerate-stop distance available; and– landing distance available.

• Condition of the movement area and related facilities– construction or maintenance work;– rough or broken surfaces on a runway, a taxiway or an apron;

• Water on a runway• Snow, slush or ice on a runway• Disabled aircraft removal• Rescue and fire fighting

Aerodrome dimensions and related information (Cont)

• Visual approach slope indicator systems– associated runway designation number;– For an AT-VASIS, PAPI or APAPI installation, the side of the runway on

which the lights are installed, i.e. left or right, shall be given;– nominal approach slope angle(s).– minimum eye height(s) over the threshold of the on-slope signal(s).

• Coordination between aeronautical information services and aerodrome authorities– information on aerodrome conditions – the operational status of associated facilities, services and navigation

aids within their area of responsibility;– any other information considered to be of operational significance.

Example Of Aerodrome Data

Dunsfold Aerodrome (UK)

General Info

Country United Kingdom

ICAO ID EGTD

Time UTC 0(+1DT)

Latitude 510702 N

Longitude 003209 W

Elevation 172 feet amsl

Magnetic Variation

4° W

Operating AgencyDunsfold Park LtdPrivate Unlicensed Aerodrome

Operating Hours PPR: By appointment only

Contact +44 (0)1483 200 900 -

Communications

Dunsfold Radio 119.100 Mhz (Air / Ground)

Runways

ID Dimensions Surface PCN ILS

07/25 1880 x 45 M ASPHALT 30 No

Lighting

ID Approach Threshold Runway

07/25 Yes Yes Yes

Fuel

Jet A1 Available

Avgos Available

Joining Instructions

CommunicationsPPR - Aircraft should call “DUNSFOLD RADIO” (119.100 Mhz) at the earliest opportunity when inside 10nm of the aerodrome

Circuit PatternRunway 07 – right handRunway 25 – left hand

Circuit Height 1000ft QNH

Navigation Warnings

At both ends of Runway 07/25 its width is twice that of the associated edge lights due to extra pavement at one side. Since runway centre lighting is not installed, pilots should ensure that they are correctly lined up The base of the London TMA overhead is 2,500ft The London Gatwick CTA is 1nm east of the aerodrome On occasions, high performance military aircraft operate to and from Dunsfold Aerodrome

Minimum distance between parallel runways

Where parallel non-instrument runways are intended for simultaneous use, the minimum distance between their

centre lines shall be:

• 210 m where the higher code number is 3 or 4;• 150 m where the higher code number is 2; and• 120 m where the higher code number is 1.

NATURE OF RUNWAY SURFACENATURE OF RUNWAY SURFACE• The runway length determines the types of aircraft that

may use the• aerodrome, their allowable take-off mass and hence

the distance they may fly.The runway surface type must be notified as• bitumen seal;• asphalt;• concrete;• gravel;• grass; or• natural surface.

DECLARED DISTANCESDECLARED DISTANCES• Declared distances are the available operational

distances notified to a pilot for take-off, landing or safely aborting a take-off. These distances are used to determine whether the runway is adequate for the proposed landing or take-off or to determine the maximum payload permissible for a landing or take-off.

• take off run available (TORA);• take off distance available (TODA);• accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA);• landing distance available (LDA);

(TORA) is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of an aeroplane taking off. This is normally the full length of the runway; neither the SWY nor CWY are involved.

(TODA) is defined as the distance available to an aeroplane for completion of its ground run, lift-off and initial climb to 35 ft. This will normally be the full length of the runway plus the length of any CWY

(ASDA) is defined as the length of the take-off run available plus the length of any SWY. Any CWY is not involved. ASDA = TORA + SWY

(LDA) is defined as the length of runway available for the ground run of a landing aeroplane. The LDA commences at the runway threshold

• Supplementary take-off distances available (STODA). For TODA having an obstacle clear gradient of more than 1.6%, STODA must be provided, except if the STODA is less than 800 m. STODA must be provided for obstacle clear take-off gradients of 1.6%, 1.9%, 2.2%, 2.5%, 3.3% and 5%, up to the gradient associated with TODA. In calculating STODA, care must be taken to ensure that a shielded object does not become critical for the lesser take-off distances

Al Najaf Al-Ashraf International Airport

Main Apron:

Concrete PCN-43/F/C/W/T

RUNWAY WIDTHRUNWAY WIDTH

• the distance between the outside edges of the main gear wheels

• the distance between wing mounted engines and the longitudinal axis of an aeroplane

• the wing span

Width of runways

• The width of a runway shall be not less than the appropriate dimension specified in the following tabulation:

1 RWY 10 28

2 BRG True and Mag 100T / 96 º-16’M 280T / 276 º -16’M

3 RWY dimensions9.842 ft x 147.6 ft

3000m x 45m9.842 ft x 147.6 ft

3000m x 45m

4 PCN 43 43

5 THR Coordinates N 31 º 59’35’’E 044 º 23’20’’

N31 º 59’11’’E 044 º 25’10’’

6 THR Elevation 115.932 ft 89.986 ft

7 Slope of RWY/SWY Unknown Unknown

8 SWY Dimensions Unknown Unknown

9 CWY Dimensions Unknown Unknown

10 Strip Dimensions Not calculated Not calculated

11 Obstacle free zone Not calculated Not calculated

ExampleAl Najaf Al-Ashraf International Airport

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