Unit 4Unit 4Reconstruction:

The Nation Reunited

Unit FocusUnit Focus• In this unit, students will learn how the

United States reunited after the Civil War. Students will understand how beliefs and ideals of the North and South influenced changes to laws and the Constitution. The students examine the work of the Freedman’s Bureau to understand how individuals, groups, and institutions can affect society. Finally, by thinking about conflict and change and production, distribution, and consumption, students will learn the effects of the Civil War on the daily life and the economy of the North and South.

Essential Questions

How do beliefs and How do beliefs and Ideals influence the Ideals influence the

decisions people make?decisions people make?

How does conflict How does conflict cause change?cause change?

What were the intentional What were the intentional and unintentionaland unintentional

Consequences of whatConsequences of whatpeople said and did as people said and did as

a part of Reconstruction?a part of Reconstruction?

How did the destructionHow did the destructionof the Civil War determineof the Civil War determine

the economics of the economics of Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

Learning StandardsLearning Standards

•SS5H1SS5H1 e e The student will explain the causes, The student will explain the causes,

major events, and consequences of major events, and consequences of the Civil War.the Civil War.

•SS5H2 a-b-cSS5H2 a-b-c The student will analyze the effects The student will analyze the effects

of Reconstruction on American lifeof Reconstruction on American life

Learning StandardsLearning Standards• SS5CG1 c-dSS5CG1 c-d The student will explain how a citizen’s rights The student will explain how a citizen’s rights

are protected under the U. S. Constitution.are protected under the U. S. Constitution.• SS5CG2 a-bSS5CG2 a-b The student will explain the process by which The student will explain the process by which

amendments to the U. S Constitution are amendments to the U. S Constitution are made.made.

• SS5CG3 bSS5CG3 b The student will explain how amendments to The student will explain how amendments to

the the U. S Constitution have maintained a U. S Constitution have maintained a

representative democracy.representative democracy.

Learning StandardsLearning Standards

•SS5E2 aSS5E2 a The student will describe the functions The student will describe the functions

of four major sectors in the U. S. of four major sectors in the U. S. economy.economy.

•SS5E3 a-bSS5E3 a-b The student will describe how The student will describe how

consumers and businesses interact in consumers and businesses interact in the united States across time.the united States across time.

Enduring Understandings

How do beliefs and How do beliefs and Ideals influence the Ideals influence the

decisions people make?decisions people make?

How does conflict How does conflict cause change?cause change?

What were the intentional What were the intentional and unintentionaland unintentional

Consequences of whatConsequences of whatpeople said and did as people said and did as

a part of Reconstruction?a part of Reconstruction?

How did the destructionHow did the destructionof the Civil War determineof the Civil War determine

the production, distribution and the production, distribution and consumptions of goods andconsumptions of goods and

services duringservices duringReconstruction?Reconstruction?

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WARThe Civil War had major effects on The Civil War had major effects on the North and the South. the North and the South. Thousands of young men from Thousands of young men from both regions died or were both regions died or were wounded during the war. Many wounded during the war. Many returned home missing legs, arms, returned home missing legs, arms, or bearing other scars from the or bearing other scars from the fighting. Both sides experienced fighting. Both sides experienced great human suffering.great human suffering.

• Economically: The two regions were Economically: The two regions were affected differently. The North prospered. affected differently. The North prospered. Its manufacturing and industries grew. Its manufacturing and industries grew. More people were employed as the Union More people were employed as the Union worked to support its war effort. The worked to support its war effort. The southern economy, on the other hand, southern economy, on the other hand, suffered. The South had depended on suffered. The South had depended on cash crops. The end of slavery meant that cash crops. The end of slavery meant that it no longer had its main source of labor. it no longer had its main source of labor. Since most of the fighting took place in Since most of the fighting took place in the South, many of the region’s farms and the South, many of the region’s farms and railroads had been destroyed. At the end railroads had been destroyed. At the end of the war, the North had grown stronger. of the war, the North had grown stronger. The South faced an uncertain future.The South faced an uncertain future.

EFFECTS OF THE WAREFFECTS OF THE WARNORTHNORTH

• Prospered Prospered economicallyeconomically

• Manufacturing and Manufacturing and industries grewindustries grew

• New technologiesNew technologies• Boost in steel Boost in steel

productionproduction• Transportation Transportation

improvedimproved• More employedMore employed

SOUTHSOUTH• Cities, farms, and Cities, farms, and

homes burnedhomes burned• Railroads and Railroads and

bridges destroyedbridges destroyed• Businesses and Businesses and

industries destroyedindustries destroyed• 300,000 men dead300,000 men dead• Suffered Suffered

economicallyeconomically• No main source of No main source of

laborlabor

RECONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION TIMELINETIMELINE

• 1865 1865 March 3March 3 The Freedmen's Bureau established.The Freedmen's Bureau established.

Provides assistance to emancipated African Provides assistance to emancipated African Americans. Americans.

• April 8   Lee surrenders.April 8   Lee surrenders.Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Robert E. Lee surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's Appomattox Court House. Joseph E. Johnston's surrender in North Carolina on April 18 effectively surrender in North Carolina on April 18 effectively ends the Civil War.ends the Civil War.

• April 15 President Abraham Lincoln assassinatedApril 15 President Abraham Lincoln assassinated..Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes president.

• December 6 13th Amendment ratified.December 6 13th Amendment ratified.Abolishes slavery in the United States.Abolishes slavery in the United States.    

Black Codes enacted.Black Codes enacted. Southern states enact laws restricting rights of Southern states enact laws restricting rights of African AmericansAfrican Americans

• 18661866April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866April 9 Civil Rights Act of 1866 Confers citizenship on African Americans and Confers citizenship on African Americans and

guarantees equal rights.guarantees equal rights.• May 1-3 Memphis Race RiotMay 1-3 Memphis Race Riot

White civilians and police kill 46 African White civilians and police kill 46 African Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and Americans and destroy 90 houses, schools, and four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.four churches in Memphis, Tennessee.

• July 30   New Orleans Race RiotJuly 30   New Orleans Race RiotPolice kill more than 40 black and white Police kill more than 40 black and white Republicans and wound more than 150.Republicans and wound more than 150.    

• Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan A secret organization to intimidate African A secret organization to intimidate African Americans and restore white rule is founded in Americans and restore white rule is founded in Pulaski, Tennessee.Pulaski, Tennessee.

• 18671867

Reconstruction ActsReconstruction ActsCongress divides the former Congress divides the former Confederacy into five military Confederacy into five military districts and requires elections districts and requires elections in which African American men in which African American men can vote.can vote.

• 18681868

• March-May March-May President Johnson's President Johnson's Impeachment TrialImpeachment TrialBy one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove By one vote, the U.S. Senate fails to remove the president from office.the president from office.

• July 21   July 21   Fourteenth Amendment ratified. Fourteenth Amendment ratified. Guarantees due process and equal protection Guarantees due process and equal protection under the law to African Americans.under the law to African Americans.

• November 3 November 3 Ulysses S. Grant elected Ulysses S. Grant elected President.President.The former Union general becomes the 18th The former Union general becomes the 18th president.president.

• 18691869

• First Redeemer GovernmentFirst Redeemer GovernmentTennessee is the first state Tennessee is the first state to replace a bi-racial to replace a bi-racial Republican state Republican state government with an all-government with an all-white Democratic white Democratic government, followed by government, followed by Georgia, North Carolina, and Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia in 1870.Virginia in 1870.

18701870

• February 23 First black senator February 23 First black senator elected.elected.Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected Hiram Revels of Mississippi elected to U. S. Senate as the first black to U. S. Senate as the first black senator.senator.

• March 30 Fifteenth Amendment March 30 Fifteenth Amendment ratified.ratified.Extends the vote to all male citizens Extends the vote to all male citizens regardless of racer or previous regardless of racer or previous condition of servitude.condition of servitude.

18711871

• Forty-second Congress.Forty-second Congress.Five black members in the House of Five black members in the House of Representatives: Representatives: – Benjamin S. Turner of AlabamaBenjamin S. Turner of Alabama– Josiah T. Walls of FloridaJosiah T. Walls of Florida– Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H. Robert Brown Elliot, Joseph H.

Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge Rainey and Robert Carlos DeLarge of South Carolinaof South Carolina

• 18721872• Freedmen's Bureau abolished.Freedmen's Bureau abolished.        

• First African American First African American governor.governor.P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor P. B. S. Pinchback, acting governor of Louisiana from December 9, 1872 of Louisiana from December 9, 1872 to January 13, 1873. Pinchback, a to January 13, 1873. Pinchback, a black politician, was the first black black politician, was the first black to serve as a state governor, to serve as a state governor, although due to white resistance, although due to white resistance, his tenure is extremely short.his tenure is extremely short.

18741874• Democrats control the Forty-Democrats control the Forty-

third Congressthird CongressFor the first time since before the For the first time since before the Civil War, Democrats control both Civil War, Democrats control both houses of Congress. houses of Congress. – Robert Smalls, black hero of the Robert Smalls, black hero of the

Civil War, elected to Congress as Civil War, elected to Congress as representative of South Carolina. representative of South Carolina.

– Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Blanche K. Bruce elected to U. S. Senate.Senate.

18751875

• March 1  March 1   Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875

Guarantees equal rights to African Guarantees equal rights to African Americans in public Americans in public accommodations and jury service. accommodations and jury service. Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.Ruled unconstitutional in 1883.

18671867

• Disputed Presidential electionDisputed Presidential electionRepublicans challenged the validity of Republicans challenged the validity of the voting in Souh Carolina, Florida, the voting in Souh Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana.  and Louisiana.  

Wade Hampton inaugurated as Wade Hampton inaugurated as governor of South Carolina.governor of South Carolina.The election of Hampton, a leader in The election of Hampton, a leader in the Confederacy, confirms fears that the Confederacy, confirms fears that the South is not committed to the South is not committed to Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

• 18771877• Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated Rutherford B. Hayes inaugurated

President. President. Electoral Commission awards Electoral Commission awards disputed electoral votes to the disputed electoral votes to the Republican candidate. Republican candidate.   

    • Reconstruction ends. Reconstruction ends.

President Rutherford Hayes President Rutherford Hayes withdraws federal troops from the withdraws federal troops from the South protecting the Civil Rights of South protecting the Civil Rights of African AmericansAfrican Americans..

President Lincoln’s Plan10% Plan

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

* Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

* He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.

* Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

* When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

President Lincoln’s Plan1864 “Lincoln

Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR

* “loyal assemblies”* They were weak and

dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Required 50% of the

number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials.

Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjamin

Wade(R-OH)

Congressman

HenryW. Davis(R-MD)

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) “Iron-Clad” Oath. “State Suicide” Theory [MA Senator

Charles Sumner] “Conquered Provinces” Position

[PA Congressman Thaddeus Stevens]

PresidentPresidentLincolnLincoln

Wade-DavisWade-DavisBillBill

PocketVeto

Jeff Davis Under Arrest

13th Amendment Ratified in December, 1865. Neither slavery nor involuntary

servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.

Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

The Freedmen's BureauThe Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Land; often referred to as the Freedmen's Bureau, was established in the War Department by an act of March 3, 1865. The Bureau supervised all relief and educational activities relating to refugees and freedmen, including issuing rations, clothing and medicine. The Bureau also assumed custody of confiscated lands or property in the former Confederate States, border states, District of Columbia, and Indian Territory. The bureau records were created or maintained by bureau headquarters, the assistant commissioners and the state superintendents of education and included personnel records and a variety of standard reports concerning bureau programs and conditions in the states.

HELD OWNCOURT OF

LAW

HELP WITH CONTRACTS

AND FAIR PAY

GAVE FOODAND CLOTHING

RECEIVEDMEDICAL CARE

GAVE LAND

HELP FINDLOST RELATIVES

STARTED COLLEGES

BUILT SCHOOLSTAUGHT TO READ

AND WRITE

THE FREEDMEN’S

BUREAU

Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

Plenty to eat and

nothing to do.

Freedmen’s Bureau School

• Abraham Lincoln had thought about the process of restoring the Union from the earliest days of the war. His guiding principles were to accomplish the task as rapidly as possible and ignore calls for punishing the South.

• In late 1863, Lincoln announced a formal plan for reconstruction:

• A general amnesty would be granted to all who would take an oath of loyalty to the United States and pledge to obey all federal laws pertaining to slavery

• High Confederate officials and military leaders were to be temporarily excluded from the process

• When one tenth of the number of voters who had participated in the 1860 election had taken the oath within a particular state, then that state could launch a new government and elect representatives to Congress.

• The states of Louisiana, Arkansas and Tennessee rapidly acted to comply with these terms. However, the Lincoln plan was not acceptable to Congress

President Andrew Johnson Jacksonian

Democrat. Anti-Aristocrat. White Supremacist. Agreed with Lincoln

that states had neverlegally left the Union.

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+) Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson)

In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.

Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS?

1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

Growing Northern Alarm! Many Southern state

constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODES

Slavery is Dead?

The Civil Rights Act of The Civil Rights Act of 18661866 • A federal law in the United States declaring

that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude. As citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property. Persons who denied these rights to former slaves were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000, or imprisonment not exceeding one year, or both.

• The activities of organizations such The activities of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the workings of this act and it failed to workings of this act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights of African guarantee the civil rights of African Americans. This statute does not Americans. This statute does not cover visitors, diplomats, and Native cover visitors, diplomats, and Native Americans in the United States on Americans in the United States on reservations. It was aimed at the reservations. It was aimed at the Freedmen (freed slaves) and was a Freedmen (freed slaves) and was a major policy during Reconstruction. It major policy during Reconstruction. It was vetoed by President Andrew was vetoed by President Andrew JohnsonJohnson,, then passed over his veto then passed over his veto by Radical Republicans in Congressby Radical Republicans in Congress

Black CodesPurpose:

* Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.

* Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.

Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

Congress Breaks with the President Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates. Joint Committee on

Reconstruction created. February, 1866 President

vetoed the Freedmen’sBureau bill.

March, 1866 Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.

Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes 1st in U. S. history!!

Johnson the Martyr / SamsonIf my blood is to be shed If my blood is to be shed

because I vindicate the because I vindicate the Union and the preservation Union and the preservation of this government in its of this government in its original purity and original purity and character, let it be shed; character, let it be shed; let an altar to the Union be let an altar to the Union be erected, and then, if it is erected, and then, if it is necessary, take me and necessary, take me and lay me upon it, and the lay me upon it, and the blood that now warms and blood that now warms and animates my existence animates my existence shall be poured out as a fit shall be poured out as a fit libation to the Union.libation to the Union. (February 1866) (February 1866)

• The looming showdown between Lincoln and the The looming showdown between Lincoln and the Congress over competing reconstruction plans never Congress over competing reconstruction plans never occurred. The president was occurred. The president was assassinated on April 14, on April 14, 1865. His successor, 1865. His successor, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, of Tennessee, lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; those lacked his predecessor’s skills in handling people; those skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan envisioned skills would be badly missed. Johnson’s plan envisioned the following: the following:

• Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath Pardons would be granted to those taking a loyalty oath • No pardons would be available to high Confederate No pardons would be available to high Confederate

officials and persons owning property valued in excess officials and persons owning property valued in excess of $20,000 of $20,000

• A state needed to abolish A state needed to abolish slavery before being before being readmitted readmitted

• A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance A state was required to repeal its secession ordinance before being readmitted. before being readmitted.

• Most of the seceded states began compliance with the Most of the seceded states began compliance with the president’s program. Congress was not in session, so president’s program. Congress was not in session, so there was no immediate objection from that quarter. there was no immediate objection from that quarter. However, Congress reconvened in December and However, Congress reconvened in December and refused to seat the Southern representatives. refused to seat the Southern representatives.

• Reconstruction had produced another deadlock Reconstruction had produced another deadlock between the president and Congress.between the president and Congress.

14th AmendmentRatified in July, 1868.

* Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.

* Insure against neo-Confederate political power.

* Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the Confederacy.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

The Balance of Power in Congress

State White Citizens FreedmenSC 291,000 411,000MS 353,000 436,000LA 357,000 350,000GA 591,000 465,000AL 596,000 437,000VA 719,000 533,000NC 631,000 331,000

The 1866 Bi-Election

Johnson’s “Swing around the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction. Johnson made an ill-conceived

propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Radical Plan for Readmission Civil authorities in the territories were

subject to military supervision. Required new state constitutions,

includingblack suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act* Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern

states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment.

* Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act* The President must issue all

Reconstruction orders through the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office Act* The President could not remove

any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.

Designed to protect radicalmembers of Lincoln’s government.

A question of the constitutionality of this law. Edwin Stanton

President Johnson’s Impeachment Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!

The Senate Trial

11 week trial. Johnson acquitted

35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

• In July 1864, In July 1864, Congress passed the Wade- passed the Wade-Davis Bill, their own formula for restoring Davis Bill, their own formula for restoring the Union: the Union:

• A state must have a majority within its A state must have a majority within its borders take the oath of loyalty borders take the oath of loyalty

• A state must formally abolish slavery A state must formally abolish slavery • No Confederate officials could participate in No Confederate officials could participate in

the new governments. the new governments. • Lincoln did not approve of this plan and Lincoln did not approve of this plan and

exercised his pocket veto. exercised his pocket veto. • An angry Congress would later pass the An angry Congress would later pass the

Wade-Davis Manifesto (August 1864), which Wade-Davis Manifesto (August 1864), which charged Lincoln with usurping the powers of charged Lincoln with usurping the powers of Congress. This statement would have little Congress. This statement would have little impact on the public, as the military news impact on the public, as the military news from the South improved; Sherman’s from the South improved; Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign restored Lincoln’s Atlanta Campaign restored Lincoln’s popularity and helped assure his reelection.popularity and helped assure his reelection.

• On the political front, the On the political front, the Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans wanted to wanted to maintain their wartime agenda, which included support for: maintain their wartime agenda, which included support for:

• Protective tariffs Protective tariffs • Pro-business national banking system Pro-business national banking system • Liberal land policies for settlers Liberal land policies for settlers • Federal aid for railroad development Federal aid for railroad development • If the South were to fall back into Democratic hands, these If the South were to fall back into Democratic hands, these

programs would suffer. This threat brought many programs would suffer. This threat brought many Republicans around to supporting the vote for blacks (15th Republicans around to supporting the vote for blacks (15th Amendment). Amendment).

• The postwar Congress pushed through a number of The postwar Congress pushed through a number of measures designed to assist the freedmen, but also measures designed to assist the freedmen, but also demonstrate the supremacy of Congress over the demonstrate the supremacy of Congress over the president. These measures included the Civil Rights Act of president. These measures included the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the 14th Amendment, the Tenure of Office Act and 1866, the 14th Amendment, the Tenure of Office Act and the Army Appropriations Act. the Army Appropriations Act.

• The culmination of this process occurred in 1867 and 1868, The culmination of this process occurred in 1867 and 1868, when Congress passed a series of Reconstruction Acts; when Congress passed a series of Reconstruction Acts; these measures were implemented and constituted the final these measures were implemented and constituted the final restoration program for the South. The Radical Republicans restoration program for the South. The Radical Republicans in Congress, however, were not satisfied until they dealt in Congress, however, were not satisfied until they dealt with their chief tormenter in the impeachment of Andrew with their chief tormenter in the impeachment of Andrew Johnson Johnson

The 1868 Republican Ticket

The 1868 Democratic Ticket

Waving the Bloody Shirt!

Republican “Southern Strategy”

1868 Presidential Election

President Ulysses S. Grant

Grant Administration Scandals Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented growth and corruption.

* Credit Mobilier

Scandal.* Whiskey Ring.* The “Indian

Ring.”

The Tweed Ring in NYC

William Marcy Tweed (notorious head of Tammany Hall’s political machine)

[Thomas Nast crusading cartoonist/reporter]

Who Stole the People’s Money?

And They Say He Wants a Third Term

The Election of 1872 Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.

Greeley attacked as afool and a crank.

Greeley died on November 29, 1872!

1872 Presidential Election

Popular Vote for President: 1872

The Panic of 1873 It raises “the money

question.”* debtors seek

inflationarymonetary policy bycontinuing circulation of greenbacks.

* creditors, intellectuals support hard money.

1875 Specie Redemption Act.

1876 Greenback Party formed & makes gains in congressional races The “Crime of ’73’!

Sharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien SystemFurnishing Merchant Tenant Farmer Landowner

Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.

Farmer also secures food, clothing, andother necessities oncredit from merchant until the harvest.

Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.

Plants crop, harvests in autumn.

Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.

Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant inpayment of debt.

Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Black & White Political Participation

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

Black Senate & House Delegates

Colored Rule

in the South?

Blacks in Southern Politics Core voters were black veterans. Blacks were politically unprepared. Blacks could register and vote in states

since 1867. The 15th

Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.

15th Amendment Ratified in 1870. The right of citizens of the United States

to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

The Failure of Federal Enforcement Enforcement Acts of 1870 &

1871 [also known as the KKK Act]. “The Lost

Cause.” The rise of the

“Bourbons.” Redeemers

(prewarDemocrats and Union Whigs).

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 Crime for any individual to deny full &

equal use of public conveyances andpublic places.

Prohibited discrimination in jury selection.

Shortcoming lacked a strong enforcement mechanism.

No new civil rights act was attemptedfor 90 years!

Northern Support Wanes “Grantism” & corruption. Panic of 1873 [6-year

depression]. Concern over westward

expansion and Indian wars. Key monetary issues:

* should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.

* should war bonds be paid back in specie orgreenbacks.

1876 Presidential Tickets

“Regional Balance?”

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877

“Corrupt Bargain”Part II?

Hayes Prevails

Alas, the Woes of Childhood…

Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!

A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877